Names of God in Islam

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Names of God in Islam (Arabic : أَسْمَاءُ ٱللَّٰهِ ٱلْحُسْنَىٰ, romanized: ʾasmāʾu llāhi l-ḥusnā, lit.  'Allah's Beautiful Names') are 99 names that each contain Attributes of God in Islam, [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] which are implied by the respective names. [7]

Contents

These names usually denote his praise, gratitude, commendation, glorification, magnification, perfect attributes, majestic qualities, and acts of wisdom, mercy, benefit, and justice from Allah, as believed by Muslims. These names are commonly called upon by Muslims during prayers, supplications, and remembrance, as they hold significant spiritual and theological importance, serving as a means for Muslims to connect with God. Each name reflects a specific attribute of Allah and serves as a means for believers to understand and relate to the Divine.

Some names are known from either the Qur’an or the hadith, while others can be found in both sources, although most are found in the Qur’an. [8] Additionally, Muslims also believe that there are more names of God besides those found in the Qur'an and hadith and that God has kept knowledge of these names hidden with himself, and no one else knows them completely and fully except him.

List of names

Different sources give different lists of the 99 names. The most commonly known list is based on the one found in the Jamiʿ at-Tirmidhi (9th century) that was narrated by al-Walid ibn Muslim, which is the most commonly known. [9] However, al-Tirmidhi comments on his list: "This (version of the) hadith is gharib [unusual]; it has been narrated from various routes on the authority of Abu Hurayrah, but we do not know of the mention of the Names in the numerous narrations, except this one." Other hadiths, such as those of al-Bukhari, Sahih Muslim, Ibn Majah, al-Hakim al-Tirmidhi or Ibn ʿAsākir, have variant lists. Various early Muslim exegetes, including Jaʿfar al-Sadiq, Sufyan ibn `Uyaynah, Ibn Hazm, al-Qurtubi, and Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani, have given their own versions of lists of 99 names.

al-Tirmidhi's list

PronunciationClassical Arabic

(Quranic/ classical written forms) [10]

Romanization TranslationReference

1 ⓘ 		اَلرَّحْمَـٰنِar-RaḥmānThe Most Merciful (in major affairs)/ [11] The Beneficent/ All-Compassionate/ Most Gracious/Quran: Beginning of every Surah (chapter) except one, and numerous other places. The first Ayah (verse) of Surah ar-Raḥman (Surah 55) consists only of this name.
2 ⓘ اَلرَّحِيْمُ ar-Raḥīm The Most Merciful/ Ever-Merciful/ Merciful/ Most Clement (in specific or detailed affairs). [11] Quran: Beginning of every Surah except one, and numerous other places.
3 ⓘ اَلْمَلِكُ al-Malik The King/ Lord/ Sovereign/ Dominion/ Master/Possessor of the Throne of God. [12]

[also means "the God/ Lord, the One and Only", "Possessor of Supreme Power or Authority"]

[Quran   59:23]
4 ⓘ اَلْقُدُّوسُal-QuddūsThe Holy/ All-Holy/ All-Pure/ Sacred/ All-Sacred[Quran   62:1]
5 ⓘ ٱلسَّلَامُas-SalāmThe Giver of Peace/ Peace/ All-Calm/ Ever-Tranquil[Quran   59:23]
6 ⓘ ٱلْمُؤْمِنُal-MuʾminThe Granter of Security/ the Giver/ Faith/ Supreme Believer (of Belief)/ Giver of Belief/ All-Assurer[Quran   59:23]
7 ⓘ ٱلْمُهَيْمِنُal-MuhayminThe Controller/ Absolute Authority Over All/ Guardian Over All/ Absolute Master/ Eternal Dominating[Quran   59:23]
8 ⓘ ٱلْعَزِيزُal-ʿAzīzThe Exalted in Might and Power/ Exalted/ Powerful/ Almighty/ Mighty[Quran   3:6], [Quran   4:158],[Quran   9:40], [Quran   48:7], [Quran   59:23]
9 ⓘ ٱلْجَبَّارُal-JabbārThe Omnipotent/ Supreme Power/ Possessor of Having All Power/ Strong [Quran   59:23]
10 ⓘ ٱلْمُتَكَبِّرُal-MutakabbirThe Possessor of Greatness/ Supreme/ Justly Proud[Quran   59:23]
11 ⓘ ٱلْخَالِقُal-KhāliqThe Creator/ Creator of the Universe/ Maker/ True Originator/ Absolute Author[Quran   6:102], [Quran   13:16], [Quran   36:81], [Quran   40:62], [Quran   59:24]
12 ⓘ ٱلْبَارِئُal-BāriʾThe Initiator/ Evolver/ Eternal Spirit Worshipped By All, Have Absolute Power Over All Matters, Nature and Events[Quran   59:24]
13 ⓘ ٱلْمُصَوِّرُ al-Muṣawwir The Fashioner/ Shaper/ Designer/ Artist[Quran   59:24]
14 ⓘ ٱلْغَفَّارُal-GhaffārThe Repeatedly Forgiving/ Absolute Forgiver/ Pardoner/ Condoner

[He Who is Ready to Pardon and Forgive]

[Quran   38:66], [Quran   39:5], [Quran   40:42], [Quran   71:10]
15 ⓘ ٱلْقَهَّارُal-QahhārThe Subduer/ Overcomer/ Conqueror/ Absolute Vanquisher

[Possessor of Who Subdues Evil and Oppression]

 12:39, 13:16, 14:48, 38:65, 39:4, 40:16
16 ⓘ ٱلْوَهَّابُ al-Wahhāb The Absolute Bestower/ Giver/ Grantor/ Great Donor 38:9, 38:35
17 ⓘ ٱلرَّزَّاقُar-RazzāqThe Provider/ Sustainer/ Bestower of Sustenance/ All-Provider 51:58
18 ⓘ ٱلْفَتَّاحُal-FattāḥThe Opener/ Opener of the Gates of Profits/ Reliever/ The Victory Giver 34:26
19 ⓘ ٱلْعَلِيمُal-ʿAlīmThe Knowing/ All-Knower/ Omniscient/ All-Knowledgeable/ Possessor of Knowing Much of Ever Thing/ All-Knowing 2:158, 3:92, 4:35, 24:41, 33:40
20 ⓘ ٱلْقَابِضُal-QābiḍThe Restrainer/ Withholder/ Straightener/ Absolute Seizer 2:245
21 ⓘ ٱلْبَاسِطُal-BāsiṭThe Extender/ Expander/ Generous Provider 2:245
22 ⓘ ٱلْخَافِضُal-KhāfiḍThe Abaser/ Humiliator/ Downgrader [Possessor of Giving Comfort, Free from Pain Anxiety or Troubles] 56:3; al-Kafʿamī (1992:38)
23 ⓘ ٱلرَّافِعُar-RāfiʿThe Exalter/ Upgrader [of Ranks] 58:11, 6:83
24 ⓘ ٱلْمُعِزُّal-MuʿizzThe Giver of Honor/ Bestower of Honor/ Empowerer 3:26
25 ⓘ ٱلْمُذِلُّal-MuḏillThe Giver of Dishonor/ the Giver of Disgrace 3:26
26 ⓘ ٱلسَّمِيعُas-SamīʿThe Hearing/ All-Hearing/ Hearer of Invocation 2:127, 2:256, 8:17, 49:1
27 ⓘ ٱلْبَصِيرُal-BaṣīrThe All-Seeing/ All-Seer/ Ever-Clairvoyant/ Clear-Sighted/ Clear-Seeing 4:58, 17:1, 42:11, 42:27
28 ⓘ ٱلْحَكَمُal-ḤakamThe Judge/ Arbitrator/ Arbiter/ All-Decree/ Possessor of Authority of Decisions and Judgment 22:69
29 ⓘ ٱلْعَدْلُal-ʿAdlThe Just/ Authorized and Straightforward Judge of Dealing Justly 6:115
30 ⓘ ٱللَّطِيفُal-LaṭīfThe Gentle/ Benignant/ Subtly Kind/ All-Subtle 22:63, 31:16, 33:34
31 ⓘ ٱلْخَبِيرُal-KhabīrThe All-Aware/ Well-Acquainted/ Ever-Adept 6:18, 17:30, 49:13, 59:18
32 ⓘ ٱلْحَلِيمُal-ḤalīmThe Forbearing/ Indulgent/ Oft Forbearing/ All-Enduring 2:235, 17:44, 22:59, 35:41
33 ⓘ ٱلْعَظِيمُal-ʿAẓīmThe Most Great/ Ever-Magnificent/ Most Supreme/ Exalted/ Absolute Dignified 2:255, 42:4, 56:96
34 ⓘ ٱلْغَفُورُal-GhafūrThe Ever-Forgiving/ Oft-Forgiving 2:173, 8:69, 16:110, 41:32
35 ⓘ ٱلشَّكُورُash-ShakūrThe Grateful/ Appreciative/ Multiplier of Rewards 35:30, 35:34, 42:23, 64:17
36 ⓘ ٱلْعَلِيُّal-ʿAliyyThe Sublime/ Ever-Exalted/ Supreme/ Most High/ Most Lofty 4:34, 31:30, 42:4, 42:51 34:23
37 ⓘ ٱلْكَبِيرُal-KabīrThe Great/ Ever-Great/ Grand/ Most Great/ Greatly Abundant of Extent, Capacity and Importance 13:9, 22:62, 31:30, 34:23
38 ⓘ ٱلْحَفِيظُal-ḤafīzThe Preserver/ Ever-Preserving/ All-Watching/ Protector/ Guardian/ Oft-Conservator 11:57, 34:21, 42:6
39 ⓘ ٱلْمُقِيتُal-MuqītThe Nourisher/ Feeder 4:85
40 ⓘ ٱلْحَسِيبُal-ḤasībThe Bringer of Judgment/ Ever-Reckoner [the One Who Takes Account of All Matters] 4:6, 4:86, 33:39
41 ⓘ ٱلْجَلِيلُal-JalīlThe Majestic/ Exalted/ Oft-Important/ Splendid 55:27, 7:143
42 ⓘ ٱلْكَرِيمُal-KarīmThe Noble/ Bountiful/ Generous/ Precious/ Honored/ Benefactor 27:40, 82:6
43 ⓘ ٱلرَّقِيبُar-RaqībThe Watchful/ Observer/ Ever-Watchful/ Watcher 4:1, 5:117
44 ⓘ ٱلْمُجِيبُal-MujībThe Responsive/ Answerer/ Supreme Answerer/ Accepter of Invocation 11:61
45 ⓘ ٱلْوَاسِعُal-WāsiʿThe Vast/ All-Embracing/ Omnipresent/ Boundless/ All-Encompassing 2:268, 3:73, 5:54
46 ⓘ ٱلْحَكِيمُal-ḤakīmThe Wise/ Ever-Wise/ Endowed with Sound Judgment 31:27, 46:2, 57:1, 66:2
47 ⓘ ٱلْوَدُودُal-WadūdThe Affectionate/ Ever-Affectionate/ Loving One/ Loving/ the Lover/ the One Who Tenders and Warm Hearts 11:90, 85:14
48 ⓘ ٱلْمَجِيدُal-MajīdThe All-Glorious/ Majestic/ Ever-Illustrious

[Oft-Brilliant in Dignity, Achievements or Actions]

 11:73
49 ⓘ ٱلْبَاعِثُal-BāʿiṯThe Resurrector/ Awakener/ Arouser/ Dispatcher 22:7
50 ⓘ ٱلشَّهِيدُash-ShahīdThe Witness/ Testifier/ Ever-Witnessing 4:166, 22:17, 41:53, 48:28
51 ⓘ ٱلْحَقُّal-ḤaqqThe Truth/ Reality/ the Only One Certainly Sound and Genuine in Truth 6:62, 22:6, 23:116, 24:25
52 ⓘ ٱلْوَكِيلُ al-Wakīl The Trustee, The Dependable, The Advocate 3:173, 4:171, 28:28, 73:9
53 ⓘ ٱلْقَوِيُّal-QawiyyThe Strong 22:40, 22:74, 42:19, 57:25
54 ⓘ ٱلْمَتِينُal-MatīnThe Firm, The Steadfast 51:58
55 ⓘ ٱلْوَلِيُّal-Waliyy The Friend, Helper 4:45, 7:196, 42:28, 45:19
56 ⓘ ٱلْحَمِيدُal-ḤamīdThe All Praiseworthy 14:8, 31:12, 31:26, 41:42
57 ⓘ ٱلْمُحْصِىُal-MuḥsīyThe Accounter, The Numberer of All 72:28, 78:29
58 ⓘ ٱلْمُبْدِئُal-MubdiʾThe Originator, The Producer, The Initiator 10:34, 27:64, 29:19, 85:13
59 ⓘ ٱلْمُعِيدُal-MuʿīdThe Restorer, The Reinstater Who Brings Back All 10:34, 27:64, 29:19, 85:13
60 ⓘ ٱلْمُحْيِيal-MuḥyēThe Giver of Life 7:158, 15:23, 30:50, 57:2
61 ⓘ ٱلْمُمِيتُal-MumītThe Bringer of Death 3:156, 7:158, 15:23, 57:2
62 ⓘ ٱلْحَىُّ al-Ḥayy The Living 2:255, 3:2, 20:111, 25:58, 40:65
63 ⓘ ٱلْقَيُّومُal-QayyūmThe Subsisting, The Independent 2:255, 3:2, 20:111
64 ⓘ ٱلْوَاجِدُal-WājidThe Perceiver, The Finder, The Unfailing 38:44
65 ⓘ ٱلْمَاجِدُal-MājidThe Illustrious, The Magnificent, The Glorious 85:15, 11:73; al-Kafʿamī (1992:48)
66 ⓘ ٱلْوَاحِدُal-WāḥidThe Unique, The Single 13:16, 14:48, 38:65, 39:4
67 ⓘ ٱلْأَحَدُ al-ʾAḥad The One, The Indivisible 112:1
68 ⓘ ٱلصَّمَدُaṣ-ṢamadThe Eternal, The Absolute, The Self-Sufficient 112:2
69 ⓘ ٱلْقَادِرُal-QādirThe All-Powerful, He Who is able to do Everything 6:65, 46:33, 75:40
70 ⓘ ٱلْمُقْتَدِرُal-MuqtadirThe Determiner, The Dominant 18:45, 54:42, 6:65
71 ⓘ ٱلْمُقَدِّمُal-MuqaddimThe Expediter, He Who Brings Forward 16:61
72 ⓘ ٱلْمُؤَخِّرُal-MuʾakhkhirThe Delayer, He Who Puts Far Away 71:4
73 ⓘ ٱلْأَوَّلُal-ʾAwwalThe First, The Beginning-less 57:3
74 ⓘ اَلْآخِرُal-ʾÃkhirThe Last, The Endless 57:3
75 ⓘ ٱلظَّاهِرُaẓ-ẒāhirThe Manifest, The Evident, The Outer 57:3
76 ⓘ ٱلْبَاطِنُal-BāṭinThe Hidden, The Unmanifest, The Inner 57:3
77 ⓘ ٱلْوَالِيal-WāliyThe Patron, The Protecting Friend, The Friendly Lord 13:11
78 ⓘ ٱلْمُتَعَالِيal-MutʿāliyThe Supremely Exalted, The Most High 13:9
79 ⓘ ٱلْبَرُّal-BarrThe Good, The Beneficent 52:28
80 ⓘ ٱلتَّوَّابُat-TawwābThe Ever-Returning, Ever-Relenting 2:128, 4:64, 49:12, 110:3
81 ⓘ ٱلْمُنْتَقِمُal-MuntaqimThe Avenger 32:22, 43:41, 44:16
82 ⓘ اَلْعَفُوُّ al-ʿAfuww The Pardoner, The Effacer, The Forgiver 4:43, 4:99, 4:149, 22:60, 58:2
83 ⓘ اَلرَّؤُوفُar-RaʾūfThe Kind, The Pitying 9:117, 57:9, 59:10
84 ⓘ مَـٰلِكُ ٱلْمُلْكِMālik-ul-mulkThe Owner of all Sovereignty 3:26
85 ⓘ ذُو ٱلْجَلَالِ وَٱلْإِكْرَامُḎū l-Jalāli wa l-ʾIkrāmThe Owner, Lord of Majesty and Honour 55:27, 55:78
86 ⓘ اَلْمُقْسِطُal-MuqsiṭThe Equitable, The Requiter 3:18,5:42,57:25,5:42
87 ⓘ اَلْجَامِعُal-JāmiʿThe Gatherer, The Unifier 3:9
88 ⓘ ٱلْغَنيُّal-GhāniyyThe Rich, The Independent 39:7, 47:38, 57:24
89 ⓘ اَلْمُغْنِيُّal-MughniyyThe Enricher, The Emancipator 9:28
90 ⓘ اَلْمَانِعُal-MāniʿThe Preventer, The Withholder, The Shielder, The DefenderSee al-Kafʿamī (1992:61)
91 ⓘ اَلضَّارُaḍ-ḌārThe Distressor, The Harmer, The Afflictor 6:17 58:10; al-Kafʿamī (1992:58)
92 ⓘ اَلنَّافِعُan-NāfiʿThe Propitious, The Benefactor, The Source of Good 30:37
93 ⓘ اَلنُّورُan-NūrThe Light 24:35
94 ⓘ اَلْهَادِيal-HādīThe Guide, The Way 22:54
95 ⓘ اَلْبَدِيعُal-BadīʿThe Originator, The Incomparable, The Unattainable, The Beautiful 2:117, 6:101
96 ⓘ اَلْبَاقِيal-BāqīThe Immutable, The Infinite, The Everlasting 55:27; al-Kafʿamī (1992:64)
97 ⓘ اَلْوَارِثُal-WāriṯThe Heir, The Inheritor of All 15:23, 57:10
98 ⓘ اَلرَّشِيدُ ar-Rashīd The Guide to the Right Path11:87 (Used Not referring to Allah)
99 ⓘ اَلصَّبُورُaṣ-ṢabūrThe Timeless, The Patient 2:153, 3:200, 103:3

Based on al-Tirmidhi's list above, the names for which there is no evidence, as specified by Sheikh Abd al-Muhsin al-Abbad, Sheikh Ibn Uthaymeen, and others, are as follows:

الخافضُ، المعزُّ، المذِل، العَدْلُ، الجَلِيلُ، البَاعِثُ، المُحْصِي، المُبْدِئُ، المُعِيدُ، المُمِيتُ، الوَاجِدُ، المَاجِدُ، الوَالِي، المُقْسِط، المُغْنِي، المَانِعُ، الضَّارُّ، النَّافِعُ، البَاقِي، الرَّشِيدُ، الصَّبُور.

Comparisons of other lists

99 Names of Allah
No.ArabicReferenceRomanizationTranslationNarrators
WMASAHMDHZABIWIHBHIUARAGINSWAM
1الله Q1:1 AllāhAllah111111111111111
2ٱلرَّحْمَٰنُ Q1:1 al-RaḥmānThe Most Gracious222222222222222
3ٱلرَّحِيمُ Q1:1 al-RaḥīmThe Most Merciful333333333333333
4ٱلْمَلِكُ Q23:116 al-MalikThe King444444444444444
5ٱلْقُدُّوسُ Q59:23 al-QuddūsThe Most Holy5—5555555555555
6ٱلسَّلَامُ Q59:23 as-SalāmThe Peace656666666666666
7ٱلْمُؤْمِنُ Q59:23 al-MuʾminThe Giver of Security767777777777777
8ٱلْمُهَيْمِنُ Q59:23 al-MuhayminThe Controller878888888888888
9ٱلْعَزِيزُ Q2:129 al-ʿAzīzThe Exalted in Might989999999999999
10ٱلْجَبَّارُ Q59:23 al-JabbārThe Omnipotent10910101010101010101010101010
11ٱلْمُتَكَبِّرُ Q59:23 al-MutakabbirThe Superior111011111111111111111111111111
12ٱلْخَالِقُ Q6:102 al-KhāliqThe Creator121112121212121212121212121212
13ٱلْبَارِئُ Q59:23 al-BāriʾThe Inventor131213131313131313131313131313
14ٱلْمُصَوِّرُ Q59:23 al-MuṣawwirThe Designer141314141414141414141414141414
15ٱلْغَفَّارُ Q38:66 al-GhaffārThe Absolute Forgiver15—151515—151515151515151515
16ٱلْقَهَّارُ Q12:39 al-QahhārThe Subduer16——161615161616161616161616
17ٱلْوَهَّابُ Q3:8 al-WahhābThe Bestower171416171716171717171717171717
18ٱلرَّزَّاقُ Q51:58 ar-RazzāqThe Provider181517181817181818181818181818
19ٱلْفَتَّاحُ Q34:26 al-FattāḥThe Opener19—18191918191919191919191919
20ٱلْعَلِيمُ Q2:32 al-ʿAlīmThe All-Knowing201619202019202020202020202020
21ٱلْقَابِضُ AD(3451) al-QābiḍThe Restrainer2117—212120——212121212121—
22ٱلْبَاسِطُ AD(3451) al-BāsiṭThe Expander2218—222221——222222222222—
23ٱلْخَافِضُ Q56:3*al-KhāfiḍThe Humiliator2319———22——23——————
24ٱلرَّافِعُ Q56:3*ar-RāfiʿThe Exalter2420—23—2321—24——————
25ٱلْمُعِزُّ Q3:26*al-MuʿizzThe Giver of Honor2521—24—24——25——————
26ٱلْمُذِلُّ Q3:26*al-MuḏillThe Giver of Disgrace2622—25—25——26——————
27ٱلسَّمِيعُ Q2:127 as-SamīʿThe All-Hearing272320262326222127232323232321
28ٱلْبَصِيرُ Q17:1 al-BaṣīrThe All-Seeing282421272427232228242424242422
29ٱلْحَكَمُ Q6:114 al-ḤakamThe Judge29——28—28242329252525252523
30ٱلْعَدْلُ Q16:90*al-ʿAdlThe Just30——29—29——30——————
31ٱللَّطِيفُ Q6:103 al-LaṭīfThe Gentle312522302530252431262626262624
32ٱلْخَبِيرُ Q6:18 al-KhabīrThe All-Aware322623312631262532272727272725
33ٱلْحَلِيمُ Q2:235 al-ḤalīmThe Forbearing332724322732272633282828282826
34ٱلْعَظِيمُ Q2:255 al-ʿAẓīmThe Most Magnificent342825332833282734292929292927
35ٱلْغَفُورُ Q2:218 al-GhafūrThe Oft-Forgiving352926342934292835303030303028
36ٱلشَّكُورُ Q35:30 ash-ShakūrThe Grateful363027353035302936313131313129
37ٱلْعَلِيُّ Q2:255 al-ʿAliyyThe Most High373128363136313037323232323230
38ٱلْكَبِيرُ Q13:9 al-KabīrThe Most Great38—29373237323138333333333331
39ٱلْحَفِيظُ Q11:57 al-ḤafīzThe Protector39——38—38—3239343434343432
40ٱلْمُقِيتُ Q4:85 al-MuqītThe Nourisher40————39333340353535353533
41ٱلْحَسِيبُ Q4:6 al-ḤasībThe Ever-Reckoner41——39—40343441363636363634
42ٱلْجَلِيلُ Q55:27*al-JalīlThe Majestic42353040—41——42——————
43الْكَرِيمُ Q82:6 al-KarīmThe Noble433631413342353543373737373735
44الرَّقِيبُ Q5:117 ar-RaqībThe Watchful44—3242—43363644383838383836
45الْمُجِيبُ Q11:61 al-MujībThe Answerer453733—34—373745393939393937
46الْوَاسِعُ Q2:115 al-WāsiʿThe Vast46—34—3544383846404040404038
47الْحَكِيمُ Q2:32 al-ḤakīmThe Wise4738——3645393947414141414139
48الْوَدُودُ Q85:14 al-WadūdThe Affectionate483935433746404048424242424240
49الْمَجِيدُ Q85:15 al-MajīdThe All-Glorious494036443847414149434343434341
50الْبَاعِثُ Q22:7*al-BāʿiṯThe Resurrector50413745————50——————
51الشَّهِيدُ Q5:117 ash-ShahīdThe Witness51423846—48424251444444444442
52الْحَقُّ Q6:62 al-ḤaqqThe Truth524339473949434352454545454543
53الْوَكِيلُ Q6:102 al-WakīlThe Dependable534440——50444453464646464644
54الْقَوِيُّ Q8:52 al-QawiyyThe Strong5445—484051454554474747474745
55الْمَتِينُ Q51:58 al-MatīnThe Firm5546——4152464655484848484846
56الْوَلِيُّ Q42:9 al-WaliyyThe Helper5647—494253474756494949494947
57الْحَمِيدُ Q2:267 al-ḤamīdThe All-Praiseworthy57—41504354484857505050505048
58الْمُحْصِي Q72:28*al-MuḥsīyThe Accounter58————55——58——————
59الْمُبْدِئُ Q85:13*al-MubdiʾThe Initiator594842——56——59——————
60الْمُعِيدُ Q85:13*al-MuʿīdThe Restorer604943——57——60——————
61الْمُحْيِي Q2:28 al-MuḥyīThe Giver of Life61504451—58—4961——————
62الْمُمِيتُ Q2:28 al-MumītThe Bringer of Death625145——59——62——————
63الْحَيُّ Q2:255 al-ḤayyThe Living635246524460495063515151515149
64الْقَيُّومُ Q2:255 al-QayyūmThe Independent645347534561505164525252525250
65الْوَاجِدُ T(3507)**al-WājidThe Finder6554——————65——————
66الْمَاجِدُ T(2495) al-MājidThe Glorious6655—54———————————
67الْوَاحِدُ Q12:39 al-WāḥidThe Unique675648554662515266535353535351
68الصَّمَدُ Q112:2 aṣ-ṢamadThe Self-Sufficient685749564763525367545454545452
69الْقَادِرُ Q6:65 al-QādirThe All-Powerful69585057—64535468555555555553
70الْمُقْتَدِرُ Q54:42 al-MuqtadirThe Determiner70—51584865545569565656565654
71الْمُقَدِّمُ B(1120) al-MuqaddimThe Expeditor71———4966——70575757575755
72الْمُؤَخِّرُ B(1120) al-MuʾakhkhirThe Delayer72———5067——71585858585856
73الْأَوَّلُ Q57:3 al-ʾAwwalThe First735952595168555672595959595957
74الْآخِرُ Q57:3 al-ʾÃkhirThe Last746053605269565773606060606058
75الظَّاهِرُ Q57:3 aẓ-ẒāhirThe Manifest756154615370575874616161616159
76الْبَاطِنُ Q57:3 al-BāṭinThe Hidden766255625471585975626262626260
77الْوَالِي Q13:11 al-WāliyThe Patron7763——————76——————
78الْمُتَعَالِ Q13:9 al-MutʿāliyThe Most Exalted786456—55—596077636363636361
79الْبَرُّ Q52:28 al-BarrThe Beneficent79———56—606178646464646462
80التَّوَّابُ Q2:37 at-TawwābThe Oft-Returning806557635772616279656565656563
81الْمُنْتَقِمُ Q32:22 al-MuntaqimThe Avenger81—————6263———————
82الْعَفُوُّ Q4:43 al-ʿAfuwwThe Pardoner826658645873636480666666666664
83الرَّؤُوفُ Q2:143 ar-RaʾūfThe Kind836759655974646581676767676765
84مَالِكُ الْمُلْكِ Q3:26 Mālik-ul-mulkOwner of All Sovereignty84—————65—82————68—
85ذُو الْجَلَالِ وَالْإِكْرَامِ Q55:27 Ḏū l-Jalāli wal-ʾIkrāmOwner of Majesty and Honor85—6066——66—83————69—
86الْمُقْسِطُ T(3507)**al-MuqsiṭThe Requiter8668—67—7567—84——————
87الْجَامِعُ Q3:9 al-JāmiʿThe Gatherer8769—68—76686685——————
88الْغَنِيُّ Q6:133 al-GhāniyyThe Rich887061696077696786686868687066
89الْمُغْنِي Q9:28*al-MughniyyThe Enricher89———————87——————
90الْمَانِعُ M(477)*al-MāniʿThe Preventer9071—70————88——————
91الضَّارُّ Q6:17*aḍ-ḌārThe Distressor9172———78——89——————
92النَّافِعُ T(3507)**an-NāfiʿThe Benefactor9273———79——90——————
93النُّورُ Q24:35 an-NūrThe Light93746271———6891——————
94الْهَادِي Q25:31 al-HādīThe Guide94756372—80706992——69697167
95الْبَدِيعُ Q2:117 al-BadīʿThe Originator95—6473——717093——————
96الْبَاقِي Q55:27*al-BāqīThe Everlasting96766574—81——94——————
97الْوَارِثُ Q15:23 al-WāriṯThe Inheritor9777———8272719569697070—68
98الرَّشِيدُ Q18:10*ar-RashīdThe Right Guide98——75—8373—96——————
99الصَّبُورُ T(3507)**aṣ-ṢabūrThe Patient99——76—84——97——————

Hidden names

There is no universal agreement among Islamic exegesis scholars about the number of names of God, since it was only Ibn Hazm who argued a limitation of 99 names. Instead, Islamic scholars such as al-Khattabi, al-Qurtubi, Abi Bakr bin Thayyib, Ibn al-'Arabi (not Ibn Arabi), [a] Abu Abdillah ar-Razi, Ibn Taymiyya, Al-Nawawi, Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani, [14] Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya [15] and Ibn Rajab, [16] have stated that Allah has an infinite number of names. While there are rulings that only a few names and their attributes are revealed and known in the Qur'an and Hadiths, the uncountably unrevealed names and their attributes are only known by Allah Himself. [17] [18] The basis of these rulings was the Hadith, which contains a supplication as narrated in Hisn al-Muslim:

أَسْأَلُكَ بِكُلِّ اسْمٍ هُوَ لَكَ سَمَّيْتَ بِهِ نَفْسَكَ أَوْ أَنْزَلْتَهُ فِي كِتَابِكَ أَوْ عَلَّمْتَهُ أَحَدًا مِنْ خَلْقِكَ أَوْ اسْتَأْثَرْتَ بِهِ فِي عِلْمِ الْغَيْبِ عِنْدَكَ

"I beg You by every Names that is Yours, which You have named Yourself with, or revealed in Your Book, or taught to any of Your creation, or (which you) kept them secret to Yourself in the mysterious knowledge of Yours."

Another Hadith contains a supplication, with multiple chains of transmitters:

اَللَّهُمَّ إِنِّيْ أَعُوْذُ بِرِضَاكَ مِنْ سَخَطِكَ، وَبِمُعَافَاتِكَ مِنْ عُقُوْبَتِكَ، وَأَعُوْذُ بِكَ مِنْكَ، لاَ أُحْصِيْ ثَنَاءً عَلَيْكَ أَنْتَ كَمَا أَثْنَيْتَ عَلَى نَفْسِكَ

“O Allah, indeed I seek refuge in Your blessing from Your wrath, and I seek refuge in Your salvation from Your torment, and I seek refuge in You from You. I cannot limit the amount of praise to You. You are as You praise Yourself."

In the established Islamic creed about the unrevealed names of Allah, the majority of fatwas say it is obligatory for a Muslim to believe in the existence of the unrevealed names and their attributes, but it is forbidden for Muslims to try to search for them without literal evidences from the Qur'an and authentic Hadiths. [14] [16] [17] [15] In the creed of Islamic eschatology, the hidden names are believed to be hidden from anyone but Allah, and will only be revealed personally to Muhammad during Judgement Day. [15]

In textual sources

According to Muslims, the names of God must be established by evidence and direct reference in the Qur'an and hadiths (the concept of tawqif). Thus, it is impermissible (haram) for Muslims to give Allah names except with what He has named Himself in the Qur'an or in authentic Hadiths.

The Quran

The Quran refers to God's Most Beautiful Names (al-ʾasmāʾ al-ḥusná) in several Surahs. Gerhard Böwering refers to Surah 17 (17:110) as the locus classicus to which explicit lists of 99 names used to be attached in tafsir.

قُلِ ٱدْعُوا۟ ٱللَّهَ أَوِ ٱدْعُوا۟ ٱلرَّحْمَـٰنَ ۖ أَيًّۭا مَّا تَدْعُوا۟ فَلَهُ ٱلْأَسْمَآءُ ٱلْحُسْنَىٰ ۚ وَلَا تَجْهَرْ بِصَلَاتِكَ وَلَا تُخَافِتْ بِهَا وَٱبْتَغِ بَيْنَ ذَٰلِكَ سَبِيلًۭا

Say, ˹O Prophet,˺ “Call upon Allah or call upon the Most Compassionate—whichever you call, He has the Most Beautiful Names.” Do not recite your prayers too loudly or silently, but seek a way between.

—  Surah al-Isra (17), verse 110

Another verse references the Most Beautiful Names:

وَلِلَّهِ ٱلْأَسْمَآءُ ٱلْحُسْنَىٰ فَٱدْعُوهُ بِهَا ۖ وَذَرُوا۟ ٱلَّذِينَ يُلْحِدُونَ فِىٓ أَسْمَـٰٓئِهِۦ ۚ سَيُجْزَوْنَ مَا كَانُوا۟ يَعْمَلُونَ

Allah has the Most Beautiful Names. So call upon Him by them, and keep away from those who abuse His Names.1 They will be punished for what they used to do.

—  Surat al-Aaraf (7), verse 110

A cluster of more than a dozen Divine epithets which are included in such lists is found in Surah 59.

هُوَ ٱللَّهُ ٱلَّذِى لَآ إِلَـٰهَ إِلَّا هُوَ ۖ عَـٰلِمُ ٱلْغَيْبِ وَٱلشَّهَـٰدَةِ ۖ هُوَ ٱلرَّحْمَـٰنُ ٱلرَّحِيمُ ٢٢ هُوَ ٱللَّهُ ٱلَّذِى لَآ إِلَـٰهَ إِلَّا هُوَ ٱلْمَلِكُ ٱلْقُدُّوسُ ٱلسَّلَـٰمُ ٱلْمُؤْمِنُ ٱلْمُهَيْمِنُ ٱلْعَزِيزُ ٱلْجَبَّارُ ٱلْمُتَكَبِّرُ ۚ سُبْحَـٰنَ ٱللَّهِ عَمَّا يُشْرِكُونَ ٢٣ هُوَ ٱللَّهُ ٱلْخَـٰلِقُ ٱلْبَارِئُ ٱلْمُصَوِّرُ ۖ لَهُ ٱلْأَسْمَآءُ ٱلْحُسْنَىٰ ۚ يُسَبِّحُ لَهُۥ مَا فِى ٱلسَّمَـٰوَٰتِ وَٱلْأَرْضِ ۖ وَهُوَ ٱلْعَزِيزُ ٱلْحَكِيمُ ٢٤

He is Allāh—there is no god ˹worthy of worship˺ except Him: 'Ālim al-ghayb wa'l-shāhadah (Knower of the seen and unseen). He is ar-Raḥmān (the Most Compassionate), ar-Raḥīm (the Most Merciful). He is Allāh—there is no god except Him: al-Malik (the King), al-Quddūs (the Most Holy), as-Salām (the All-Perfect), al-Muʾmin (the Source of Serenity), al-Muhaymin (the Watcher), al-ʿAzīz (the Almighty), al-Jabbār (the Supreme in Might), al-Mutakabbir (the Majestic). Glorified is Allāh far above what they associate with Him. He is Allāh: al-Khāliq (the Creator), al-Bāriʾ (the Inventor), al-Muṣawwir (the Shaper). He ˹alone˺ has the Most Beautiful Names. Whatever is in the heavens and the earth ˹constantly˺ glorifies Him. And He is al-ʿAzīz (the Almighty), al-Ḥakīm (All-Wise).

—  Surah al-Hashr (59), verses 22–24

Hadith

In a hadith narrated by Sahih al-Bukhari, it is mentioned that Allah has 99 names.

Abu Hurairah reported that God has ninety-nine Names, i.e., one hundred minus one, and whoever believes in their meanings and acts accordingly, will enter Paradise; and God is witr (one) and loves 'the witr' (i.e., odd numbers).

— Sahih Bukhari, Vol. 8, Book 75, Hadith 419

In another hadith, this fact is also mentioned again.

Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said, "God has ninety-nine Names, one-hundred less one; and he who memorized them all by heart will enter Paradise." To count something means to know it by heart.

— Sahih Bukhari, Vol. 9, Book 93, Hadith 489

Attributes

Islamic tenets has detailed descriptions about to differentiate names with attributes (Arabic : صِفَة, romanized: ṣifāh plural of sˤi.faːt), which has literal abilities of their owns. Examples of the attributes are the name of "ar-Rahman" contains the attributes "mercifulness in general", [3] or "fundamental mercy". [21] According to Sahih Bukhari and Muslim, God has 100 kinds of rahmah (grace/godsend), whereas only one of them already revealed to this world, while the other 99 still withheld for the afterlife. One of the rahmah which was sent to the world are sufficient to fulfil the needs of all creatures until the Judgement Day; including humans, Jinns, and even non-sentients such as animals, so the parents of animals would not trample their babies under their foots or wasting. [22] Another example is name of al-ʿAliyy contains several attributes, such as "heightness" and "above all". [3]

This ruling is because the naming of God are limited by the evidences from Qur'an and Hadith in Sunni Islam. [4] Thus, postulating the tenet in Islam's creed that essentially, the name-bearing of God are different from attributes of God. [5] Nevertheless, Salafi scholar al-Uthaymin stated the principal ruling of giving attributes to God is similar with the verdict about giving name to God; that is forbidden to gave attributes without evidence from Qur'an and Sunnah. [23] One of the disputed name of God among the Islamic academic is "al-Hannan", [4] Since it is considered as one of the attribute of "ar-Rahman" name in Maryam 19:13, not because al-Hannan is a name itself. [24]

Both Ibn Taymiyya in his work, The Treaty of Tadmur, and Ibn al-Qayyim have published their statements claiming to be refuting Jahmiyya, [4] and al-Juwayni respectively; as Jahmiyya scholars and al-Juwayni rejected the existence of the attributes of God and consider that the names of God are just semantics without any substances in them. [3] The statements of both Ibn Taymiyya and Ibn al-Qayyim became the ruling which was established by Saudi Council of Senior Scholars, as they stated that each of God's name contains multiple attributes. [3] Salafi scholars such as Ibn Baz did not consent to the interpretation of the attributes of God. [25] Moreover, Walid Muhammad Abdullah Muhammad al-'Ali, an exegesis professor of Islamic University of Madinah, has quoted Ibn al-Qayyim's concern regarding the importance of names and attributes of God as part of the Tawhid (oneness of God) which is the first article of The Six Articles of Faith. [26]

Sufi mysticism

There is a tradition in Sufism to the effect the 99 names of God point to a mystical "Most Supreme and Superior Name" (ismu l-ʾAʿẓam (الاسْمُ ٱلْأَعْظَم). [27] This "Greatest Name of God" is said to be "the one which if He is called (prayed to) by it, He will answer." [28] More than 1000 names of God are listed in the Jawshan Kabir (جَوْشَنُ ٱلْكَبِير—literally "the Great Cuirass") invocations.[ citation needed ] Sufi mystic Ibn Arabi surmised that the 99 names are "outward signs of the universe's inner mysteries". [8]

Ibn Arabi (26 July 1165 – 16 November 1240) did not interpret the names of God as mere epithets, but as actual attributes paring the universe both in created and possible forms. By these names, the divine traits disclose for humans, whose divine potential is hidden, can learn to become a reflection of such names. However, such reflections are limited; the divine traits do not equal the divine essence of the names. [29] Influenced by the metaphysical teachings of Ibn Arabi, Haydar Amuli assigned angels to the different names of God. Accordingly, the good angels as a whole are a manifestation of God's Names of Beauty. Shaitan (shayatin) on the other hand are a manifestation of God's Names of majesty, such as "The Haughty". [30]

Theophoric given names

Talismanic shirt inscribed with the 99 names of God as well as Quranic verses and prayers, Turkey, 18th century, Khalili Collection of Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage. Khalili Collection Hajj and Arts of Pilgrimage Talismanic shirt.jpg
Talismanic shirt inscribed with the 99 names of God as well as Quranic verses and prayers, Turkey, 18th century, Khalili Collection of Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage.

The Arabic names of God are used to form theophoric given names commonly used in Muslim cultures throughout the world, mostly in Arabic speaking societies.

Because the names of God themselves are reserved to God and their use as a person's given name is considered religiously inappropriate, theophoric names are formed by either prefixing the term ˁabd (عَبْدُ: "slave/servant of") to the name (in the case of masculine names) or by dropping the definite article al (ال).

This distinction is established out of respect for the sanctity of Divine names, which denote attributes (of love, kindness, mercy, compassion, justice, power, etc.) that are believed to be possessed in a full and absolute sense only by God, while human beings, being limited creatures, are viewed by Muslims as being endowed with the Divine attributes only in a limited and relative capacity. The prefixing of the definite article would indicate that the bearer possesses the corresponding attribute in an exclusive sense, a trait reserved to God.

Names of Allah in Arabic calligraphy. Allah names 1.svg
Names of Allah in Arabic calligraphy.

Quranic verse 3:26 is cited as evidence against the validity of using Divine names for persons, with the example of Mālik ul-Mulk (مَـٰلِكُ ٱلْمُلْكُ: "Lord of Power" or "Owner of all Sovereignty"):

Say: "O God! Lord of Power, You give power to whom You please, and You strip off power from whom You please. You endue with honour whom You please, and You bring low whom You please. In Your hand is all Good." Verily, over all things You have power.

—  Quran 3:26

The two parts of the name starting with ˁabd may be written separately (as in the previous example) or combined as one in the transliterated form; in such a case, the vowel transcribed after ˁabdu is often written as u when the two words are transcribed as one: e.g., Abdur-Rahman , Abdul-Aziz , Abdul-Jabbar , or even Abdullah (عَبْدُ ٱللّٰه: "Servant of God"). (This has to do with Arabic case vowels, the final u vowel showing the normal "quote" nominative case form.)

Examples of Muslim theophoric names include:

Use in Baháʼí sources

Baháʼí sources state that the 100th name was revealed as "Baháʼ" (Arabic : بهاء "glory, splendor"), which appears in the words Bahá'u'lláh and Baháʼí. They also believe that it is the greatest name of God. [31] [32] The Báb wrote a noted pentagram-shaped tablet with 360 morphological derivation of the word "Baháʼ" used in it. [31]

According to Baháʼí scholar ‘Abdu’l-Hamíd Ishráq-Khávari, Bahāʾ al-dīn al-ʿĀmilī adopted the Persian poetic pen name "Bahāʾ" after being inspired by the words of the fifth Twelver Imam, Muhammad al-Baqir, and the sixth Imam, Ja'far al-Sadiq, who stated that the greatest name of God was included in either the Duʿāʾu l-Bahāʾ , a dawn prayer for Ramadan, or the ʾAʿmal ʿam Dawūd. [31] In the first verse of the duʿāʾu l-Bahāʾ, the name "Bahāʾ" appears four times. [33]

See also

Appendix

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Ibn al-'Arabi full Nisba name is Muhammad ibn Abdullah al-Andalusi al-Ishbili al-Maliki, a Maliki scholar who died in 1121 AD. Ibn Arabi full Nisba is Muhammad ibn Ali al-Hatimi at-Tayy al-Andalusi, a philosopher who died in 1216 AD. [13]

References

  1. ↑ Mohammad Mahdi Al-Sharif (2014). ALLAH'S MOST BEAUTIFUL NAMES: اسماء الله الحسنى [انكليزي]. Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah. p. 25. ISBN   978-2745154811 . Retrieved 20 August 2024. ...Name "Rahman" and the characteristic it carries.
  2. ↑ Mark W. Muesse (2018). Four Wise Men. BoD – Books on Demand. p. 240. ISBN   9780718895228 . Retrieved 20 August 2024. ... attributes, which name certain qualities that assist in appropriately orienting the mind toward god.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 M. Saifudin Hakim (9 April 2018). "Sifat Allah: Apakah Hanya Tujuh atau Dua Puluh? (Bag. 3)" [The Attributes of God: Only Seven or Twenty? (Part 3)]. muslim.or.id (in Indonesian). Yayasan Pendidikan Islam Al-Atsari (YPIA) Al-Atsari Islamic Education Foundation. Retrieved 19 August 2024. References from:
  4. 1 2 3 4 Muhammad Al-Munajjid (2019). "هل (الحنان) من صفات الله ؟" [Is al-Hannan one of God's attributes?]. Islamqa.info (in Arabic). Retrieved 19 August 2024. Fatawa Noor 'ala al-Darb; Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal (3/11), and Tafsir al-Tabari (16/113). "Attributes of God Almighty contained in the Qur'an and Sunnah"; Fatwa of Council of Senior Scholars (Saudi Arabia) (24/172)
  5. 1 2 Oliviu Felecan (2019). Onomastics between Sacred and Profane. Vernon Press. p. 6. ISBN   978-1622734016 . Retrieved 20 August 2024. ... attributes, postulating that a name is different from naming
  6. ↑ Al-Uthaymin (2019). bin Nashir bin Ibrahim As-Sulaiman, Fahd (ed.). Tuntunan Tanya-Jawab Akidah, Shalat, Zakat, Puasa, dan Haji [Guide to Questions and Answers on Faith, Prayer, Zakat, Fasting and Hajj] (in Indonesian). Translated by Munirul Abidin. Darul Falah. p. 72. ISBN   978-979-3036-66-3 . Retrieved 20 August 2024.
  7. ↑ M. Ghulam Hussain Daleel (2023). Kayinath: For Literature and Philanthropy. Notion Press. ISBN   9798888839706 . Retrieved 20 August 2024. ...ninety-nine names of God, mentioned in the Quran. Allah's names imply his attributes....
  8. 1 2 Morgan, Diane (2010). Essential Islam: A Comprehensive Guide to Belief and Practice . ABC-CLIO. p.  10. ISBN   978-0-313-36025-1.
  9. ↑ al-Jawziyya, Ibn Qayyim (6 May 2020). Ranks of the Divine Seekers: A Parallel English-Arabic Text. Volume 1. BRILL. ISBN   978-90-04-41341-2.
  10. ↑ Please note the written Arabic spelling of the names written in Arabic in the table are in the vowelled Classical/Quranic form (proper = in the Quran and Ahādith) with the square bracketed "[.]" variant of the written Arabic forms given in common or modern texts—usually in media, some long vowels and punctuations are omitted for the easier typing and reading.
  11. 1 2 Muhammad Saed Abdul-Rahman (2013). Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz' 1 (Part 1): Al-Fatihah 1 to Al-Baqarah 141 2nd Edition. MSA Publication Limited. p. XXIV. ISBN   978-1861798268 . Retrieved 15 August 2024. Exegesis of Al-Tabari and Al-Qurtubi with the reference material from a Hadith from Sunan al-Tirmidhi transmitted by Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf.
  12. ↑ Al-Bayhaqi (1999 , pp. 55, 101)
  13. ↑ Ja’far Assagaf (2019). "Reduksi Sufi antara Penyebutan Ibnu al-'Arabiy/إبن العربي (w. 543 H) dengan Ibnu 'Arabiy/إبن عربي (w. 638 H) ?" [Sufi reduction between the mention of Ibn al-'Arabiy/إبن العربي (d. 543 H) with Ibn 'Arabiy/إبن عربي (d. 638 H)?]. alkhairaat-ternate.or.id (in Indonesian). Alkhiraat Media. Retrieved 15 August 2024.
  14. 1 2 3 4 Adika Mianoki (2022). "Berapakah Jumlah Asmaul Husna?" [How many the numbers of Asmaul Husn]. muslim.or.id (in Indonesian). Yayasan Pendidikan Islam Atsari (YPIA) Islam Atsari Educational Institute. Retrieved 14 August 2024. Reference commentary from= Kamila bint Muhammad bin Jassim bin Ali Al-Jaham Al-Kuwari (2002). المجلى في شرح القواعد المثلى في صفات الله وأسمائه الحسنى [magazine in explaining the ideal rules in the attributes of God and His beautiful names... by Muhammad Salih al-Uthaymin] (in Arabic). Dar Ibn Hazm. pp. 123–132. Archived from the original on 14 August 2024. Retrieved 14 August 2024.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  15. 1 2 3 4 Ammi Nur Baits (2011). "Hafal Asmaul Husna, Masuk Surga?" [(if) memorized Asma al-Husn, (is it) guaranteed entering the heaven?]. KonsultasiSyariah.com (in Indonesian). Yufid Institution Network. Retrieved 15 August 2024. Ibn al-Qayyim, in Shifa ul-Alil p. 472; Al-Uthaymin; Al-Qawaid ul-Muthla, Pg. 13 – 14
  16. 1 2 3 4 Islamweb Research team (2022). "هل أسماء الله غير متناهية العدد؟". islamweb.net (in Arabic). Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Mauritania: Ministry of Awqaf and Islamic Affairs (Qatar) . Retrieved 14 August 2024.
  17. 1 2 Abdulaziz Al Sheikh. Fatwa no. 39788 (in Arabic). Permanent Committee for Scholarly Research and Ifta . Retrieved 14 August 2024.
  18. ↑ Muhammad Al-Munajjid (2003). "أسماء الله تعالى غير محصورة في تسعة وتسعين اسماً" [The names of God Almighty are not limited to ninety-nine names only]. IslamQA.info (in Arabic). Retrieved 14 August 2024. Compilation Fatwa of Uthaymin
  19. ↑ "Sunan Ibnu Majah 3831" (in Indonesian). Retrieved 19 August 2024.
  20. ↑ Muhammad Al-Munajjid (2021). "Arti dari Sabda Nabi –shallallahu 'alaihi wa sallam- : "Dan aku berlindung kepada-Mu dari-Mu"" [The meaning of the words of the Prophet – sallallaahu ‘alaihi wa sallam –: “And I seek refuge in You from You”.]. islamqa.info (in Indonesian). Retrieved 19 August 2024. Sahih Muslim (751), on the authority of Aisha; Al-Munawi commentary in Faidh ul-Qadir Sharh al-Jami' as-Saghir: 2/176; Ibn al-Qayyim commentary in Thariq al-hijratayn wa bab as-Sa'adatayn: 1/431
  21. ↑ John Andrew Morrow (2013). Islamic Images and Ideas: Essays on Sacred Symbolism. McFarland. p. 13. ISBN   978-0786458486 . Retrieved 20 August 2024.
  22. ↑ "Surat Al-Fatihah Ayat 3" (in Indonesian and Arabic). Islamic University of Madinah. excerpt from Imad Zuhair Hafidh (2015). تفسيرُ المدينةِ المُنوَّرة [Exegesis Madinah al-Munawwara] (in Arabic). مركز تعظيم القرآن الكريم بالمدينة المنورة. Retrieved 19 August 2024. Reference Hadiths:
  23. ↑ Muhammad Abduh Tuasikal (2018). "Syarhus Sunnah: Kaidah Nama dan Sifat Allah #02" [Explanation of Sunnah: principles of the Name and Attributes of Allah #02]. Rumaysho (in Indonesian). Retrieved 19 August 2024. References from:
    • Al-Minhaj Syarh Sahih Muslim. First printing, 1433 H. Yahya bin Syarf An-Nawawi. Publisher Dar Ibn Hazm.
    • Syarh Asma' Allah Al-Husna fi Dhaui Al-Kitab wa As-Sunnah. 12th printing, 1431 H. Syaikh Sa'id bin Wahf Al-Qahthani.
    • Syarh As-Sunnah. Second printing, 1432 H. Imam Al-Muzani. Ta'liq: Dr. Jamal 'Azzun. Maktabah Dar Al-Minhaj Publishers.
    • Syarh Al-Qawa'id Al-Mutsla. Syaikh Muhammad bin Shalih Al-'Utsaimin. Ta'liq: Abu Ya'qub Nasy-at bin Kamal Al-Mashri. Maktabah Al-Muslim Publishers.
  24. ↑ "Berdoa Kepada Allah Dengan Nama "Al-Hannan" Dan "Al-Mannan"" [praying to God with the names of "O Hannan" and "O Mannan"]. fatwaulama.com (in Indonesian). lajnah. 7 February 2023. Retrieved 19 August 2024.
  25. ↑ Namira Nahouza (2009 , p. 193)
  26. ↑ Walīd ibn Muḥammad ibn ʻAbd Allāh ʻAlī (2004). جهود الإمام ابن قيم الجوزية في تقرير توحيد الأسماء والصفات, Volume 3 [The efforts of Imam Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya in establishing the oneness of names and attributes, Volume 3] (in Arabic). المبرة الخيرية لعلوم القرآن والسنة. pp. 1390, 1412, 2041. Retrieved 19 August 2024.
  27. ↑ Schimmel, Annemarie (1993). The Mystery of Numbers. New York, US: Oxford University Press. p. 271. ISBN   0-19-508919-7.
  28. ↑ Momen, Moojan (2000). Islam and the Bahá'í Faith. George Ronald. p. 241. ISBN   978-0-85398-446-7. The endnote states: "Ibn Májah, Sunan , 34. (Kitáb ad-Du'á), ch. 9, no. 3856, vol. 2, p. 1267. See also: Ad-Dárimí, Sunan , 23 (Fada'il al-Qur'án), ch. 15, no. 3296, vol. 2, pp. 324–325. Similar statements in Shi'i tradition include: Majlisí, Bihar al-Anwar , vol. 26. p. 7.
  29. ↑ Bruce Lawrence The Qur'an: A Biography Atlantic Books Ltd, 2 October 2014 ISBN   9781782392187 chapter 8
  30. ↑ Ayman Shihadeh Sufism and Theology Edinburgh University Press, 21 November 2007 ISBN   9780748631346 pp. 54–56
  31. 1 2 3 Lambden, Stephen (1993). "The Word Baháʼ: Quintessence of the Greatest Name". Baháʼí Studies Review. 3 (1).
  32. ↑ Smith, Peter (2000). "greatest name". A concise encyclopedia of the Bahá'í Faith. Oxford: Oneworld Publications. pp. 167–8. ISBN   1-85168-184-1.
  33. ↑ Khadem, Dhikru'llah (March 1976). "Bahá'u'lláh and His Most Holy Shrine". Baháʼí News (540): 4–5. Archived from the original on 20 June 2017.

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