| Issus coleoptratus | |
|---|---|
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| Adult of Issus coleoptratus, dorsal view | |
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| Issus coleoptratus, lateral view | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hemiptera |
| Suborder: | Auchenorrhyncha |
| Infraorder: | Fulgoromorpha |
| Family: | Issidae |
| Genus: | Issus |
| Species: | I. coleoptratus |
| Binomial name | |
| Issus coleoptratus (Fabricius, 1781) | |
| Synonyms | |
List
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Issus coleoptratus is a species of planthopper belonging to the family Issidae. [1]
This common species can be found in the western Palearctic realm, in the Near East, and in North Africa. [2] These insects live on shrubbery and on foliage of various woody plants and common deciduous trees and in mixed forests (forest edges and parks). [3] [4]
Issus coleoptratus can reach a length of 5.5–7.0 millimetres (0.22–0.28 in). The coloration of these planthoppers can vary from light brown and olive to nearly black. The head, including the eyes, is narrower than the pronotum. The forehead is usually dark brown to black in the upper third, with lighter spots. In the lower area it is greenish, yellowish or brownish. The leathery wings usually show a huge number of dark brown cross-veins with a dark brown discal spot and some evidence of banding. The forewing veins of males and females differs (sexual dimorphism), as they are effaced distally in the female, while in males they are throughout prominent. This species is very similar to the much rarer Issus muscaeformis . [3] [4]
These insects are unable to fly, unlike most members of their family. They feed on the phloem of different trees, such as lime trees (Tilia species), oaks (Quercus species), maples (Acer species), birches (Betula species), elms (Ulmus species) and hazels (Corylus species). There is only one generation per year. Adults can be found from May to mid October, depending on location. The larvae overwinter on ivy (Hedera species), privet (Ligustrum species), juniper (Juniperus species) and Taxus species. [4]
Like all planthoppers, [5] the nymphs of this insect have a small, gear-like structure on the base of each of their hind legs. [6] These gear-like structures have teeth that intermesh, keeping the legs synchronized when the insect jumps, preventing it from spiraling. This is the first planthopper species in which the function of these gear-like structures was carefully described, [6] though their existence had been known for decades. [7] The insects shed this gear before moulting into adults. [6]
The forest bug or red-legged shieldbug is a species of shield bug in the family Pentatomidae, commonly found in most of Europe. It inhabits forests, woodlands, orchards, and gardens.
A planthopper is any insect in the infraorder Fulgoromorpha, in the suborder Auchenorrhyncha, a group exceeding 12,500 described species worldwide. The name comes from their remarkable resemblance to leaves and other plants of their environment and that they often "hop" for quick transportation in a similar way to that of grasshoppers. However, planthoppers generally walk very slowly. Distributed worldwide, all members of this group are plant-feeders, though few are considered pests. Fulgoromorphs are most reliably distinguished from the other Auchenorrhyncha by two features; the bifurcate (Y-shaped) anal vein in the forewing, and the thickened, three-segmented antennae, with a generally round or egg-shaped second segment (pedicel) that bears a fine filamentous arista.
Empididae is a family of flies with over 3,000 described species occurring worldwide in all the biogeographic realms but the majority are found in the Holarctic. They are mainly predatory flies like most of their relatives in the Empidoidea, and exhibit a wide range of forms but are generally small to medium-sized, non-metallic and rather bristly.
Tropidoderus childrenii, the Children's stick insect, was first described in 1833 by Gray.
Aphrophora alni, the European alder spittle bug, is a species belonging to the family Aphrophoridae.
Issidae is a family of planthoppers described by Spinola in 1839, belonging to the order Hemiptera, suborder Auchenorrhyncha superfamily Fulgoroidea.
Centrotus cornutus (thorn-hopper) is a species of "treehoppers" belonging to the family Membracidae.
Issus is a genus of planthoppers belonging to the family Issidae of infraorder Fulgoromorpha of suborder Auchenorrhyncha of order Hemiptera. Like most members of the order Hemiptera they live on phloem sap that they extract with their piercing, sucking mouth parts.
Nogodinidae is a family of planthoppers. They have membranous wings with delicate venation and can be confused with members of other Fulgoroid families such as the Issidae and Tropiduchidae. Some authors treat it as a subfamily of the Issidae.
Bythopsyrna circulata is a species of Asian planthoppers belonging to the family Flatidae.
Cleora scriptaria, the kawakawa looper moth, is a moth in the family Geometridae endemic to New Zealand.
Agalmatium flavescens is a species of planthopper belonging to the family Issidae, subfamily Issinae.
Meenoplidae is a family of fulgoromorph planthoppers that are closely related to the Kinnaridae. They are small, with tent-like wings and usually are less than a centimetre long and a little more than a 100 species in around 25 genera are known with a distribution restricted to the Old World. They are distinguished by having one or more of their claval veins covered in sensory pits along their length. The face is usually broad and the lateral carinae are strongly elevated. The last segment of the labium is elongate. A median ocellus is usually present. The wings are always present in adults and the venation consists of a small number of veins and very few cross veins. There are two subfamilies currently considered valid Meenoplinae and Kermesiinae. About 50 species are known from Africa. Along with the Achilixiidae and Kinnaridae, they have flattened star-shaped plate organs on their antennae. The nymphs are found close to the soil while adults feed mainly on monocots. Species identity can usually be established reliably only by examination of the male genitalia. A few species Phaconeura pluto, Meenoplus cancavus, Tsingya clarkei, and Suva oloimoa are known to be cave dwelling.
Lycorma imperialis is a planthopper indigenous to parts of China and Indo-Malaysia. L. imperialis was originally discovered in 1846 by Adam White and has one recognized non-nominate subspecies, L. i. punicea. L. imperialis has undergone a number of reclassifications since its discovery and is one of four species in the genus Lycorma. L. imperialis follows a hemimetabolous life cycle and will undergo a series of nymphal stages (instars) before maturing to an adult.
Lycorma meliae is a planthopper species endemic to Taiwan, with multiple, dramatically different color morphs depending on the life stage. The species was described by Masayo Kato in Taiwan in 1929, and is the only member of its genus confirmed to be native to the island. In 1929, a specimen of L. meliae was originally described as a separate species, L. olivacea, also by Kato. These two taxon names were declared synonymous in 2023. L. meliae undergoes four instar stages before achieving adulthood and generally only survive until the winter.
Rhotanella is a small genus of planthoppers from the family Derbidae, tribe Rhotanini, with 8 species. The species are found in the Philippines, Indonesia, New Guinea, the Solomon Islands and southern China. The adult hoppers are between 4–6 mm long from head to the tip of the wings. They can be recognized by the shape and venation of their forewings which have a broad base and 5 very wide costal cells. Especially the first (basal) costal cell is very broad and has a width of about one quarter to one third of the width of the whole wing. The ridges on the sides of the face meet in front of the eyes. The profile of the head is also unusual for the tribe Rhotanini and has either an approximately rectangular or a somewhat triangular outline. The colour of the body is straw-coloured to light brown. The legs may be partly red or have red stripes. The forewings are brownish, but may have red marks in the costal cells. The forewings are carried in a roof-like position when the insects are at rest.
Helcita is a small genus of planthoppers from the family Derbidae, tribe Zoraidini, currently (2024) with only 4 species. All of the species are uncommon. They have rather restricted and widely separated distribution ranges. Two species are found in tropical parts of Africa, one in Sri Lanka and southern India, and one in Taiwan and some neighbouring islands of Japan. The species of Helcita can be distinguished from other similar genera by a combination of features related to the venation of the forewings and the shape of the head. On the forewing, the media vein has 6 branches with the 3rd branch forking further into 2 sub branches. This venation is similar to that of the genus Pamendanga from which Helcita species can be distinguished by the profile of the head. In Helcita species, the head extends conically in front of the eyes, whereas Pamendanga species have a flat profile.
Zeugma is a small genus of planthoppers from the family Derbidae, tribe Zoraidini, currently (2024) with 9 species. The distribution of the species is restricted to western and central parts of Indonesia, as well as to tropical parts of southern Asia, mainly in and around Malaysia, southern Thailand and southern Cambodia. However, some species are also found in the Philippines, Taiwan and in Assam (India). The species of the genus Zeugma differ from the typical genera in the tribe Zoraidini by a number of unusual features. They lack the long and narrow forewings and the very short hindwings. In addition, the media vein on the forewing has more than 6 branches. These characters are found among genera in the tribe Derbini, to where Zeugma was assigned before the 1950s. The genus was transferred to the Zoraidini by Fennah, mainly based on the venation of the forewings, specifically that of the cubitus and the clavus. Further, when at rest, the live insects do not raise their wings above the body like in most other species of the tribe Zoraidini, but hold them in a roof-like position. Because of these atypical features, the genus Zeugma is placed in a separate subtribe. The colouration of the body is typically straw-coloured to light brown with some parts dark brown, reddish, black or sometimes yellowish. The forewings are translucent, often with brown stripes, especially on or along the veins.
Losbanosia is a small genus of planthoppers from the family Derbidae, tribe Zoraidini, currently (2024) with 5 species. The species are found in eastern Asia from Japan and southern parts of far-eastern Russia in the North to the Philippines and "Indo-China" in the South. They can be easily recognized by the wavy or serrated hind margin of the forewings which is unique in the tribe Zoraidini. The shape of the forewing is further unusual in its club-like outline, forming a distinct angle at the hind margin, around one third from the wing base. The hind wings are much shorter than half the forewing length, with a large anal area bearing a stridulation plate. Like in other genera of the tribe Zoraidini, live specimens of Losbanosia raise their wings above the body, but spread them out widely. The face is narrow and linear and the antennae are longer than the face. The typical colour of the body is brown to reddish brown, the legs and the rostrum are straw-coloured. The forewings are transparent with dark brown areas near the wing base, near the tip of the wing, along sections of the hind margin, as well as near the costal margin which connects to a triangular mark near the middle of the wing. The forewing veins are red in the dark brown areas, but yellowish in the transparent parts. All species of Losbanosia are similar in colouration and the species need to be identified by the structures on the tip of the male abdomen.
Neoproutista is a small genus of planthoppers from the family Derbidae, tribe Zoraidini, currently (2024) with 6 described species. The species of the genus are found in southern Asia from India and Sri Lanka in the West to Taiwan and southern China in the East. In south-eastern Asia there are reports from Thailand, the southern Philippines, Malaysia, and parts of Indonesia. The species are similar to the species in the genus Pamendanga, but have much shorter antennae. Apparently, live specimens can be easily recognized by the way the insects usually carry their forewings when at rest. These are raised above the body like in other genera of Zoraidini, but are held close together, parallel to each other and overlapping each other. The general colouration of the body is typically brownish to black, sometimes with white or reddish marks. The forewings are black, dark brown or brown with white marks along the costal and apical margins. The veins are mainly brown to reddish brown. The hind wings are less than half as long as the forewings and are usually dark brown, often lighter near their base.