Italian general election, 2001

Italian general election, 2001
All 630 seats in the Italian Chamber of Deputies ; 315 seats in the Italian Senate
Turnout	81.4%
	Election results maps for the Chamber of Deputies (on the left) and for the Senate (on the right). On the left, the color identifies the coalition which received the most votes in each province. On the right, the color identifies the coalition which won the most seats in respect to each Region. Blue denotes the Centre-right coalition, Red the Centre-left coalition and Gray regional parties.
Prime Minister before election; Giuliano Amato ; The Olive Tree	Elected Prime Minister ; Silvio Berlusconi ; House of Freedoms

Last updated April 10, 2019

A national general election was held in Italy on 13 May 2001 to elect members of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate of the Republic. The 14th Parliament of the Italian republic was chosen.

Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a country in Southern Europe. Located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, Italy shares open land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia and the enclaved microstates San Marino and Vatican City. Italy covers an area of 301,340 km² (116,350 sq mi) and has a largely temperate seasonal and Mediterranean climate. With around 61 million inhabitants, it is the fourth-most populous EU member state and the most populous country in Southern Europe.

The Italian Parliament is the national parliament of the Italian Republic. The Parliament is the representative body of Italian citizens and is the successor to the Parliament of the Kingdom of Sardinia (1848–1861) and the Parliament of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946). It is a bicameral legislature with 945 elected members and a small number of unelected members (parlamentari). It is composed of the Chamber of Deputies, with 630 members (deputati) elected on a national basis, and the Senate of the Republic, with 315 members (senatori) elected on a regional basis, plus a small number of senators for life, either appointed or ex officio. The two houses are independent from one another and never meet jointly except under circumstances specified by the Constitution.

The election was won by the centre-right coalition House of Freedoms led by Silvio Berlusconi, defeating Francesco Rutelli, former Mayor of Rome, and Prime Ministerial candidate of the centre-left coalition The Olive Tree, and rising back to power after Berlusconi's first victory, in the 1994 general election.

The House of Freedoms, was a major centre-right political and electoral alliance in Italy, led by Silvio Berlusconi.

Silvio Berlusconi is an Italian media tycoon and politician who has served as Prime Minister of Italy in four governments.

Francesco Rutelli is an Italian politician and current President of European Democratic Party. He chairs Anica, National Association of Film and Audiovisual Industry, since October 2016. He also chairs the "Centro per un Futuro Sostenibile". He is co-president of the European Democratic Party, a centrist European political party, today counting approximately 20 MEPs. He has been Mayor of Rome 1994–2001, and president of the centrist party Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy 2002–2007. He was the Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Culture and Tourism in the second cabinet of Prime Minister Romano Prodi 2006–2008. In 2008 Rutelli ran unsuccessfully for a new term as Mayor of Rome after the resignation of Walter Veltroni. Currently he also chairs Priorità Cultura ; Incontro di Civiltà.

Electoral system

The intricate electoral system, called scorporo, provided 75% of the seats on the Chamber of Deputies (the Lower House) as elected by first-past-the-post system, whereas the remaining 25% was assigned on a proportional way with a minimum threshold of 4%.

Scorporo is a mixed-member electoral system whereby a portion of members are elected in single-member districts (SMDs) and a portion are elected from a list. It may be fully defined as a parallel voting system which excludes a portion of the SMD winners' votes in electing the proportional tier, to result in a more proportional outcome. The exclusion of a portion of the SMD winners' votes is what makes scorporo fundamentally different from parallel voting and somewhat closer to mixed member proportional representation, and thereby between the two in terms of proportionality. The system is only known to have been used in Italy and for a portion of the compensatory tier of the National Assembly of Hungary.

Proportional representation (PR) characterizes electoral systems in which divisions in an electorate are reflected proportionately in the elected body. If n% of the electorate support a particular political party, then roughly n% of seats will be won by that party. The essence of such systems is that all votes contribute to the result - not just a plurality, or a bare majority. The most prevalent forms of proportional representation all require the use of multiple-member voting districts, as it is not possible to fill a single seat in a proportional manner. In fact, the implementations of PR that achieve the highest levels of proportionality tend to include districts with large numbers of seats.

The method used for the Senate was even more complicated: 75% of seats by uninominal method, and 25% by a special proportional method that assigned the remaining seats to minority parties. Formally, these were examples of additional member systems.

General election

Campaign

For this election Berlusconi again ran as leader of the centre-right coalition the House of Freedoms (Italian : La Casa delle Libertà), which included the Union of Christian and Centre Democrats, the Northern League, the National Alliance and other parties.

Centre-right politics or center-right politics, also referred to as moderate-right politics, are politics that lean to the right of the left–right political spectrum, but are closer to the centre than other right-wing politics. From the 1780s to the 1880s, there was a shift in the Western world of social class structure and the economy, moving away from the nobility and mercantilism, as well as moving towards the bourgeoisie and capitalism. This general economic shift towards capitalism affected centre-right movements such as the British Conservative Party, that responded by becoming supportive of capitalism.

Italian is a Romance language of the Indo-European language family. Italian, together with Sardinian, is by most measures the closest language to Vulgar Latin of the Romance languages. Italian is an official language in Italy, Switzerland, San Marino and Vatican City. It has an official minority status in western Istria. It formerly had official status in Albania, Malta, Monaco, Montenegro (Kotor) and Greece, and is generally understood in Corsica and Savoie. It also used to be an official language in the former Italian East Africa and Italian North Africa, where it plays a significant role in various sectors. Italian is also spoken by large expatriate communities in the Americas and Australia. In spite of not existing any Italian community in their respective national territories and of not being spoken at any level, Italian is included de jure, but not de facto, between the recognized minority languages of Bosnia-Herzegovina and Romania. Many speakers of Italian are native bilinguals of both standardized Italian and other regional languages.

The Union of the Centre, whose complete name is Union of Christian and Centre Democrats, is a Christian democratic political party in Italy. Lorenzo Cesa is the party's current secretary; Pier Ferdinando Casini was for years the most recognisable figure and de facto leader of the party, before eventually distancing from it in 2016. The UdC is a member of the European People's Party (EPP) and the Centrist Democrat International (CDI), of which Casini was president from 2004 to 2015.

On the television interviews programme Porta a Porta , during the last days of the electoral campaign, Berlusconi created a powerful impression on the public by undertaking to sign a so-called Contratto con gli Italiani (English: Contract with the Italians ), an idea copied outright by his advisor Luigi Crespi from the Newt Gingrich's Contract with America introduced six weeks before the 1994 US Congressional election,^[1] which was widely considered to be a creative masterstroke in his 2001 campaign bid for prime ministership. In this solemn agreement, Berlusconi claimed his commitment on improving several aspects of the Italian economy and life. Firstly, he undertook to simplify the complex tax system by introducing just two tax rates (33% for those earning over 100,000 euros, and 23% for anyone earning less than that figure: anyone earning less than 11,000 euros a year would not be taxed); secondly, he promised to halve the unemployment rate; thirdly, he undertook to finance and develop a massive new public works programme. Fourthly, he promised to raise the minimum monthly pension rate to 516 euros; and fifthly, he would suppress the crime wave by introducing police officers to patrol all local zones and areas in Italy's major cities.^[2] Berlusconi undertook to refrain from putting himself up for re-election in 2006 if he failed to honour at least four of these five promises.

Porta a Porta is an Italian late night television talk show hosted by the Italian journalist Bruno Vespa and is broadcast on Rai Uno since 1996. Its first episode on January 22, 1996.

The Contract with the Italians is a document presented and signed by Silvio Berlusconi on May 8, 2001 during the television program Porta a Porta conducted by Bruno Vespa. With it Silvio Berlusconi, head of the opposition at the time, committed himself, in the event of electoral victory, to enact various reforms summarized in 5 points, and in case of failure to achieve at least 4 points, not to run again subsequent elections.

Newt Gingrich 50th Speaker of the United States House of Representatives

Newton Leroy Gingrich is an American politician, author, and historian who served as the 50th Speaker of the United States House of Representatives from 1995 to 1999. A member of the Republican Party, he was the U.S. Representative for Georgia's 6th congressional district from 1979 until his resignation in 1999. In 2012, Gingrich was a candidate for the presidential nomination of his party.

Main coalitions and parties

		Main ideology	Leader
House of Freedoms	Forza Italia (FI)	Liberal conservatism	Silvio Berlusconi
	National Alliance (AN)	Conservatism	Gianfranco Fini
	Northern League (LN)	Regionalism	Umberto Bossi
	White Flower (CCD–CDU)	Christian democracy	Pier Ferdinando Casini
	New Italian Socialist Party (NPSI)	Social liberalism	Gianni De Michelis
	Italian Republican Party (PRI)	Liberalism	Giorgio La Malfa
	Tricolour Flame (FT)	Neo-fascism	Pino Rauti
The Olive Tree	Democrats of the Left (DS)	Social democracy	Massimo D'Alema
	The Daisy (DL)	Christian left	Francesco Rutelli
	The Sunflower (FdV–SDI)	Eco-socialism	Enrico Boselli
	Party of Italian Communists (PdCI)	Communism	Oliviero Diliberto
	South Tyrolean People's Party (SVP)	Regionalism	Luis Durnwalder
Communist Refoundation Party (PRC)		Communism	Fausto Bertinotti
Italy of Values (IdV)		Populism	Antonio Di Pietro
European Democracy (DE)		Christian democracy	Sergio D'Antoni
Bonino List (LB)		Liberalism	Emma Bonino

Main coalitions' leaders

	Name	Most recent position
House of Freedoms	Silvio Berlusconi	Prime Minister of Italy (1994–1995) President of Forza Italia (1994–incumbent)
The Olive Tree	Francesco Rutelli	Mayor of Rome (1993–2001) Leader of the Olive Tree (2000–incumbent)
Communist Refoundation Party	Fausto Bertinotti	Secretary of the Communist Refoundation Party (1993–incumbent)
Italy of Values	Antonio Di Pietro	President of Italy of Values (1998–incumbent)
European Democracy	Sergio D'Antoni	General Secretary of CISL (1991–2000)
Bonino List	Emma Bonino	European Commissioner for Health and Consumer Protection (1995–1999)

Results for the Chamber of Deputies

Overall results

← Summary of the 13 May 2001 Chamber of Deputies election results →
Coalition		Party		Proportional			First-past-the-post			Total seats	+/–

Coalition		Party		Votes	%	Seats	Votes	%	Seats	Total seats	+/–
	House of Freedoms		Forza Italia (FI)	10,923,431	29.43	62	16,915,513	45.57	132	194^[3]	+71
			National Alliance (AN)	4,463,205	12.02	24			75	99	+6
			Northern League (LN)	1,464,301	3.94	0			30	30	−29
			White Flower (CCD–CDU)	1,194,040	3.22	0			40	40	+10
			New Italian Socialist Party (NPSI)	353,269	0.95	0			3	3	New
			Sardinian Reformers (RS)	N/A	N/A	0			1	1	+1
			New Sicily (NS)	N/A	N/A	0			1	1	New
		Total seats				86			282	368	–
	The Olive Tree		Democrats of the Left (DS)	6,151,154	16.57	31	16,019,388	43.15	105	136	−36
			The Daisy (DL)	5,391,827	14.52	27			56	83	−12
			The Sunflower (FdV–SDI)	805,340	2.17	0			17	17	–
			Party of Italian Communists (PdCI)	620,859	1.67	0			10	10	New
			South Tyrolean People's Party (SVP)	200,059	0.54	0			3	3	±0
			With Illy for Trieste	78,284	0.21	0			1	1	New
		Total seats				58			192	250	–
	Communist Refoundation Party (PRC)			1,868,659	5.03	11	N/A	N/A	0	11	−24
	Aosta Valley (VdA)			N/A	N/A	0	25,577	0.07	1	1	±0
Total										630	–

Proportional

In 2001 the proportional list exhausted before all the deputies - which the winning party was entitled to - were declared elected.^[4]

Party		Votes	%	Seats
	Forza Italia	10,923,431	29.43	62
	Democrats of the Left	6,151,154	16.57	31
	Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy	5,391,827	14.52	27
	National Alliance	4,463,205	12.02	24
	Communist Refoundation Party	1,868,659	5.03	11
	Northern League	1,464,301	3.94	0
	Italy of Values	1,443,725	3.89	0
	White Flower (CCD–CDU)	1,194,040	3.22	0
	European Democracy	888,269	2.39	0
	Bonino List	832,213	2.24	0
	The Sunflower (FdV–SDI)	805,340	2.17	0
	Party of Italian Communists	620,859	1.67	0
	New Italian Socialist Party	353,269	0.95	0
	South Tyrolean People's Party	200,059	0.54	0
	Tricolour Flame	143,963	0.39	0
	Liga Fronte Veneto	74,353	0.20	0
	Pensioners' Party	68,349	0.18	0
	Sardinian Action Party–Sardinia Nation	34,412	0.09	0
	New Country	34,193	0.63	0
	Abolizione Scorporo	26,917	0.07	0
	Southern Action League	23,779	0.06	0
	National Social Front	22,985	0.06	0
	Greens Greens	18,262	0.05	0
	New Force	13,622	0.04	0
	Amadu List	11,517	0.03	0
	European Republicans Movement	7,997	0.02	0
	We the Sicilians	7,637	0.02	0
	Movement of Freedoms	6,754	0.02	0
	Free and Strong	6,722	0.02	0
	Autonomous Socialists	6,492	0.02	0
	Stop!	6,332	0.02	0
	Communism	5,244	0.01	0
	Third Pole for Autonomy	2,915	0.01	0
Total		37,122,776	100.00	155
Invalid/blank/unassigned votes		2,962,621	–	–
Total		40,085,397	–	–
Registered voters/turnout		49,256,295	81.38	–
Source: Ministry of the Interior

Popular vote (Proportional)

FI			29.43%
DS			16.57%
DL			14.52%
AN			12.02%
PRC			5.03%
LN			3.94%
IdV			3.89%
CCD-CDU			3.22%
DE			2.39%
Bonino			2.24%
FdV-SDI			2.17%
PdCI			1.67%
Others			2.90%

First-past-the-post

Parties and coalitions		Votes	%	Seats
	House of Freedoms	16,915,513	45.57	282
	The Olive Tree	16,019,388	43.15	183
	Italy of Values	1,487,287	4.01	0
	European Democracy	1,310,119	3.53	0
	Bonino List	457,117	1.23	0
	South Tyrolean People's Party–The Olive Tree	190,556	0.51	5
	South Tyrolean People's Party	173,735	0.47	3
	Liga Fronte Veneto	173,618	0.47	0
	Tricolour Flame	121,527	0.33	0
	With Illy for Trieste	78,284	0.21	1
	La Bassa in Parliament	26,151	0.07	0
	Aosta Valley	25,577	0.07	1
	Autonomous Socialists	24,341	0.07	0
	Democrats of the Left (Aosta Valley)	20,452	0.06	0
	Southern League of Action	19,366	0.05	0
	Buonanno	19,046	0.05	0
	National Front	16,202	0.04	0
	Forza Italia-Lega Nord (Aosta Valley)	16,049	0.04	0
	European Republicans Movement	15,600	0.04	0
	European Populars	13,447	0.04	0
	Greens Greens	13,220	0.04	0
	Amadu List	12,233	0.03	0
	New Italian Socialist Party	9,663	0.03	0
	Freedom Movement	9,006	0.02	0
	Camonica Valley-Liberal Democrats	8,257	0.02	0
	People's List	8,091	0.02	0
	Communism	6,777	0.02	0
	Alternative List	6,612	0.02	0
	New Force	6,294	0.02	0
	We the Sicilians	6,121	0.02	0
	National Alliance (Aosta Valley)	4,464	0.01	0
	Third Pole for Autonomy	3,491	0.01	0
	Alto Milanese People	1,409	0.00	0
Total		37,259,705	100.00	475

Popular vote (First-past-the-post)

CdL			45.57%
Olive Tree			43.15%
IdV			4.01%
DE			3.53%
Bonino			1.23%
Others			2.89%

Results for the Senate of the Republic

← Summary of the 13 May 2001 Senate of the Republic election results →
Coalition		Party		First-past-the-post			Proportional (Seats)	Total seats	+/–

Coalition		Party		Votes	%	Seats	Proportional (Seats)	Total seats	+/–
	House of Freedoms		Forza Italia (FI)	16,915,513	45.57	152	24	82	+40
			National Alliance (AN)					45	+2
			White Flower (CCD–CDU)					29	+4
			Northern League (LN)					17	−10
			Italian Republican Party (PRI)					1	+1
			New Italian Socialist Party (NPSI)					1	New
			Tricolour Flame (FT)	340,221	1.00		0	1	±0
		Total seats						176	–
	The Olive Tree ^[5]		Democrats of the Left (DS)	13,408,672^[6]	39.59^[7]	74	51	64	−38
			The Daisy (DL)					43	−5
			Federation of the Greens (FdV)					8	−6
			Italian Democratic Socialists (SDI)					6	–
			South Tyrolean People's Party (SVP)					3	+1
			Party of Italian Communists (PdCI)					2	New
			Independent candidates					4	–
		Total seats						130	–
	Communist Refoundation Party (PRC)			1,708,707	5.04	0	4	4	−6
	European Democracy (DE)			1,066,908	3.15	0	2	2	New
	Italy of Values (IdV)			1,140,489	3.37	0	1	1	New
	League for Autonomy–Lombard Alliance–Pensioners League			308,559	0.91	0	1	1	+1
	Aosta Valley (VdA)			32,429	0.10	0	1	1	±0
	Bonino List (LB)			677,725	2.00	0	0	0	−1
	Liga Fronte Veneto (LFV)			138,134	0.41	0	0	0	New
	Va' pensiero Padania			119,058	0.35	0	0	0	New
	National Social Front (FSN)			98,132	0.29	0	0	0	New
	European Democracy–Autonomist Socialists (DE–SA)			79,002	0.23	0	0	0	New
	Pensioners' Party (PP)			39,545	0.12	0	0	0	±0
	New Force (FN)			78,572	0.23	0	0	0	New
	Greens Greens (VV)			35,743	0.11	0	0	0	±0
	Sardinian Action Party–Sardinia Nation (PSd'Az–SN)			32,822	0.10	0	0	0	−1
	Others			160,025	0.46	0	0	0	–
Total				33,871,262	100.00	232	83	315	–

Popular vote

CdL			42.53%
Olive Tree			38.70%
PRC			5.04%
IdV			3.37%
DE			3.15%
Bonino			2.00%
Others			5.21%

Leaders' races

General Election 2001: Milan Centre
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	House of Freedoms	Silvio Berlusconi	42,098	53.6
	The Olive Tree	Giovanni Rivera	28,651	36.5
	Radicals	Benedetto Della Vedova	4,874	6.21
	Italy of Values	Adriano Ciccioni	2,835	3.6
Majority			13,447	17.1
Turnout			81,412	80.4

General Election 2001: Rome Praenestine
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	The Olive Tree	Francesco Rutelli	36,457	56.7
	House of Freedoms	Elio Vito	25,463	39.6
	Italy of Values	Pietro Tagliatesta	2,348	3.6
Majority			10,994	17.1
Turnout			66,479	77.4

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References

↑ Gingrich, Newt; Armey, Dick (1994). Contract With America: The Bold Plan.
↑ Ricolfi, Luca (2005). Dossier Italia: a che punto è il 'contratto con gli italiani. Il mulino.
↑ Including one deputy of the Italian Republican Party
↑ Buonomo, Giampiero (2001). "Cercansi candidati per 14 seggi. La speranza della (lista) civetta". Diritto&Giustizia edizione online. – via Questia (subscription required)
↑ Including the results of SVP and SVP–Olive Tree
↑ 13,106,860 votes for The Olive Tree, 175,635 votes for the SVP–Olive Tree and 126,177 votes for the SVP
↑ 38.70% of the votes for The Olive Tree, 0.52% of the votes for the SVP–Olive Tree and 0.37% of the votes for the SVP

External links

Repubblica.it: About 2001 Election (in Italian)
Corriere della Sera: About 2001 Election (in Italian)
CNN.com: About 2001 Election
Minister of Internal Affairs of Italy: 2001 Election Results, Chamber of Deputies (in Italian)
Minister of Internal Affairs of Italy: 2001 Election Results, Senate of the Republic (in Italian)

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[1] Gingrich, Newt; Armey, Dick (1994). Contract With America: The Bold Plan.

[2] Ricolfi, Luca (2005). Dossier Italia: a che punto è il 'contratto con gli italiani. Il mulino.

[3] Including one deputy of the Italian Republican Party

[4] Buonomo, Giampiero (2001). "Cercansi candidati per 14 seggi. La speranza della (lista) civetta". Diritto&Giustizia edizione online. – via Questia (subscription required)

[5] Including the results of SVP and SVP–Olive Tree

[6] 13,106,860 votes for The Olive Tree, 175,635 votes for the SVP–Olive Tree and 126,177 votes for the SVP

[7] 38.70% of the votes for The Olive Tree, 0.52% of the votes for the SVP–Olive Tree and 0.37% of the votes for the SVP

v t e Elections and referendums in Italy
General elections	1861 1865 1867 1870 1874 1876 1880 1882 1886 1890 1892 1895 1897 1900 1904 1909 1913 1919 1921 1924 1929 1934 1946 1948 1953 1958 1963 1968 1972 1976 1979 1983 1987 1992 1994 1996 2001 2006 2008 2013 2018 next
European elections	1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2014 2019
Regional elections	1947 1949 1951 1953 1954 1955 1957 1959 1961 1963 1964 1965 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1973 1974 1975 1976 1978 1979 1980 1981 1983 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1993 1994 1995 1996 1998 1999 2000 2001 2003 2004 2005 2006 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2017 2018
Local elections	1946 1951 1956 1960 1964 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Referendums	1946 1974 1978 1981 1985 1987 1989 1990 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2000 2001 2003 2005 2006 2009 2011 2016 (Apr) 2016 (Dec)
See also: Elections in Abruzzo Aosta Valley Apulia Basilicata Calabria Campania Emilia-Romagna Friuli-Venezia Giulia Lazio Liguria Lombardy Marche Molise Piedmont Sardinia Sicily Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol Tuscany Umbria Veneto