[[Arnaldo Forlani]] Benedetto "Bettino" Craxi was an Italian politician, leader of the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) from 1976 to 1993, and the 45th prime minister of Italy from 1983 to 1987. He was the first PSI member to become prime minister and the second from a socialist party to hold the office. He led the third-longest government in the Italian Republic and he is considered one of the most powerful and prominent politicians of the First Italian Republic. Mani pulite was a nationwide judicial investigation into political corruption in Italy held in the early 1990s, resulting in the demise of the First Italian Republic and the disappearance of many political parties. Some politicians and industry leaders committed suicide after their crimes were exposed. Antonio Di Pietro was the main judicial figure in charge of the investigation. In some accounts, as many as 5,000 public figures fell under suspicion. At one point, more than half of the members of the Italian Parliament were under indictment, while more than 400 city and town councils were dissolved because of corruption charges. The estimated value of bribes paid annually in the 1980s by Italian and foreign companies bidding for large government contracts reached US$4 billion. The New Italian Socialist Party or New PSI, more recently styled as Liberal Socialists – NPSI, is a political party in Italy which professes a social-democratic ideology and claims to be the successor to the historical Italian Socialist Party, which was disbanded after the judiciary tempest of the early 1990s. United Socialists for Europe was an electoral list for the 2004 European Parliament election composed of the New Italian Socialist Party (NPSI) of Gianni De Michelis and Socialist Unity (US) of Claudio Signorile. The Italian Democratic Socialists was a social-democratic political party in Italy. The party was the direct continuation of the Italian Socialists, the legal successor of the historical Italian Socialist Party. The Italian Democratic Socialist Party, the other long-time Italian social-democratic party, was merged into it along with other minor parties. The party's long-time leader was Enrico Boselli, a former president of Emilia-Romagna (1990–1993). In 2007, the SDI were merged with other descendants of the PSI to form the modern-day Italian Socialist Party. Ottaviano Del Turco is an Italian politician. The Italian Socialist Party was a social-democratic and democratic-socialist political party in Italy, whose history stretched for longer than a century, making it one of the longest-living parties of the country. Founded in Genoa in 1892, the PSI was from the beginning a big tent of Italy's political left and socialism, ranging from the revolutionary socialism of Andrea Costa to the Marxist-inspired reformist socialism of Filippo Turati and the anarchism of Anna Kuliscioff. Under Turati's leadership, the party was a frequent ally of the Italian Republican Party and the Italian Radical Party at the parliamentary level, while lately entering in dialogue with the remnants of the Historical Left and the Liberal Union during Giovanni Giolitti's governments to ensure representation for the labour movement and the working class. In the 1900s and 1910s, the PSI achieved significant electoral success, becoming Italy's first party in 1919 and during the country's Biennio Rosso in 1921, when it was victim of violent paramilitary activities from the far right, and was not able to move the country in the revolutionary direction it wanted. Vittorio Michele Craxi, commonly known as Bobo Craxi, is an Italian politician, son of the former Italian Prime Minister Bettino Craxi and brother of Stefania Craxi. The Italian Socialists was a minor social-democratic political party in Italy. Carlo Vizzini is an Italian politician. He was involved in the corruption scandal of Tangentopoli. Vizzini was found guilty but benefited from the statute of limitations and did not serve his sentence. Claudio Martelli is an Italian former politician and journalist. He is the editor-in-chief of the former Italian Socialist Party (PSI) newspaper Avanti! The right-hand man of Bettino Craxi, the PSI leader and Prime Minister of Italy from 1983 to 1987, Martelli was Deputy Prime Minister of Italy from 1989 to 1992 and Minister of Justice from 1991 to 1993, when he was implicated in the Tangentopoli scandal and left politics. The Socialist Party was a tiny social-democratic political party in Italy. The Socialist League was a tiny social-democratic party in Italy, founded by Bobo Craxi on 10 May 2000. The Association for the Rose in the Fist was a social-democratic political association in Italy. It was the so-called "third component" of the Rose in the Fist (RnP), a political alliance composed mainly of the Italian Democratic Socialists (SDI), a social-democratic party, and the Italian Radicals (Rad), a liberal movement. The Italian Socialist Party is a social-democratic political party in Italy. The party was founded in 2007–2008 by the merger of the following social-democratic parties and groups: Enrico Boselli's Italian Democratic Socialists, the faction of the New Italian Socialist Party led by Gianni De Michelis, The Italian Socialists of Bobo Craxi, Democracy and Socialism of Gavino Angius, the Association for the Rose in the Fist of Lanfranco Turci, Socialism is Freedom of Rino Formica and some other minor organisations. Until October 2009, the party was known as Socialist Party. Francesco de Martino was an Italian jurist, politician, lifetime senator (1991–2002) and former Vice President of the Council of Ministers. He was considered by many to be the conscience of the Italian Socialist Party. Nereo Laroni was an Italian politician. The Legislature IX of Italy was the 9th legislature of the Italian Republic, and lasted from 12 July 1983 until 1 July 1987. Its composition was the one resulting from the general election of 26 and 27 June 1983. The election was called by President Sandro Pertini one year before the previous legislature's natural end on 5 May 1983, after a crisis in the incumbent government majority (Pentapartito). Carlo Ripa di Meana was an Italian politician. He was a Member of the European Parliament, a European Commissioner with portfolio for the environment and was environment minister of Italy. He was the leader of the Italian Greens and president of the organization Italia Nostra.
[[Giovanni Spadolini]]
[[Amintore Fanfani]]"},"order5":{"wt":"[[Member of the European Parliament]]"},"term_start5":{"wt":"20 July 2004"},"term_end5":{"wt":"14 July 2009"},"constituency5":{"wt":"[[Southern Italy (European Parliament constituency)|Southern Italy]]"},"order6":{"wt":"Member of the [[Chamber of Deputies (Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]]"},"term_start6":{"wt":"5 July 1976"},"term_end6":{"wt":"14 April 1994"},"constituency6":{"wt":"[[Venice]]–[[Treviso]]"},"birth_date":{"wt":"26 November 1940"},"birth_place":{"wt":"[[Venice]],[[Italy]]"},"death_date":{"wt":"{{death date and age|2019|05|11|1940|11|26|df=y}}"},"death_place":{"wt":"[[Venice]],[[Italy]]"},"nationality":{"wt":""},"profession":{"wt":"[[Politician]]"},"height":{"wt":"{{convert|1.83|m|ftin|abbr=on}}"},"spouse":{"wt":"Stefania Tucci"},"children":{"wt":"1"},"alma_mater":{"wt":"[[University of Padua]]"},"party":{"wt":"[[Italian Socialist Party|PSI]] (1960–1994)
[[Socialist Party (Italy,1996)|PS]] (1996–2001)
[[New Italian Socialist Party|NPSI]] (2001–2007)
[[Italian Socialist Party (2007)|PSI]] (2007–2009)
[[Italian Reformists|RI]] (since 2011)"}},"i":0}}]}" id="mwBw">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}Mauro Cascio; Gianni De Michelis (preface) (2005). Storia (apologetica) della massoneria. Biblioteca massonica (in Italian). Foggia: Bastogi. ISBN 9788881857364. OCLC 61392815.Related Research Articles
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Gianni De Michelis | |
---|---|
![]() | |
Minister of Foreign Affairs | |
In office 22 July 1989 –28 June 1992 | |
Prime Minister | Giulio Andreotti |
Preceded by | Giulio Andreotti |
Succeeded by | Vincenzo Scotti |
Deputy Prime Minister of Italy | |
In office 13 April 1988 –22 July 1989 | |
Prime Minister | Ciriaco De Mita |
Preceded by | Giuliano Amato |
Succeeded by | Claudio Martelli |
Minister of Labour and Social Security | |
In office 4 August 1983 –17 April 1987 | |
Prime Minister | Bettino Craxi |
Preceded by | Vincenzo Scotti |
Succeeded by | Ermanno Gorrieri |
Minister of State Holdings | |
In office 4 April 1980 –4 August 1983 | |
Prime Minister | Francesco Cossiga Arnaldo Forlani Giovanni Spadolini Amintore Fanfani |
Preceded by | Siro Lombardini |
Succeeded by | Clelio Darida |
Member of the European Parliament | |
In office 20 July 2004 –14 July 2009 | |
Constituency | Southern Italy |
Member of the Chamber of Deputies | |
In office 5 July 1976 –14 April 1994 | |
Constituency | Venice–Treviso |
Personal details | |
Born | 26 November 1940 Venice,Italy |
Died | 11 May 2019 78) Venice,Italy | (aged
Political party | PSI (1960–1994) PS (1996–2001) NPSI (2001–2007) PSI (2007–2009) RI (since 2011) |
Height | 1.83 m (6 ft 0 in) |
Spouse | Stefania Tucci |
Children | 1 |
Alma mater | University of Padua |
Profession | Politician |
Gianni De Michelis (26 November 1940 –11 May 2019) was an Italian politician,a member of the Italian Socialist Party (PSI),who served as minister in many Italian governments in the 1980s and early 1990s. [1]
De Michelis was born in Venice in 1940. [2] He graduated in 1963 in Industrial Chemistry at the University of Padua and began his academic career,first as an assistant and then as a lecturer,becoming an associate professor of Chemistry in 1980 at the Ca' Foscari University of Venice. After a long leave due to political and institutional commitments,he returned to university teaching from 1994 to 1999.
He started his political career with the Italian Socialist Party,where he was elected to the municipal council of Venice. He got elected for the first time to the Italian Parliament in 1976 and was elected again in 1979,1983,1987,1992 and 2006. He was Minister of State Holdings from 1980 to 1983. He then became Minister of Work in 1986 (with Bettino Craxi as President of the Council). His career however reached the top with his nomination to the Vice-Presidency of the Council in 1988-1989. He became Minister for Foreign Affairs in 1989 and kept that post until 1992.
Between 1993 and 2001,during the so-called "judicial storm of Mani Pulite",he was accused of corruption along with many of the socialists MPs and regional administrators. Within more than 35 different trails,apart from the numerous favorable verdicts,he has been convicted of corruption and was sentenced to 1 year and 6 months (negotiated) in Venice for highways bribes in Veneto and to 6 months for illegal financing (Enimont bribe,also negotiated).
In 1996,De Michelis founded a political movement named the Socialist Party with Ugo Intini and other former Italian Socialist Party (PSI) members,which later was joined by the Socialist League of Claudio Martelli and Bobo Craxi to form the New PSI in 2001. He was elected secretary of the new party at the first congress.
De Michelis was elected at the 2004 European elections as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for Southern Italy with the NPSI,and was therefore a Non-Inscrit in the European Parliament whilst awaiting the acceptance of his party's request of membership in the Socialist Group. He sat in the Committee on Industry,Research and Energy,and was a substitute for the Committee on Legal Affairs,a member of the Delegation for relations with the People's Republic of China and a substitute for the Delegation to the Euro-Mediterranean Parliamentary Assembly.
His leadership however had been contested in the congress of October 2005 where the son of Bettino Craxi,Bobo Craxi claimed to have been declared secretary after De Michelis had left the hall declaring the Congress void. This led Bobo Craxi to open a judicial case. The judge,on the second verdicts,gave unquestionably confirmed the right to use the symbol and the secretary to Gianni De Michelis.
At the 2006 Italian general election he was elected MP for the Italian parliament but gave his seat to Lucio Barani since he decided to stay in the European Parliament. In October 2007,De Michelis joined the newly formed Socialist Party,made up of the diaspora of the historical PSI. At this time,De Michelis along with fellow former NPSI MEP Alessandro Battilocchio were admitted into the parliamentary group of the Party of European Socialists.
De Michelis died in Venice on 11 May 2019 at the age of 78. [2] [3]
De Michelis was a great lover of dance and discos. In 1988,he wrote a book entitled "Dove Andiamo a Ballare Questa Sera?" (English:Where to Go Dancing this Night?) in which he reviewed 250 Italian dance night clubs. [4]
Election | House | Constituency | Party | Votes | Result | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1976 | Chamber of Deputies | Venice–Treviso | PSI | 18,736 | ![]() | |
1979 | Chamber of Deputies | Venice–Treviso | PSI | 13,647 | ![]() | |
1983 | Chamber of Deputies | Venice–Treviso | PSI | 26,892 | ![]() | |
1987 | Chamber of Deputies | Venice–Treviso | PSI | 31,338 | ![]() | |
1992 | Chamber of Deputies | Venice–Treviso | PSI | 23,720 | ![]() | |
2004 | European Parliament | Southern Italy | NPSI | 33,908 | ![]() | |