Italian general election, 1890

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Italian general election, 1890

Flag of Italy (1861-1946) crowned.svg

←  1886 23–30 November 1890 1892  →
All 508 seats to the Chamber of Deputies of the Kingdom of Italy

 Majority partyMinority partyThird party
  Francesco Crispi.jpg Rudini.jpg Felice Cavallotti.jpg
Leader Francesco Crispi Antonio Starabba di Rudinì Felice Cavallotti
Party Historical Left Historical Right Historical Far Left
Seats won4014842
Seat changeIncrease2.svg109Decrease2.svg97Decrease2.svg3
Popular vote1,165,489138,854122,605
Percentage78.9%9.4%8.3%
SwingIncrease2.svg21.4%Decrease2.svg18.5%Decrease2.svg0.5%
Prime Minister before election

Francesco Crispi
Historical Left

Elected Prime Minister

Francesco Crispi
Historical Left

General elections were held in Italy on 23 November 1890, with a second round of voting on 30 November. [1] The "ministerial" left-wing bloc emerged as the largest in Parliament, winning 401 of the 508 seats. [2] As in 1886, the election was held using small multi-member constituencies with between two and five seats. [3]

Italy republic in Southern Europe

Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a country in Southern Europe. Located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, Italy shares open land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia and the enclaved microstates San Marino and Vatican City. Italy covers an area of 301,340 km2 (116,350 sq mi) and has a largely temperate seasonal and Mediterranean climate. With around 61 million inhabitants, it is the fourth-most populous EU member state and the most populous country in Southern Europe.

Contents

Historical background

Francesco Crispi was appointed Prime Minister on 29 July 1887. True to his initial progressive leanings he moved ahead with stalled reforms, abolishing the death penalty, revoking anti-strike laws, limiting police powers, reforming the penal code and the administration of justice with the help of his Minister of Justice Giuseppe Zanardelli, reorganising charities and passing public health laws and legislation to protect emigrants that worked abroad. He sought popular support for the state with a programme of orderly development at home and expansion abroad. [4] [5]

Francesco Crispi Italian patriot and statesman

Francesco Crispi was an Italian patriot and statesman. He was among the main protagonists of the Italian Risorgimento and a close friend and supporter of Giuseppe Mazzini and Giuseppe Garibaldi, and one of the architects of the unification of Italy in 1860.

Giuseppe Zanardelli Prime Minister of Italy

Giuseppe Zanardelli was an Italian jurisconsult, nationalist and political figure. He was the Prime Minister of Italy from 15 February 1901 to 3 November 1903. He was a distinguished jurist and eloquent orator, and Grand Master freemason. Zanardelli, representing the bourgeoisie from Lombardy, personified the classical 19th-century left liberalism, committed to suffrage expansion, anticlericalism, civil liberties, free trade and laissez-faire economics. Throughout his long political career, he was among the most ardent advocates of freedom of conscience and divorce.

His desire to make Italy a colonial power led to conflicts with France, which rejected Italian claims to Tunisia and opposed Italian expansion elsewhere in Africa. [4] One of his first acts as premier was a visit to the German chancellor Otto von Bismarck, whom he desired to consult upon the working of the Triple Alliance. Basing his foreign policy upon the alliance, as supplemented by the naval entente with Great Britain negotiated by his predecessor, Robilant, Crispi assumed a resolute attitude towards France, breaking off the prolonged and unfruitful negotiations for a new Franco-Italian commercial treaty, and refusing the French invitation to organize an Italian section at the Paris Exhibition of 1889.

Tunisia Country in Northern Africa

Tunisia (officially the Republic of Tunisia) is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa, covering 163,610 square kilometres. Its northernmost point, Cape Angela, is the northernmost point on the African continent. It is bordered by Algeria to the west and southwest, Libya to the southeast, and the Mediterranean Sea to the north and east. Tunisia's population was 11.435 million in 2017. Tunisia's name is derived from its capital city, Tunis, which is located on its northeast coast.

Otto von Bismarck 19th-century German statesman and Chancellor

Otto Eduard Leopold, Prince of Bismarck, Duke of Lauenburg, known as Otto von Bismarck, was a conservative Prussian statesman who dominated German and European affairs from the 1860s until 1890 and was the first Chancellor of the German Empire between 1871 and 1890.

Triple Alliance (1882) 1882 alliance between Germany, Austria–Hungary, Italy, and Romania

The Triple Alliance was an agreement between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. It was formed on 20 May 1882 and renewed periodically until it expired in 1915 during World War I. Germany and Austria-Hungary had been closely allied since 1879. Italy sought support against France shortly after it lost North African ambitions to the French. Each member promised mutual support in the event of an attack by any other great power. The treaty provided that Germany and Austria-Hungary were to assist Italy if it was attacked by France without provocation. In turn, Italy would assist Germany if attacked by France. In the event of a war between Austria-Hungary and Russia, Italy promised to remain neutral. The existence and membership of the treaty was well known, but its exact provisions were kept secret until 1919.

Crispi and his Treasury Minister Giovanni Giolitti knew of an 1889 government inspection report about the Banca Romana , which had loaned large sums to property developers but was left with huge liabilities when the real estate bubble collapsed in 1887, but feared that publicity might undermine public confidence and suppressed the report. [6] Forsaken by his Radical friends, Crispi governed with the help of the right until he was overthrown by Antonio Di Rudinì in February 1891, who was succeeded by Giovanni Giolitti in May 1892.

Giovanni Giolitti Italian politician

Giovanni Giolitti was an Italian statesman. He was the Prime Minister of Italy five times between 1892 and 1921. He is the second-longest serving Prime Minister in Italian history, after Benito Mussolini. He was a prominent leader of the Historical Left and the Liberal Union. Giolitti is widely considered one of the most powerful and important politicians in Italian history and, due to his dominant position in Italian politics, he was accused by critics of being a parliamentary dictator.

Banca Romana scandal

The Banca Romana scandal surfaced in January 1893 in Italy over the bankruptcy of the Banca Romana, one of the six national banks authorised at the time to issue currency. The scandal was the first of many Italian corruption scandals, and discredited both ministers and parliamentarians, in particular those of the Historical Left. The crisis prompted a new banking law, tarnished the prestige of the Prime Ministers Francesco Crispi and Giovanni Giolitti and prompted the collapse of the latter's government in November 1893.

Parties and leaders

PartyIdeologyLeader
Historical Left Liberalism, Centrism Francesco Crispi
Historical Right Conservatism, Monarchism Antonio Starabba di Rudinì
Historical Far Left Republicanism, Radicalism Felice Cavallotti

Results

← Summary of November 1890 Chamber of Deputies election results →
Italian Parliament, 1890.svg
PartyVotes%Seats+/−
Historical Left 1,165,489 [lower-alpha 1] 78.9401+109
Historical Right 138,854 [lower-alpha 1] 9.448−97
Historical Far Left 122,605 [lower-alpha 1] 8.342−3
Others50,224 [lower-alpha 1] 3.417New
Invalid/blank votes24,376–––
Total1,477,173100508±0
Registered voters/turnout2,752,65853.7––
Source: Nohlen & Stöver
  1. 1 2 3 4 Estimate
Parliamentary seats
Historical Left
 
78.9%
Historical Right
 
9.4%
Historical Far Left
 
8.3%
Others
 
3.4%

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General elections were held in Italy on 6 November 1892, with a second round of voting on 13 November. The "ministerial" left-wing bloc emerged as the largest in Parliament, winning 323 of the 508 seats. The electoral system reverted to the pre-1882 method of using single-member constituencies with second round run-offs.

1895 Italian general election

General elections were held in Italy on 26 May 1895, with a second round of voting on 2 June. The "ministerial" left-wing bloc remained the largest in Parliament, winning 334 of the 508 seats.

1897 Italian general election

General elections were held in Italy on 21 March 1897, with a second round of voting on 28 March. The "Ministerial" left-wing bloc, led by Giovanni Giolitti remained the largest in Parliament, winning 327 of the 508 seats.

1900 Italian general election

General elections were held in Italy on 3 June 1900, with a second round of voting on 10 June. The "ministerial" left-wing bloc remained the largest in Parliament, winning 296 of the 508 seats.

1909 Italian general election

General elections were held in Italy on 7 March 1909, with a second round of voting on 14 March. The "ministerial" left-wing bloc remained the largest in Parliament, winning 329 of the 508 seats.

See also: 1892 in Italy, other events of 1893, 1894 in Italy.

See also: 1893 in Italy, other events of 1894, 1895 in Italy.

The Left group, later called Historical Left by historians to distinguish it from the left-wing groups of the 20th century, was a liberal and reformist parliamentary group in Italy during the second half of the 19th century. The members of the Left were also known as Democrats or Ministerials. Differently by his Right counterpart, the Left was the result of coalition who represented Northern and Southern middle class, urban bourgeoisie, small businessmen, journalists and academics. It also supported a right to vote and the public school for all children. Moreover, the party was against the high taxation's policies promoted by the Right. Since the 1890s, the Left showed conservative tendencies, breaking strikes and protests and promoting a colonialist policy in Africa.

See also: 1889 in Italy, other events of 1890, 1891 in Italy.

See also: 1903 in Italy, other events of 1904, 1905 in Italy.

References

  1. ↑ Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, p1047 ISBN   978-3-8329-5609-7
  2. ↑ Nohlen & Stöver, p1082
  3. ↑ Nohlen & Stöver, p1030
  4. 1 2 Sarti, Italy: a reference guide from the Renaissance to the present, pp. 43-44
  5. ↑ Seton-Watson, Italy from liberalism to fascism, p. 131
  6. ↑ Seton-Watson, Italy from liberalism to fascism, pp. 154–56
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