Judy Shelton

Last updated

Judy Shelton
Judy Shelton (cropped).jpg
Personal details
Born1954or1955(age 69–70) [1]
Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Political party Republican
SpouseGilbert Shelton
Education Portland State University (BS)
University of Utah (MBA, PhD)

Judy Lynn Shelton (born 1954/55) is an American economic advisor to former President Donald Trump. [2] She is known for her advocacy for a return to the gold standard and for her criticisms of the Federal Reserve (which she has compared to the Soviet Union's economic planning). [2] [3] [4] [1] Trump announced on July 2, 2019, that he would nominate Shelton to the Fed. [5] [6] [7] Her nomination stalled on November 17, 2020, with a 47–50 vote in the Senate, and her nomination was eventually withdrawn by President Joe Biden in February 2021. [8] [9] [10]

Contents

During the Obama presidency, she advocated for a tight monetary policy, but reversed her position during Trump's first presidency, when Trump advocated for a loose monetary policy (lower interest rates). [11] [12] Her nomination was held up in the Senate, as senators of both parties were skeptical of her. [12] However, shortly after Joe Biden won the presidential election, Senate Republicans appeared to move ahead to confirm her. [12] More than 100 economists, including seven Nobel laureates, signed a letter opposing her confirmation, saying her views were "extreme and ill-considered." [13] She ultimately could not retain enough Republican support after senators Rick Scott (R-Fla.) and Chuck Grassley (R-Iowa) were absent due to exposure of COVID-19, and two present Republicans voted against and one absent one did not support her. [14]

Early life and education

Shelton was born in Los Angeles and raised in suburban San Fernando Valley. She is one of five children; her father was a businessman and her mother stayed at home to care for Shelton and her siblings. [15] Shelton attended Portland State University, where she earned her Bachelor of Science in business. [16] Shelton earned her MBA and PhD in business administration from the University of Utah. [16] [17]

Politics

She worked at the Hoover Institution from 1985 to 1995. [1] She worked on Bob Dole's 1996 presidential campaign. [1] In 2016, she worked for the Ben Carson presidential campaign, but joined the Trump campaign in August 2016 after writing a supportive opinion editorial about Trump in The Wall Street Journal . [1]

In 2012, Shelton joined TheGoldStandardNow.Org (a project of the Lehrman Institute) as a senior advisor. [18]

Before joining the Trump administration, she was the director of the Sound Money Project [19] at the Atlas Network. In a video interview with The Atlas Network, she described currency counterfeiter Bernard von NotHaus as "the Rosa Parks of monetary policy." [20] She has donated to conservative candidates and causes. [1]

Shelton worked for the first Trump presidential transition team. [21] After Trump took office, she was appointed as the United States director of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD); the U.S. Senate confirmed the nomination by voice vote in March 2018. [21] [1] [22] The Wall Street Journal reported that she was absent for 12 of 28 board meetings during her tenure. [23] She resigned from her EBRD post in July 2019, while her appointment to the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve was pending. [23]

Views on monetary policy

Shelton is a longtime staunch critic of the Federal Reserve. [4] [1] In 2011, she called the Fed "almost a rogue agency" and questioned whether it could be trusted in having oversight of the dollar. [24] "She has called for a 0% inflation target, contradicting the bank's current 2% target. [25] She has written that a "fundamental question" of economics is "why do we need a central bank?" [26] Shelton has criticized the Fed's longstanding policy of independence from the White House, saying in 2019 interview that she saw "no reference to independence" in the Fed's authorizing legislation. [27] Shelton describes herself as "highly skeptical" of the Federal Reserve's "nebulous" dual mandate of maximum employment and price stability. [28]

During the Obama years, she criticized the Federal Reserve's low interest rates. [29] [30] [31] During the Trump presidency, she advocated for the Federal Reserve to adopt lower interest rates as a form of economic stimulus. (Trump frequently criticized the Federal Reserve for not lowering interest rates.) [3] [29] [32] She supported the Republican Party's 2017 tax legislation, and the Trump administration's deregulation agenda. [1] Before Trump became president, she was a longtime advocate for free trade, once advocating for "open borders" with Mexico; after Trump became president, she supported his administration's trade war. [1] [33]

Shelton opposes federal deposit insurance. In her book Money Meltdown, she writes that "Eliminating federal deposit insurance would restore the essential character of banking as a vehicle for channeling financial capital into productive investment while striving to meet the risk and timing preference of depositors." [34] : 305 

Shelton is a long-time proponent of pegging the value of the dollar to gold. [35] In 2019, she said that she hoped for a new Bretton Woods-style conference where countries would agree to return to the gold standard, saying, "If it takes place at Mar-a-Lago that would be great." [36] (Mar-a-Lago is a resort run by President Trump.)

In a 2012 piece in the Cato Institute's Cato Journal, Shelton called for the establishment of a "Universal Gold Reserve Bank" with "potential to become a sort of global monetary authority"; [37] she expressed similar views in a 1999 op-ed in the Wall Street Journal . [38] In 2000, she advocated for open borders with Mexico, [33] and said that "even better would be a global common market with a single worldwide currency." [39] She has favored virtual currencies that compete against the U.S. dollar. [39]

Failed nomination to Federal Reserve

On July 3, 2019, President Donald Trump used his Twitter account to announce his intention to nominate Shelton and a regional Fed official, Christopher Waller, to the Federal Reserve board. His previous nominees, former chairman of the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City Omaha Branch, Herman Cain and economic commentator Stephen Moore, had withdrawn for lack of Senate support. [21] [40] During the months in which Shelton was being considered for the post by Trump, she was a guest at the Trump International Hotel, Washington, D.C. [21]

During her February 2020 confirmation hearings, both Republicans and Democrats on the Senate Banking Committee expressed concerns about her writings and statements. [41] [42] [43] On July 21, 2020, a 13–12 vote along party lines advanced Shelton's nomination to the full Senate. [44] On September 15, 2020, Senator John Thune, Republican Whip, announced that Shelton would not be brought up for a vote until she had the 51 votes required to confirm her to the Federal Reserve. [45]

In August, 130 economists, including seven Nobel laureates, recommended the Senate reject her nomination, writing that Shelton was unfit for the post due to her "extreme and ill-considered" views, and writing that rejection of her nomination was needed for Fed to maintain its "nonpartisan approach." [46] Seventy-eight former Federal Reserve economists, attorneys and presidents of Federal Reserve Banks also signed the letter. [47] [48]

Among key Republican senators, Lisa Murkowski supported Shelton's nomination, [49] but Susan Collins, Mitt Romney, and Lamar Alexander came out in opposition to the nomination, leaving Shelton's ability to be confirmed in doubt. [50]

On November 17, 2020, the motion to invoke cloture on the Shelton nomination failed on a 47–50 vote. [8] All Democratic senators (including Vice President-elect Kamala Harris, who had to return to Washington for the vote [51] ), along with the Republican senators Romney and Collins, voted against her nomination; Lamar Alexander said that he opposed the nomination, but was not present for the vote. [52] Senators Rick Scott and Chuck Grassley —crucial Republican votes needed to confirm Shelton's nomination—were absent due to quarantine measures enforced after being exposed to COVID-19. [14]

On January 3, 2021, her nomination was returned to the President under Rule XXXI, Paragraph 6 of the United States Senate. [43] When Democrats took control of the Senate in January 2021, Shelton's chances of nomination were effectively ended, and on February 4, 2021, President Joe Biden withdrew her nomination to the Fed. [53]

Personal life

Shelton is married to Gilbert Shelton. [1] The Sheltons had eleven French Charolais cattle, six dogs and peacocks as of 2009. [54] Her husband is a former entrepreneurial banker in Utah, Colorado, and Hawaii who sold his businesses in the early-1980s. They have lived at Moss Neck Manor, a historic antebellum plantation house in Rappahannock Academy, Virginia, since 2005. The property borders Fort Walker. [54] [55]

Bibliography

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Janet Yellen</span> American economist (born 1946)

Janet Louise Yellen is an American economist serving as the 78th United States secretary of the treasury. She was appointed to the role on January 26, 2021. She previously served as the 15th chair of the Federal Reserve from 2014 to 2018. She is the first woman to hold either post, and has also led the White House Council of Economic Advisers. Yellen is the Eugene E. and Catherine M. Trefethen Professor of Business Administration and Economics at the University of California, Berkeley.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Scott Garrett</span> American politician (born 1959)

Ernest Scott Garrett is an American politician who was the U.S. representative for New Jersey's 5th congressional district, serving from 2003 to 2017. He is a member of the Republican Party. He previously served in the New Jersey General Assembly from 1990 to 2003. Garrett chaired the United States House Financial Services Subcommittee on Capital Markets and Government-Sponsored Enterprises. He lost his reelection bid in 2016 to Democrat Josh Gottheimer, becoming the only incumbent Congressman in New Jersey to be defeated that year.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Federal Reserve Board of Governors</span> Governing body of the U.S. Federal Reserve System

The Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, commonly known as the Federal Reserve Board, is the main governing body of the Federal Reserve System. It is charged with overseeing the Federal Reserve Banks and with helping implement the monetary policy of the United States. Governors are appointed by the president of the United States and confirmed by the Senate for staggered 14-year terms. It is headquartered in the Eccles Building on Constitution Avenue, N.W. in Washington, D.C.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stephen Moore (writer)</span> American writer and economic commentator

Stephen Moore is an American conservative writer and television commentator on economic issues. He co-founded and served as president of the Club for Growth from 1999 to 2004. Moore is a former member of the Wall Street Journal editorial board. He worked at The Heritage Foundation from 1983 to 1987 and again since 2014. Moore advised Herman Cain's 2012 presidential campaign and Donald Trump's 2016 presidential campaign.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lael Brainard</span> American economist (born 1962)

Lael Brainard is an American economist serving as the 14th director of the National Economic Council since February 21, 2023. She previously served as the 22nd vice chair of the Federal Reserve between May 2022 and February 2023. Prior to her term as vice chair, Brainard served as a member of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors, taking office in 2014. Before her appointment to the Federal Reserve, she served as the under secretary of the treasury for international affairs from 2010 to 2013.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lucy Koh</span> American judge (born 1968)

Lucy Haeran Koh is an American lawyer serving as a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. Koh previously served as a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of California from 2010 to 2021. She also served as a California state court judge of the Santa Clara County Superior Court from 2008 to 2010. She is the first Korean American woman to serve on a federal appellate court in the United States.

U.S. President Barack Obama nominated over 400 individuals for federal judgeships during his presidency. Of these nominations, Congress confirmed 329 judgeships, 173 during the 111th & 112th Congresses and 156 during the 113th and 114th Congresses.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sarah Bloom Raskin</span> American attorney (born 1961)

Sarah Bloom Raskin is an American attorney and financial markets policymaker who served as the 13th United States Deputy Secretary of the Treasury from 2014 to 2017. Raskin previously served as a member of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors from 2010 to 2014. She also was Maryland Commissioner of Financial Regulation. She was a Rubenstein Fellow at Duke University. She is currently the Colin W. Brown Distinguished Professor of the Practice of Law at Duke Law School. She is also a Senior Fellow at the Duke Center on Risk. She also serves as a Partner at Kaya Partners, Ltd., a climate advisory firm.

With the advice and consent of the United States Senate, the president of the United States appoints the members of the Supreme Court of the United States, which is the highest court of the federal judiciary of the United States. Following his victory in the 2016 presidential election, Republican Donald Trump took office as president on January 20, 2017, and faced an immediate vacancy on the Supreme Court due to the February 2016 death of Associate Justice Antonin Scalia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">First cabinet of Donald Trump</span> Members of President Donald Trumps Cabinet

Donald Trump assumed office as president of the United States on January 20, 2017, and his term ended on January 20, 2021. The president has the authority to nominate members of his Cabinet to the United States Senate for confirmation under the Appointments Clause of the United States Constitution.

This is a list of political appointments of current officeholders made by the 45th president of the United States, Donald Trump.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Unsuccessful nominations to the Cabinet of the United States</span>

Members of the Cabinet of the United States are nominated by the president and are then confirmed or rejected by the Senate. Listed below are unsuccessful cabinet nominees—that is, individuals who were nominated and who either declined their own nomination, failed the confirmation vote in the Senate, or whose nomination was withdrawn by the president. The latter category includes near nominations, meaning presumptive choices made by a president or president-elect that never progressed to formal nomination stage. Nominations to cabinet-rank positions are also included in this page.

Donald Trump, President of the United States from 2017 to 2021, entered office with a significant number of judicial vacancies, including a Supreme Court vacancy due to the death of Antonin Scalia in February 2016. During the first eight months of his presidency, he nominated approximately 50 judges, a significantly higher number than any other recent president had made by that point in his presidency. By June 24, 2020, 200 of his Article III nominees had been confirmed by the United States Senate. According to multiple media outlets, Trump significantly impacted the composition of the Supreme Court and lower courts during his tenure.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lisa D. Cook</span> American economist (born 1964)

Lisa DeNell Cook is an American economist who has served as a member of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors since May 23, 2022. She is the first African American woman and first woman of color to sit on the Board. Before her appointment to the Federal Reserve, she was elected to the board of directors of the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Michelle Bowman</span> American attorney (born 1971)

Michelle White "Miki" Bowman is an American attorney who has served as a member of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors since 2018. She is the first person to fill the community bank seat on the board, a seat created by a 2015 law.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nellie Liang</span> American economist (born 1958)

Jean Nellie Liang is an economist who currently serves as President Joe Biden's Under Secretary of the Treasury for Domestic Finance.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Christopher Waller</span> American economist and government official (born 1959)

Christopher J. Waller is an American economist who has been a member of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors since 2020. A nominee of then-President Donald Trump, he was confirmed by the Senate in December 2020, to serve through January 2030.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Amy Coney Barrett Supreme Court nomination</span> United States Supreme Court nomination

On September 26, 2020, President Donald Trump announced the nomination of Amy Coney Barrett to the position of Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States to fill in the vacancy left by the death of Ruth Bader Ginsburg. At the time of her nomination, Barrett was a Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit in Chicago, Illinois. The Senate received word from the president on September 29.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Andre Mathis</span> American judge (born 1980)

Andre Bernard Mathis is an American lawyer who is serving as a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit.

President Joe Biden began his presidency with fewer vacancies to fill than his predecessor. He pledged to nominate people with diverse backgrounds and professional experience; further he pledged to nominate the first black woman to the Supreme Court of the United States.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Smialek, Jeanna (May 21, 2019). "Trump Team Vets Fed Critic for Board Seat". The New York Times . ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved May 31, 2019.
  2. 1 2 Politi, James (November 12, 2020). "Senate prepares to vote on Trump's Fed board nominee Judy Shelton". Financial Times . Archived from the original on November 13, 2020. Retrieved November 13, 2020.
  3. 1 2 Long, Heather (June 19, 2019). "Trump's potential Fed pick Judy Shelton wants to see lower rates 'as expeditiously as possible'". The Washington Post .
  4. 1 2 Heeb, Gina (May 22, 2019). "Trump's potential Fed pick is a critic of the central bank and supports near-zero interest rates". Markets Insider. Business Insider . Retrieved May 31, 2019.
  5. ↑ Kiernan, Paul; Harrison, David (July 2, 2019). "Christopher Waller, Judy Shelton Are Trump's Latest Picks for Fed Board". The Wall Street Journal .
  6. ↑ Long, Heather (November 21, 2019). "Trump's Fed nominee Judy Shelton recently questioned the need for an independent central bank". The Washington Post . Retrieved December 28, 2019.
  7. ↑ Collins, Peggy (February 3, 2020). "Senate to Hold Hearing for Fed Nominees Shelton, Waller Feb. 13". Bloomberg .
  8. 1 2 Taylor, Andrew; Rugaber, Christopher (November 17, 2020). "Controversial Fed nominee Judy Shelton stalls in Senate test vote". The Boston Globe . Associated Press . Retrieved November 17, 2020.
  9. ↑ Taylor, Andrew; Rugaber, Christopher (November 17, 2020). "Controversial Fed nominee Shelton stalls in Senate test vote". AP News . Associated Press.
  10. ↑ Homan, Timothy R. (January 10, 2021). "Wall Street braces for tougher rules under new Democratic majority". The Hill .
  11. ↑ Wasson, Erik; Condon, Christopher; Litvan, Laura (November 12, 2020). "Senate Takes First Step to Vote on Shelton Fed Confirmation". Bloomberg . Retrieved November 12, 2020.
  12. 1 2 3 Brown, Courtenay (November 13, 2020). "Controversial Trump Fed board pick Judy Shelton gets closer to confirmation". Axios . Retrieved November 13, 2020.
  13. ↑ Murphy, Mike (September 2, 2020). "Economists, including 7 Nobel winners, urge Senate to reject Judy Shelton's Fed nomination". MarketWatch . Retrieved November 13, 2020.
  14. 1 2 Carney, Jordain (November 17, 2020). "Grassley quarantining after exposure to coronavirus". The Hill . Retrieved November 17, 2020.
  15. ↑ "Q&A with Judy Shelton". C-SPAN.org. C-SPAN . Retrieved July 27, 2020.
  16. 1 2 "The Coming Soviet Crash". C-SPAN.org. C-SPAN. February 16, 1989. Retrieved on 3 July 2019.
  17. ↑ "Q&A with Judy Shelton". C-SPAN.org. C-SPAN. November 4, 2009. Retrieved on 3 July 2019.
  18. ↑ Packard, Kathleen (January 11, 2012). "Economist and Author Judy Shelton Appointed as Senior Advisor to The Gold Standard Now" (Press release). Lehrman Institute. Archived from the original on April 12, 2014 – via PRWeb.
  19. ↑ Chris Matthews (August 18, 2016). "This Trump Economic Advisor Wants America to Go Back to the Gold Standard". Fortune .
  20. ↑ Sound Money Project Interview Series: Dr. Judy Shelton (Full Version) , retrieved February 4, 2020
  21. 1 2 3 4 Smialek, Jeanna (July 2, 2019). "Trump Taps Two Fed Nominees, One Conventional, the Other Not". The New York Times . ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved July 3, 2019.
  22. ↑ PN1291 — Judy Lynn Shelton — European Bank for Reconstruction and Development: 115th Congress (2017-2018), Congress.gov.
  23. 1 2 Kiernan, Paul (July 25, 2019). "Prospective Fed Nominee Judy Shelton Resigned From EBRD Job". The Wall Street Journal .
  24. ↑ Andrew Kaczynski; Em Steck (February 23, 2020). "Trump's Fed pick Judy Shelton called the central bank 'almost a rogue agency' in 2011". CNN . Retrieved February 23, 2020.
  25. ↑ Heeb, Gina (June 8, 2019). "Trump's potential Federal Reserve nominee wants a 0% inflation target". Business Insider . Retrieved February 4, 2020.
  26. ↑ Shelton, Judy (March 27, 2009). "Did the Fed Cause the Housing Crisis". The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved February 4, 2020.
  27. ↑ Mohsin, Saleha (November 21, 2019). "Trump's Fed Pick Judy Shelton Cast Doubt on Central Bank Independence". Bloomberg . Retrieved February 4, 2020.
  28. ↑ Condon, Christopher (May 30, 2019). "Fed Hopeful Shelton Questions Value of Bank's Dual Mandate". Bloomberg . Retrieved February 4, 2020.
  29. 1 2 Yglesias, Matthew (June 5, 2019). "Judy Shelton's potential nomination to a Federal Reserve Board seat, explained". Vox . Retrieved July 3, 2019.
  30. ↑ Shelton, Judy (May 13, 2015). "Reckoning for the Fed". The Hill . Retrieved July 3, 2019.
  31. ↑ Shelton, Judy (October 11, 2016). "A Trans-Atlantic Revolt Against Central Bankers". The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved July 3, 2019.
  32. ↑ "Trump Taps Economists for Two Key Fed Positions". Time . Archived from the original on July 4, 2019. Retrieved July 3, 2019.
  33. 1 2 "Trump Fed nominee Judy Shelton once advocated for 'open borders' with Mexico". The Washington Post . 2019.
  34. ↑ Judy Shelton (2014). Money Meltdown. The Free Press. ISBN   978-1439188460.
  35. ↑ Guida, Victoria (July 28, 2019). "Trump Fed pick's push for gold troubles lawmakers". Politico . Retrieved July 28, 2019.
  36. ↑ Politi, James (May 31, 2019). "Fed candidate slams bank's 'Soviet' power over markets". Financial Times . Retrieved May 31, 2019.
  37. ↑ Shelton, Judy (May 2015). "Gold and Government" (PDF). Cato Institute. Retrieved February 4, 2020.
  38. ↑ Shelton, Judy (July 16, 1999). "Global Markets Need Golden Rule". The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved February 4, 2020.
  39. 1 2 Long, Heather (February 12, 2020). "10 of Trump Fed nominee Judy Shelton's most controversial quotes". The Washington Post .
  40. ↑ "The Fed shouldn't be driving US economy, Trump advisor Judy Shelton says". CNBC . December 7, 2016.
  41. ↑ Timiraos, Nick; Chaney, Sarah (February 14, 2020). "Path to Confirmation Dims for Fed Nominee After Republican Objections". The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved February 17, 2020.
  42. ↑ Schneider, Howard; Dunsmuir, Lindsay (February 13, 2020). "Trump Fed nominee Shelton hits bipartisan skepticism in Senate hearing". Reuters . Retrieved February 22, 2020.
  43. 1 2 "PN1422 – Judy Shelton – Federal Reserve System". Library of Congress. January 28, 2020. Retrieved March 6, 2020.
  44. ↑ "Senate banking committee approves controversial nominee Judy Shelton for Federal Reserve board". NBC News . July 21, 2020. Retrieved July 21, 2020.
  45. ↑ Tappe, Anneken; Mattingly, Phil; Barrett, Ted (September 15, 2020). "Trump's Fed pick doesn't have the votes". CNN . Retrieved September 15, 2020.
  46. ↑ Murphy, Mike. "Economists, including 7 Nobel winners, urge Senate to reject Judy Shelton's Fed nomination". MarketWatch.
  47. ↑ Marte, Jonnelle (August 21, 2020). "Former Fed staffers urge U.S. Senate to reject Shelton nomination". Reuters – via www.reuters.com.
  48. ↑ "Fed Alumni Urge Senate Rejection of Fed Nominee Shelton". August 20, 2020 – via Medium.com.
  49. ↑ Byrnes, Jesse (November 12, 2020). "Murkowski to back Trump's Fed nominee Judy Shelton". The Hill . Retrieved November 17, 2020.
  50. ↑ Siegel, Rachel; Kim, Seung Min (November 16, 2020). "A third GOP senator comes out against Trump's Fed nominee, putting confirmation vote on knife's edge". The Washington Post .
  51. ↑ Newell, Jim (November 17, 2020). "Kamala Harris Rushes Back to Washington to Block Trump from Putting a Crank on the Fed Board". Slate.
  52. ↑ Cox, Jeff (November 17, 2020). "Shelton Fed nomination fails key Senate procedure vote, possibly ending her chances". CNBC . Retrieved November 17, 2020.
  53. ↑ Sylvan Lane. Biden withdraws Judy Shelton's Fed nomination, The Hill (February 4, 2021).
  54. 1 2 Freehling, Bill (November 14, 2009). "A worldview as seen from Moss Neck". The Free Lance–Star . Fredericksburg, Virginia: BH Media . Retrieved July 2, 2019.
  55. ↑ Sidersky, Robyn (April 12, 2015). "Moss Neck Manor is a hidden gem in Caroline County". The Free Lance–Star. Retrieved July 3, 2019.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.