LGBTQ people in Australia

Last updated

Australia is one of the most LGBTQ-friendly countries in the world. [1] In a 2013 Pew Research poll, 79% of Australians agreed that homosexuality should be accepted by society, making it the fifth most supportive country in the survey behind Spain (88%), Germany (87%), and Canada and the Czech Republic (both 80%). [2] [1] With a long history of LGBTQ rights activism and an annual three-week-long Mardi Gras festival, Sydney is considered one of the most gay-friendly cities in the world. [3]

Contents

Terminology

More inclusive terms such as LGBTQ or LGBTI are increasingly used in Australia, rather than just LGBT, with the Q denoting queer people and the I denoting intersex people. [4] Organisations that include intersex people as well as LGBT people include the National LGBTI Health Alliance and community media. [5] [6] Also used are the terms LGBTQI [7] and LGBTQIA, with the A denoting asexual people. [8] [9]

Demographics

Percentages of same-sex couples according to the Census of Population and housing Percentage of couples that are same-sex in Australia.jpg
Percentages of same-sex couples according to the Census of Population and housing

In 2014, over half a million people or 3.0% of the adult population identified as gay, lesbian, or "other". This included 268,000 people who identified as gay or lesbian and 255,000 people who identified as having an "other" sexual orientation. [10]

Same-sex couples

In 2011, same-sex couples accounted for 0.7% of the total number of couples. It increased to 0.9% in the 2016 Census. In 2016, there were 23,700 male same-sex couples and 23,000 female same-sex couples. The pattern of more male than female same-sex couples has been consistent since 1996, although the degree of difference has decreased in each census, more significantly in the 2016 Census. [11]

In 2016, same-sex couples accounted for 1.4% of all couples in the Australian Capital Territory, the highest proportion of any state or territory. However, only 2.6% of all same-sex couples in Australia lived in the Australian Capital Territory. The next highest proportions were in New South Wales and Victoria, where same-sex couples accounted for 1.0% of all couples. Almost two-thirds (63%) of same-sex couples lived in New South Wales (35.8%) or Victoria (27.1%), whereas only 0.8% lived in the Northern Territory and 1.8% in Tasmania. [11]

The 2016 Census noted that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people are more likely to live with a same-sex partner than non-Indigenous people. About 1.2% of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people lived with a same-sex partner, while that of non-Indigenous people was 0.9%. [11]

Children growing up in same-sex families

The 2011 Australian Census counted 6,300 children living in same-sex families, up from 3,400 in 2001, making up one in a thousand of all children in couple families (0.1%). [12] In 2016, it increased to 10,500 children, accounting for 0.2% of all children in families. [11]

Income of same-sex couples

Individuals in same-sex relationships were more likely to have higher personal incomes than those in opposite-sex relationships. In 2016, 23% of men in same-sex relationships earned $2,000 or more a week, compared with 18% of men in opposite-sex relationships. For women, the difference was greater. Women in same-sex relationships were twice as likely to be earning $2,000 or more a week as women in opposite-sex relationships (14% compared with 6%). [11]

Wage gap

This section is an excerpt from Gay wage gap § Australia.[ edit ]
An Australian study [13] has shown that gay men earn 13% less than their straight counterparts. Meanwhile, lesbians earn 13% more than straight women. La Nauze, economist at University of Melbourne, noted: "There are grounds for concern that workers in Australia, particularly gay men, are discriminated against because of their sexual orientation." [14]

Religious affiliation

A 2008 study of LGBTQ Australians found that 35% were raised Protestant, 30% raised Catholic and 29% raised irreligious. [15]

According to the 2016 Census, LGBTQ people were most likely to report they had no religion (57%). However, 32% said they were Christian. This was in contrast to heterosexual people, for whom Christianity was the leading affiliation (59%) followed by not having a religion (28%). Same-sex partners were more likely to be affiliated with Buddhism than those in opposite-sex relationships (3.9% compared to 2.7%) and less likely to be affiliated with Hinduism (0.5% compared with 2.4%) or Islam (0.7% compared with 2.4%). [11]

ReligionPercent of same-sex couples affiliated
No religion 57%
Christianity 32%
Buddhism 3.9%
Islam 0.7%
Hinduism 0.5%
Not Stated 5.9%

History

Queer Indigenous Australian history is little-known, with limited evidence of formal structures or roles except in the Tiwi Islands. [16]

Rights

As a federation, Australia's states and territories are responsible for many laws affecting LGBTQ and intersex rights. Between 1975 and 1997, the states and territories progressively repealed anti-homosexuality laws that dated back to the colonial era. [17] Since 2016, each jurisdiction has an equal age of consent for all sexual acts. All jurisdictions offer expungement schemes to clear the criminal records of people charged or convicted for consensual sexual acts that are no longer illegal.

Beginning on 12 September 2017, a national plebiscite titled "Should the law be changed to allow same-sex couples to marry? " [18] was commenced. 61.6% of total votes were in support of the legalisation of same-sex marriage, leading to Australia recognising same-sex marriage on 9 December 2017. [19] States and territories began granting domestic partnership benefits and relationship recognition to same-sex couples from 2003 onwards, with federal law recognising same-sex couples since 2009 as de facto relationships. Alongside marriage, same-sex relationships may be recognised by states or territories in various ways, including through civil unions, domestic partnerships, registered relationships and/or as unregistered de facto relationships. [20]

LGBTQ adoption and parenting in Australia is legal nationwide, with the Northern Territory the last jurisdiction to pass an adoption equality law in March 2018. Discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity or expression is prohibited in every state and territory, with concurrent federal protections for sexual orientation, gender identity and intersex status since 1 August 2013.

Transgender rights in Australia and intersex rights in Australia vary between jurisdictions, with only NSW since 1996 legally still requiring a person to undergo sex reassignment surgery - before changing the legal sex on birth certificates. [21] Non-binary Australians can legally register a "non-specific" sex on federal legal documents and in the records of some states and territories.

Summary table

LGBT rights in:Same-sex sexual activityHistorical conviction expungementGender recognitionSame-sex relationshipsSame-sex adoption and parentingAnti-discriminationGay panic defence abolishedConversion therapy bannedOther
Flag of the Australian Capital Territory.svg Australian Capital Territory Yes check.svg 1976 (Legal with equal age of consent) [22] [23] Yes check.svg 2015 [24] Yes check.svg Yes check.svg 1994 (Domestic partnerships)
2004 (de facto relationships) [25]
2008 (Civil partnerships)
2012 (Civil unions)		 Yes check.svg 2004 [22] Yes check.svg Yes check.svg 2004 [22] Yes check.gif 2020 [26] Prohibits vilification on grounds of sexual orientation, gender identity or intersex status [27]
Flag of Christmas Island.svg Christmas Island Yes check.svg WA law Yes check.svg WA law Yes check.svg WA law Yes check.svg WA law Yes check.svg WA law Yes check.svg WA law Yes check.svg WA law X mark.svg WA lawSince 1958, subject to WA law
Flag of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands.svg Cocos (Keeling) Islands Yes check.svg WA law Yes check.svg WA law Yes check.svg WA law Yes check.svg WA law Yes check.svg WA law Yes check.svg WA law Yes check.svg WA law X mark.svg WA lawSince 1992, subject to WA law
Flag of New South Wales.svg New South Wales Yes check.svg 1984 (Legal); 2003 (Equal age of consent) Yes check.svg 2015 Yes check.svg However requires surgery since 1996, to change sex on a birth certificate Yes check.svg 1999 (De facto relationships) [25] Yes check.svg 2010 [22] Yes check.svg Yes check.svg 2014 [28] Yes check.svg (from April 2025)
Flag of Norfolk Island.svg Norfolk Island Yes check.svg 1993 [29] Yes check.svg NSW law Yes check.svg NSW law Yes check.svg 2006 [29] Yes check.svg NSW law Yes check.svg NSW law Yes check.svg NSW law Yes check.svg (from April 2025)Since 2016, subject to NSW law
Flag of the Northern Territory.svg Northern Territory Yes check.svg 1983 (Legal); [22] 2003 (Equal age of consent) Yes check.svg 2018 [30] Yes check.svg Yes check.svg 2003 (De facto relationships) [25] Yes check.svg 2018 Yes check.svg Yes check.svg 2006 [22] X mark.svg
Flag of Queensland.svg Queensland Yes check.svg 1991 (Legal); [31] 2018 (Equal age of consent) Yes check.svg 2018 [32] [33] Yes check.svg Yes check.svg 2003 Yes check.svg 2018 Yes check.svg Yes check.svg 2017 [34] Yes check.svg 2020 [35] Anti-vilification laws based on sexual orientation and gender identity.
Flag of South Australia.svg South Australia Yes check.svg 1975 (Legal with equal age of consent) Yes check.svg / X mark.svg 2013 (Can apply to be spent conviction, not true expungement) [36] Yes check.svg Yes check.svg 2007 (Domestic partnerships), 2017 (Registered relationships) Yes check.svg 2017 [37] Yes check.svg Yes check.svg 2021 Yes check.svg 2024 [38]
Flag of Tasmania.svg Tasmania Yes check.svg 1997 (Legal with equal age of consent) Yes check.svg 2015 [39] Yes check.svg Yes check.svg 2003 (De facto and registered couples) [25] Yes check.svg 2013 [22] Yes check.svg Yes check.svg 2004 [22] X mark.svg
Flag of Victoria (Australia).svg Victoria Yes check.svg 1981 (Legal with equal age of consent) [22] Yes check.svg 2014 [40] Yes check.svg Yes check.svg 2001 (De facto relationships) [25] Yes check.svg 2016 [22] Yes check.svg Yes check.svg 2005 [22] Yes check.svg 2021 [41] [42]
Flag of Western Australia.svg Western Australia Yes check.svg 1990 [22] Yes check.svg Yes check.svg Yes check.svg 2003 Yes check.svg 2002 [43] Yes check.svg Yes check.svg 2008 [22] X mark.svg [44]

Social conditions

Participants at the Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras in 2012 Sydney mardi gras 2012 (6804964078).jpg
Participants at the Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras in 2012
An Equal Love rally in 2013 Equal Love Rally in Melbourne.JPG
An Equal Love rally in 2013

Public attitudes

A 2005 paper by the Australia Institute, Mapping Homophobia in Australia, found that 35% of people aged 14 or above considered homosexuality to be immoral, with Queensland and Tasmania having the highest levels of anti-gay sentiment and Victoria the lowest. [45] Overall the most anti-LGBT areas in the study were the Moreton area of country Queensland (excluding the Gold Coast and Sunshine Coast), Central and South-West Queensland and the Burnie/Western district of Tasmania, where 50% considered homosexuality to be immoral, while the least homophobic were inner-city Melbourne (14%), central Perth (21%) and central Melbourne (26%). [45]

A 2018 Ipsos survey of the attitudes towards transgender people in several countries found 71% of Australian respondents thought that the country was becoming more tolerant of transgender people. [46]

Indigenous LGBTI community

Gender diverse and transgender Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders are often referred to as sistergirls and brotherboys. [47] [48] The level of acceptance varies with each community and its elders. [47] [48] In 2015, Dameyon Bonson established Black Rainbow as a mental health support and suicide prevention service for LGBTI Indigenous Australians, given that they often suffer dual discrimination through both racism and homophobia/transphobia, and are 45 times more likely to commit suicide than the general population. [49]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association</span> International umbrella organization for LGBTI organizations

The International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association (ILGA) is a LGBTQ+ rights organization.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights in the Bahamas</span>

Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people in the Bahamas have limited legal protections. While same-sex sexual activity is legal in the Bahamas, there are no laws that address discrimination or harassment on the account of sexual orientation or gender identity, nor does it recognize same sex unions in any form, whether it be marriage or partnerships. Households headed by same-sex couples are also not eligible for any of the same rights given to opposite-sex married couples.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBTQ rights in Australia</span>

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer (LGBTQ) rights in Australia rank among the highest in the world; having significantly advanced over the latter half of the 20th century and early 21st century. Opinion polls and the Australian Marriage Law Postal Survey indicate widespread popular support for same-sex marriage within the nation. Australia in 2018, in fact was the last of the Five Eyes set of countries - that consisted of namely Canada (2005), New Zealand (2013), United Kingdom (2014) and the United States (2015) to legalize same-sex marriage. A 2013 Pew Research poll found that 79% of Australians agreed that homosexuality should be accepted by society, making it the fifth-most supportive country surveyed in the world. With its long history of LGBTQ activism and annual Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras festival, Sydney has been named one of the most gay-friendly cities in the world.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights in India</span>

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBTQ) people in India face legal and social challenges not experienced by non-LGBT people. There are no legal restrictions against gay sex or gay expression within India. Same-sex couples have some limited cohabitation rights, colloquially known as live-in relationships. However, India does not currently provide for common law marriages, same-sex marriage, civil unions, guardianship or issue partnership certificates.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights in Bangladesh</span>

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBTQ) people in Bangladesh face widespread social and legal challenges not experienced by non-LGBT people.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights in Namibia</span>

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights in Namibia have expanded in the 21st century, although LGBT people still have limited legal protections. Namibia's colonial-era laws criminalising male homosexuality were historically unenforced, and were overturned by the country's High Court in 2024.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights in Oceania</span>

Oceania is, like other regions, quite diverse in its laws regarding LGBT rights. This ranges from significant rights, including same-sex marriage – granted to the LGBT+ community in New Zealand, Australia, Guam, Hawaii, Easter Island, Northern Mariana Islands, Wallis and Futuna, New Caledonia, French Polynesia and the Pitcairn Islands – to remaining criminal penalties for homosexual activity in six countries and one territory. Although acceptance is growing across the Pacific, violence and social stigma remain issues for LGBT+ communities. This also leads to problems with healthcare, including access to HIV treatment in countries such as Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands where homosexuality is criminalised.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights in Lesotho</span>

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in Lesotho face legal challenges not experienced by non-LGBTQ residents. Lesotho does not recognise same-sex marriages or civil unions, nor does it ban discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights in Queensland</span>

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights in Queensland have advanced significantly from the late 20th century onwards, in line with progress on LGBT rights in Australia nationally. 2019 polling on gay rights consistently showed that even in regional areas, Queensland is no more conservative about the subject than any other states.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights in New South Wales</span>

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in the Australian state of New South Wales have most of the same rights and responsibilities as non-LGBT people.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights in Victoria</span>

The Australian state of Victoria is regarded as one of the country's most progressive jurisdictions with respect to the rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBTQ) people. Victoria is the only state in Australia, that has implemented a LGBTIQA+ Commissioner.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights in South Australia</span>

The rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in the Australian state of South Australia are advanced and well-established. South Australia has had a chequered history with respect to the rights of LGBT people. Initially, the state was a national pioneer of LGBT rights in Australia, being the first in the country to decriminalise homosexuality and to introduce a non-discriminatory age of consent for all sexual activity. Subsequently, the state fell behind other Australian jurisdictions in areas including relationship recognition and parenting, with the most recent law reforms regarding the recognition of same-sex relationships, LGBT adoption and strengthened anti-discrimination laws passed in 2016 and went into effect in 2017.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBTQ history in Australia</span>

This article details the history of the LGBTQ rights movement in Australia, from the colonial era to the present day.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sexual orientation and gender identity in the Australian military</span>

Sexual orientation and gender identity in the Australian military are not considered disqualifying matters in the 21st century, with the Australian Defence Force (ADF) allowing LGBT people to serve openly and access the same entitlements as other personnel. The ban on gay and lesbian personnel was lifted by the Keating government in 1992, with a 2000 study finding no discernible negative impacts on troop morale. In 2009, the First Rudd government introduced equal entitlements to military retirement pensions and superannuation for the domestic partners of LGBTI personnel. Since 2010, transgender personnel may serve openly and may undergo gender transition with ADF support while continuing their military service. LGBTI personnel are also supported by the charity DEFGLIS, the Defence Force Lesbian Gay Bisexual Transgender and Intersex Information Service.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights in Tasmania</span>

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in the Australian state of Tasmania have the same legal rights as non-LGBT people. Tasmania has a transformative history with respect to the rights of LGBT people. Initially dubbed "Bigots' Island" by international media due to intense social and political hostility to LGBT rights up until the late 1990s, the state has subsequently been recognised for LGBT law reforms that have been described by activists such as Rodney Croome as among the most extensive and noteworthy in the world. Tasmania's criminal penalties for homosexual activity were the harshest in the Western world when they were repealed in 1997. It was the last Australian jurisdiction to decriminalise homosexuality after a United Nations Human Rights Committee ruling, the passage of federal sexual privacy legislation and a High Court challenge to the state's anti-homosexuality laws. Following decriminalisation, social and political attitudes in the state rapidly shifted in favour of LGBT rights ahead of national trends with strong anti-LGBT discrimination laws passed in 1999, and the first state relationship registration scheme to include same-sex couples introduced in 2003. In 2019, Tasmania passed and implemented the world's most progressive gender-optional birth certificate laws. In July 2023, the Tasmanian government officially included and also added "asexual or asexuality".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights in Western Australia</span>

Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBTQ) rights in Western Australia have seen significant progress since the beginning of the 21st century, with male sex acts legal since 1990 and the state parliament passing comprehensive law reforms in 2002. The state decriminalised male homosexual acts in 1990 and was the first to grant full adoption rights to LGBT couples in 2002.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights in the Northern Territory</span>

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in Australia's Northern Territory have the same legal rights as non-LGBT people. The liberalisation of the rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBTQ) people in Australia's Northern Territory has been a gradual process. Homosexual activity was legalised in 1984, with an equal age of consent since 2003. Same-sex couples are recognised as de facto relationships. There was no local civil union or domestic partnership registration scheme before the introduction of nationwide same-sex marriage in December 2017, following the passage of the Marriage Amendment Act 2017 by the Australian Parliament. The 2017 Australian Marriage Law Postal Survey, designed to gauge public support for same-sex marriage in Australia, returned a 60.6% "Yes" response in the territory. LGBT people are protected from discrimination by both territory and federal law, though the territory's hate crime law does not cover sexual orientation or gender identity. The territory was the last jurisdiction in Australia to legally allow same-sex couples to adopt children.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights in the Australian Capital Territory</span>

The Australian Capital Territory (ACT) is one of Australia's leading jurisdictions with respect to the rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people. The ACT has made a number of reforms to territory law designed to prevent discrimination of LGBTQ people; it was the only state or territory jurisdiction in Australia to pass a law for same-sex marriage, which was later overturned by the High Court of Australia. The Australian Capital Territory, Victoria, New South Wales and Queensland are the only jurisdictions within Australia to legally ban conversion therapy on children. The ACT's laws also apply to the smaller Jervis Bay Territory.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Outline of LGBTQ topics</span>

The following outline offers an overview and guide to LGBTQ topics:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Intersex and LGBT</span> Relationship between different sex and gender minorities

Intersex people are born with sex characteristics that "do not fit the typical definitions for male or female bodies". They are substantially more likely to identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender (LGBT) than endosex people. According to a study done in Australia of Australian citizens with intersex conditions, participants labeled 'heterosexual' as the most popular single label with the rest being scattered among various other labels. According to another study, an estimated 8.5% to 20% experiencing gender dysphoria. Although many intersex people are heterosexual and cisgender, this overlap and "shared experiences of harm arising from dominant societal sex and gender norms" has led to intersex people often being included under the LGBT umbrella, with the acronym sometimes expanded to LGBTI. Some intersex activists and organisations have criticised this inclusion as distracting from intersex-specific issues such as involuntary medical interventions.

References

  1. 1 2 "The 20 most and least gay-friendly countries in the world". Global Post. 26 June 2013. Retrieved 16 May 2014.
  2. ↑ "The Global Divide on Homosexuality". Pew Research. 4 June 2013. Retrieved 16 May 2014.
  3. ↑ "Sydney Things have changed enormously since the first Mardi Gras march was". The Independent. 16 September 2008. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
  4. ↑ Thelwall, Mike; Devonport, Tracey Jayne; Makita, Meiko; Russell, Kate; Ferguson, Lois (27 April 2022). "Academic LGBTQ+ Terminology 1900-2021: Increasing Variety, Increasing Inclusivity?". Journal of Homosexuality. 70 (11): 2514–2538. doi:10.1080/00918369.2022.2070446. hdl: 2436/624728 . ISSN   0091-8369.
  5. ↑ Star Observer, a community newspaper with the strapline "Australia's most respected LGBTI news source", retrieved 18 April 2014
  6. ↑ LGBTI people to watch in 2014 Archived 3 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine , Gay News Network, 1 January 2014.
  7. ↑ "About | Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras". Archived from the original on 7 June 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
  8. ↑ "Sydney Mardi Gras Festival – Our Picks for 2014". Aussie Theatre. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
  9. ↑ "LGBTIQAP+ Mental Health Professionals Network Transformative Practice". National LGBTI Health Alliance. 5 April 2016. Archived from the original on 28 April 2019. Retrieved 11 February 2019.
  10. ↑ "4159.0 - General Social Survey: Summary Results, Australia, 2014". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 29 June 2015.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "2071.0 - Census of Population and Housing: Reflecting Australia - Stories from the Census, 2016". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 18 January 2018.
  12. ↑ "4102.0 - Australian Social Trends, July 2013". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 25 July 2013.
  13. ↑ Wade, Matt (28 February 2015). "The gay pay gap: men earn less, but women earn more". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
  14. ↑ "Untitled | Employment Discrimination | Homosexuality". Scribd. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
  15. ↑ https://tapri.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/v16n1_1couchothers.pdf [ bare URL PDF ]
  16. ↑ Findlay, James (30 May 2018). "What do we know about queer Indigenous history?". triple j. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
  17. ↑ Carbery, Graham (2010). "Towards Homosexual Equality in Australian Criminal Law: A Brief History" (PDF) (2nd ed.). Australian Lesbian and Gay Archives Inc.
  18. ↑ Statistics, c=AU; o=Commonwealth of Australia; ou=Australian Bureau of (15 November 2017). "Main Features - Results". www.abs.gov.au. Retrieved 13 October 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  19. ↑ Commons Librarian (12 August 2021). "Marriage Equality Campaign Timeline and Reflections". The Commons Social Change Library. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
  20. ↑ Sheldrick, Drew (4 February 2016). "Overseas same-sex marriage recognition back in the spotlight". Special Broadcasting Service. Archived from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
  21. ↑ Wiggins, Nick (25 August 2016). "Transgender, intersex people call for birth certificate reforms". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Winsor, Ben (20 September 2016). "A definitive timeline of LGBT+ rights in Australia". SBS Online. Special Broadcasting Service. Archived from the original on 14 April 2019. Retrieved 25 September 2016.
  23. ↑ Commons Librarian (22 December 2023). "Campaigns that Changed Tasmania". The Commons Social Change Library. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
  24. ↑ Sibthorpe, Clare (29 October 2015). "Homosexual acts can soon be scrapped from criminal records in the ACT". The Canberra Times. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
  25. 1 2 3 4 5 Millbank, Jenni (2006). "Recognition of Lesbian and Gay Families in Australian Law - Part One: Couples". Federal Law Review. 34 (1): 1. doi:10.22145/FLR.34.1.1. S2CID   220292910 . Retrieved 12 September 2017.
  26. ↑ Doherty, P; Roy, T (27 August 2020). "LGBTQ conversion therapy banned in Canberra as Sexuality and Gender Identity Conversion Practices Bill passes". ABC News.
  27. ↑ Lawrie, Alastair (3 August 2020). "Opening Statement to Victorian Inquiry into Anti-Vilification Protections". alastairlawrie. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
  28. ↑ Brook, Benedict (26 March 2014). "NSW Government ditches 'gay panic' defence – Star Observer". Star Observer. Retrieved 25 September 2016.
  29. 1 2 Carroll, Angus; Itaborahy, Lucas Paoli (May 2015). "State Sponsored Homophobia: A World Survey of Laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition of same-sex love" (PDF). International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 June 2015. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
  30. ↑ "Expungement of Historical Homosexual Offence Records Act 2018". Northern Territory Legislation Database. 23 May 2018.
  31. ↑ "Report No 74: Expunging criminal convictions for historical gay sex offences" (PDF). Queensland Law Reform Commission. 31 August 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 December 2016.
  32. ↑ "Criminal Law (Historical Homosexual Convictions Expungement) Act 2017". Legislation.qld.gov.au. 23 October 2017.
  33. ↑ "Proclamation—Criminal Law (Historical Homosexual Convictions Expungement) Act 2017 (commencing remaining provisions)". Legislation.qld.gov.au. Retrieved 14 June 2018.
  34. ↑ Caldwell, Felicity (21 March 2017). "Gay panic laws pass Queensland Parliament, removing partial defence". Brisbane Times. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
  35. ↑ Starcevic, Seb (13 August 2020). "Queensland is first Australian state to ban gay conversion therapy". Thomson Reuters Foundation News. Thomson Reuters Foundation. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
  36. ↑ Sainty, Lane (15 January 2016). "Some States Are Holding Out Against Erasing Historic Gay Sex Convictions". BuzzFeed. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
  37. ↑ Waldhuter, Lauren (17 February 2017). "Same-sex couples welcome introduction of adoption equality in SA". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
  38. ↑
  39. ↑ Sibthorpe, Clare (29 October 2015). "Homosexual acts can soon be scrapped from criminal records in the ACT". The Canberra Times. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
  40. ↑ Gerber, Paula. "Expunging convictions for gay sex: an old wrong is finally righted". The Conversation. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
  41. ↑ "Parliament of Victoria - Change or Suppression (Conversion) Practices Prohibition Bill 2020". www.parliament.vic.gov.au. Retrieved 7 April 2022.
  42. ↑ Sakkal, Sumeyya Ilanbey, Paul (4 February 2021). "Gay conversion therapy banned in Victoria". The Age. Retrieved 7 April 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  43. ↑ Hayward, Andrea; Perpitch, Nicolas (13 June 2007). "Gay adoption divides community". PerthNow. News Corp Australia. Retrieved 25 September 2016.
  44. ↑
  45. 1 2 Michael Flood and Clive Hamilton (July 2005). "Mapping Homophobia in Australia" (PDF). The Australia Institute. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 March 2017. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
  46. ↑ Clark, Julia; Boyon, Nicolas; Jackson, Chris (30 January 2018). "Global Attitudes Toward Transgender People". Ipsos. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
  47. 1 2 Burin, Margaret (21 November 2016). "Sistergirls, brotherboys 'looking for acceptance'". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
  48. 1 2 Clancy, Kai (7 April 2015). "Growing Up as a Transgender Indigenous Australian". VICE Australia. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
  49. ↑ Davey, Melissa (18 February 2015). "LGBTI Indigenous people offered a rainbow to follow". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 November 2016.

See also

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.