Lieutenant-General Sir Harry Burnett "Joe" Lumsden was a British military officer active in the British Raj.
The first Anglo-Sikh war was fought between the Sikh Empire and the British East India Company in 1845 and 1846 around the Ferozepur district of Punjab. It resulted in defeat and partial subjugation of the Sikh empire and cession of Jammu &Kashmir as a separate princely state under British suzerainty.
The Sikh Empire was a regional power based in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent. It existed from 1799,when Maharaja Ranjit Singh captured Lahore,to 1849,when it was defeated and conquered by the British East India Company in the Second Anglo-Sikh War. It was forged on the foundations of the Khalsa from a collection of autonomous misls. At its peak in the 19th century,the empire extended from Gilgit and Tibet in the north to the deserts of Sindh in the south and from the Khyber Pass in the west to the Sutlej in the east as far as Oudh. It was divided into four provinces:Lahore,which became the Sikh capital;Multan;Peshawar;and Kashmir from 1799 to 1849. Religiously diverse,with an estimated population of 4.5 million in 1831,it was the last major region of the Indian subcontinent to be annexed by the British Empire.
Maharani Jind Kaur was regent of the Sikh Empire from 1843 until 29 March 1847. After the Sikh Empire was dissolved on 29 March 1847 the Sikhs claimed her as the Maharani and successor of Maharaja Duleep Singh. However,on the same day the British took full control and refused to accept the claims.
The Battle of Sobraon was fought on 10 February 1846,between the forces of the East India Company and the Sikh Khalsa Army,the army of the Sikh Empire of the Punjab. The Sikhs were completely defeated,making this the decisive battle of the First Anglo-Sikh War.
The Battle of Ferozeshah was fought on 21 December and 22 December 1845 between the British East India Company and the Sikh Empire,at the village of Ferozeshah in Punjab. The British were led by Sir Hugh Gough and Governor-General Sir Henry Hardinge,while the Sikhs were led by Lal Singh. The British emerged victorious.
Maharaja Gulab Singh Jamwal (1792–1857) was the founder of Dogra dynasty and the first Maharaja of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir,which was a part of Panjab and Sikh Empire became the largest princely state under the British Raj,which was created after the defeat of the Sikh Empire in the First Anglo-Sikh War. During the war,Gulab Singh would later side with the British and end up becoming the Prime Minister of Sikh Empire. The Treaty of Amritsar (1846) formalised the transfer of all the lands in Kashmir that were ceded to them by the Sikhs by the Treaty of Lahore.
Flashman and the Mountain of Light is a 1990 novel by George MacDonald Fraser. It is the ninth of the Flashman novels.
The Treaty of Lahore of 9 March 1846 was a peace-treaty marking the end of the First Anglo-Sikh War. The treaty was concluded,for the British,by the Governor-General Sir Henry Hardinge and two officers of the East India Company and,for the Sikhs,by the seven-year-old Maharaja Duleep Singh and seven members of Hazara,the territory to the south of the river Sutlej and the forts and territory in the Jalandhar Doab between the rivers Sutlej and Beas. In addition,controls were placed on the size of the Lahore army and thirty-six field guns were confiscated. The control of the rivers Sutlej and Beas and part of the Indus passed to the British,with the Provision that this was not to interfere with the passage of passenger boats owned by the Lahore Government. Also,provision was made for the separate sale of all the hilly regions between River Beas and Indus,including Kashmir,by the East India Company at a later date to Gulab Singh,the Raja of Jammu.
The Dogra dynasty of Dogra Rajputs from the Shivalik hills created Jammu and Kashmir when all dynastic kingdoms in India were being absorbed by the East India Company. Events led the Sikh Empire to recognise Jammu as a vassal state in 1820,and later the British added Kashmir to Jammu with the Treaty of Amritsar in 1846. The founder of the dynasty,Gulab Singh,was an influential noble in the court of the Sikh emperor Maharaja Ranjit Singh,while his brother Dhian Singh served as the prime minister of the Sikh Empire. Appointed by Ranjit Singh as the hereditary Raja of the Jammu principality,Gulab Singh established his supremacy over all the hill states surrounding the Kashmir Valley. After the First Anglo-Sikh War in 1846,under the terms of the Treaty of Lahore,1846,the Government of India acquired Kashmir from the Sikh Empire and transferred it to Gulab Singh,recognising him as an independent Maharaja. Thus,Jammu and Kashmir was established as one of the largest princely states in India,receiving a 21-gun salute for its Maharaja in 1921. It was ruled by Gulab Singh and his descendants till 1947.
Sir Frederick Currie,1st Baronet was a British diplomat,who had a career in the British East India Company and the Indian Civil Service. His posts included Foreign Secretary to the Government of India,Member of the Supreme Council of India,Resident at Lahore and Chairman of the East India Company.
Sham Singh Attariwala was a general of the Sikh Empire.
Kunwar Pashaura Singh (1821 –11 September 1845),also spelt Peshawara Singh,sometimes styled as Shahzada,was the younger son of Maharaja Ranjit Singh and Rani Daya Kaur.
Tej Singh was a Sikh commander in the Sikh Empire. He was appointed as Commander in chief of the Sikh Khalsa Army during the First Anglo-Sikh War.
The Battle of Baddowal,known by locals as Angauli Jetu Jang,was an attack on 21 January 1846 by troops of the Sikh Empire on a contingent of the British East India Company near Ludhiana in the present-day state of Punjab,India. The battle ended with a Sikh victory.
Raja Dhian Singh was the longest serving wazir of the Sikh Empire,during the reign of Maharajah Ranjit Singh,and four of his successors. He held the office for twenty five years,from 1818 till his assassination. Dhian Singh was a brother of Raja Gulab Singh of Jammu,who later founded the Dogra dynasty when he became Maharaja of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir under the British Raj. Another brother Suchet Singh also served the empire. The three brothers were collectively known as the "Dogra brothers" in the Sikh empire,based on their ethnicity.
Jawahar Singh Aulakh,also anglicised as Jawaheer Singh or Jawahir Singh,was Wazir of the Sikh Empire from 14 May 1845 until his assassination by the Sikh Khalsa Army on 21 September of the same year,under his nephew Maharaja Duleep Singh. He was the elder brother of Jind Kaur,Duleep's mother.
François Henri Mouton was a French Army officer. In his early career he served in the Garde du Corps and the Spahis,reaching the rank of captain before being placed on half-pay in 1838.
Nanaki Kaur Atariwala (1823-1856) was the queen consort of Maharaja Nau Nihal Singh,the third Maharaja of the Sikh Empire. She was the daughter of the legendary general Sham Singh Atariwala.
Shaikh Imam-ud-Din (1819–1859) was the last Muslim governor of Kashmir in 1845–1846 prior to the establishment of Dogra dynasty. He was de-facto independent between 9 March and 25 October 1846,and resisted the Dogra occupation of Kashmir Valley which had been ceded by the British East India Company to Gulab Singh in accordance with the treaty of Amritsar. Upon British intervention and subsequent invasion,he was overwhelmed and surrendered to the British forces on 1 November 1846,and Kashmir Valley became part of Jammu and Kashmir.
