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Khalsa Darbar records, also known as Lahore Darbar records, refers to the official government documents produced by the Sikh Empire's administration in India and Pakistan (which was referred to as the Khalsa Darbar or Lahore Darbar). [1] [2] [3] The records cover various aspects of the state, such as civil, military, and revenue administration. [4]
The extant records covers the years 1811–1849 (Samvat 1868 to Chet 1906 B.S.), covering a period of 38 years, though the Pakistani government claims to possess records dating earlier to 1804. [4] [3]
Much of the extant Khalsa Darbar records relate to the economic/financial management system of the Sikh Empire. [2] The economic-related records can be divided into four categories. [2] Some of the records relate to correspondences and treaties between the British East India Company and the Sikh Empire. [5]
The Daftar-i-Fauj records relate to the army. [2] [4] This category of records consists of pay-rolls of the cavalry, infantry, and artillery of the Sikh Empire's military forces, from which information can be deduced about the composition and strength of it. [4] Even the salaries of blacksmiths and beldars attached to the military are noted in the records. [4] Conclusions can also be made about the caste-background of the military and the dominance of various castes. [4] For example, until 1813 the military was mainly composed of Hindustanis, Gurkhas, and Afghans, with Jat Sikhs being a smaller element. [4] After 1818, Punjabi Hindus, Sikhs, and Muslims became predominant in the Sikh Empire's military. [4] It is important to note that membership of the Sikh military was not restricted to any particular caste or class. [4] The records also reveal the names generals, colonels, and commandants of the Sikh military forces. [4] The records reveal that in 1811, the Sikh Empire's military consisted of 2,852 infantry and 1,209 artillery. [4] By 1845, these figures had risen to 70,721 total, with 53, 962 infantry, 6,235 cavalry and 10,524 artillery. [4] The infantry and cavalry was 60 percent composed of Sikhs, 20 percent Muslims, and 20 percent Hindu. [4] The artillery regiments were dominated by Muslims, with some being commanded by European officers. [4] The total military expenditure amounted to 12,796,482 rupees, which was around a third of the annual revenue of the empire. [4] The records note the date of transfers from one military unit to another, and removals by death, desertion, or dismissal. [4] The pay-roll records and the jama' kharch (income and expenditure) records reveal the expenditures for the three branches of the military but also notes the income from rents of shops in regimental bazaars, revenue earned from selling the property of men dying without heirs, and a return of the in'ams or awards bestowed upon infantry officers on the occasions of Dussehra and Diwali. [4]
| Position | Monthly salary range (in rupees) |
|---|---|
| Commandant | 60–150 rupees |
| Adjutant | 30–60 rupees |
| Major | 21–25 rupees |
| Subedar | 20–30 rupees |
| Jemadar | 15–22 rupees |
| Havildar | 13–15 rupees |
| Naik | 10–12 rupees |
| Sergeant | 8–12 rupees |
| Sepoy | 7–8 rupees |
The Daftar-i-Mal records relate to the revenue department. [2] [4] They can be further subdivided into three sub-categories: [4]
The Sikh system of collecting revenue and maintaining accounts was well-developed, including the royal expenditures. [4] From these records, information can be obtained regarding the reorganization of administrative sub-divisions of the polity, namely the taluqas , detailing the districts and their subdivisions. [4] Within each taluqa of the Sikh Empire, a general summary settlement was produced, recording the total area of cultivable land and the liabilities and rights of the landlords over the paying tenants. [4] The names of the kardars (governors) of the administrative divisions are noted, as well as the per annum state revenue from various sources. [4]
The Daftar-i-Toshakhana records relate to the royal wardrobe and the maharajas' privy purse. [2] [4] Inventories of confiscated properties and treasures are recorded in them. [4] Corrupt officials had their immorally obtained wealth taken away from them. [4]
The Jagirat records relate to the jagirs ' accounts. [2] [4] Jagirs of various kinds were bestowed upon or assigned to civil and military officers but also religious figures and shrines. [4] Many of the extant Khalsa Darbar records are in the form of dharmarth (charity) grants. [5]
The Khalsa Darbar records were written in Persian (Farsi). [2] The fact they were written in Persian makes them difficult to decipher in the present-age. [2] An additional difficulty is that they were written in a form of Persian fast-running-hand known as shikasta. [6] There are also limited "incursions" of Gurmukhi in the records. [7] The documents were written in Persian as the Sikh Empire was a highly Persinate entity, showing aspects of continuity but also change in the tradition of administrative writing. [7]
Much of the collections of the Khalsa Darbar records were catalogued and published by Sita Ram Kohli in two volumes in 1919 and 1927, respectively. [2] [6] Sita Ram Kohli studied 300,000 Khalsa Darbar records, from between the years 1811–1849, that were tied-up with red-cloth in bundles at the Tomb of Anarkali in Lahore. [6] His published catalogues of these records includes the name of the department, date, and a brief reference to the subject-matter in each case. [6] The first volume of Catalogue of Khalsa Darbar Records by Sita Ram Kohli was published in 1919 and sums-up the records of the military department ( Daftar-i-Fauj ). [6] The second volume, published later in 1927, covers the revenue records. [6]
After the annexation of the Sikh Empire in 1849, the vast corpuses of Khalsa Darbar records fell into the possession of the British. [4] They were relegated to the storage of the vernacular office in the Civil Secretariat in Lahore. [4] The records remained there untouched until Michael O'Dwyer, the Lieutenant-Governor (1912–19), initiated a project to arrange and classify the records, which was led by Sita Ram Kohli. [4] Kohli spent four years ordering the records. [4] The records consisted of 129 bundles, with some bundles containing several thousand of sheets each. [4] The individual record sheets are composed out of Kashmiri or Sialkoti paper, with the dimensions of the sheets generally being 5"x7.5". [4] A supplement to the record bundles are fifteen manuscripts that are bound in leather, which are copies of the orders issued to various government officials and the sizable correspondence between the Lahore Darbar and the Ambala and Ludhiana political agencies of the British. [4]
Around 100,000 Khalsa Darbar records are kept in the collection of the Punjab Archives in Lahore. [2] [7] [8] Khalsa Darbar records dating back to 1804 are kept in the Historical Record Office (Anarkali Tomb), with a Microfilming Unit included. [3] The Punjab Archives has in its collection the Akhbar Darbar-e-Lahore, produced between 1835 and 1849, which were the written accounts of the daily court proceedings of the Sikh Empire. [8] Individual documents are on-display in the museum's general gallery. [7] Pakistani scholar Khizar Jawad is currently working on a project to catalogue and translate all of the Khalsa Darbar records kept at the Lahore Museum. [9]
Some records are kept in the Fakir Khana Museum. [7]
After 1947, some of the Khalsa Darbar records were shifted from Lahore to Shimla (then part of East Punjab). [4] In 1959, the records were moved to the Punjab Stale Archives in Patiala. [4] In 1984, they were moved to the Archives Cell of Ram Bagh, Amritsar. [4] The West Bengal State Archives has some Khalsa Darbar records in its collection. [10]
The British Library has a collection of Persian manuscripts from the darbar (court) of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. [2]
Some of the Khalsa Darbar records kept in the Lahore Museum have been digitized. [7] The Panjab Digital Library has digitized some of the records. [1] [10] An Indian project being carried out by Panjab Digital Library to digitize two million records held in the Punjab state archives department, including 2,500 bound volumes of Khalsa Darbar records, was reported to have stalled in April 2016 due to a lack of funds (the records have already been microfilmed). [11]
Ranjit Singh was the founder and first maharaja of the Sikh Empire, ruling from 1801 until his death in 1839. He ruled the northwest Indian subcontinent in the early half of the 19th century. He survived smallpox in infancy but lost sight in his left eye. He fought his first battle alongside his father at age 10.
The second Anglo-Sikh war was a military conflict between the Sikh Empire and the East India Company which took place from 1848 to 1849. It resulted in the fall of the Sikh Empire, and the annexation of the Punjab and what subsequently became the North-West Frontier Province, by the East India Company.
Diwan Dina Nath (1795—1857) was an official of the durbar of the Sikh Empire who served as the privy seal and finance minister in the court of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. He was conferred the title of Raja in 1847, eight years after the death of Ranjit Singh. Following the British victory in the First Sikh War, Dina Nath was made a member of the Council of Regency under the authority of the Governor-General of the East India Company. The British conferred the title of 'Raja' on him, hoping to make him an ally. He was one of six signatories to the 1849 Treaty of Lahore, which agreed to the surrender of "The Gem called the Koh-i-noor" by the Maharaja of Lahore, the ten-year-old Dalip Singh, to the Queen of England. The signatories, on behalf of the minor Dalip Singh, endorsed the treaty in return for being permitted to retain their jagirs.
Udasis, also spelt as Udasins, also known as Nanak Putras, are a religious sect of ascetic sadhus centred in northern India who follow a tradition known as Udasipanth. Becoming custodians of Sikh shrines in the 18th century, they were notable interpreters and spreaders of the Sikh philosophy during that time. However, their religious practices border on a syncretism of Sikhism and Hinduism, and they did not conform to the Khalsa standards as ordained by Guru Gobind Singh. When the Lahore Singh Sabha reformers, dominated by Tat Khalsa Sikhs, would hold them responsible for indulging in ritual practices antithetical to Sikhism, as well as personal vices and corruption, the Udasi mahants were expelled from the Sikh shrines.
The Sikh Empire was a regional power based in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent. It existed from 1799, when Maharaja Ranjit Singh captured Lahore, to 1849, when it was defeated and conquered by the British East India Company in the Second Anglo-Sikh War. It was forged on the foundations of the Khalsa from a collection of autonomous misls. At its peak in the 19th century, the empire extended from Gilgit and Tibet in the north to the deserts of Sindh in the south and from the Khyber Pass in the west to the Sutlej in the east as far as Oudh. It was divided into four provinces: Lahore, which became the Sikh capital; Multan; Peshawar; and Kashmir from 1799 to 1849. Religiously diverse, with an estimated population of 4.5 million in 1831, it was the last major region of the Indian subcontinent to be annexed by the British Empire.
The Punjab Province was a province of British India. Most of the Punjab region was annexed by the British East India Company on 29 March 1849; it was one of the last areas of the Indian subcontinent to fall under British control. In 1858, the Punjab, along with the rest of British India, came under the rule of the British Crown. It had a land area of 358,355 square kilometers.
Dal Khalsa was the name of the combined military forces of 11 Sikh misls that operated in the 18th century (1748–1799) in the Punjab region. It was established by Nawab Kapur Singh in late 1740s.
Maharaja Gulab Singh Jamwal (1792–1857) was the founder of Dogra dynasty and the first Maharaja of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, which was a part of Sikh Empire became the largest princely state under the British Raj, which was created after the defeat of the Sikh Empire in the First Anglo-Sikh War. During the war, Gulab Singh would later side with the British and end up becoming the Prime Minister of Sikh Empire. The Treaty of Amritsar (1846) formalised the transfer of all the lands in Kashmir that were ceded to them by the Sikhs by the Treaty of Lahore.
Majha is a region located in the central parts of the historical Punjab region, currently split between the republics of India and Pakistan. It extends north from the right banks of the river Beas, and reaches as far north as the river Jhelum. People of the Majha region are given the demonym "Mājhī" or "Majhail". Most inhabitants of the region speak the Majhi dialect, which is the basis of the standard register of the Punjabi language. The most populous city in the area is Lahore on the Pakistani side, and Amritsar on the Indian side of the border.
Guru Nanak founded the Sikh religion in the Punjab region of the northern part of the Indian subcontinent in the 15th century and opposed many traditional practices like fasting, Upanayana, idolatry, caste system, ascetism, azan, economic materialism, and gender discrimination.
Zorawar Singh was a military general of the Dogra Rajput ruler, Gulab Singh, who served as the Raja of Jammu under the Sikh Empire. He served as the governor (wazir-e-wazarat) of Kishtwar and extended the territories of the kingdom by conquering Ladakh and Baltistan. He also boldly attempted the conquest of Western Tibet but was killed in battle of To-yo during the Dogra-Tibetan war. In reference to his legacy of conquests in the Himalaya Mountains including Ladakh, Tibet, Baltistan and Skardu as General and Wazir, Zorowar Singh has been referred to as the "Napoleon of India", and "Conqueror of Ladakh".
The Sikh Khalsa Army, also known as Khalsaji or simply Sikh Army, was the military force of the Sikh Empire. With its roots in the Khalsa founded by Guru Gobind Singh, the army was later modernised on Franco-British principles by Maharaja Ranjit Singh. It was divided in three wings: the Fauj-i-Khas (elites), Fauj-i-Ain and Fauj-i-Be Qawaid (irregulars). Due to the lifelong efforts of the Maharaja and his European officers, it gradually became a prominent fighting force of Asia. Ranjit Singh changed and improved the training and organisation of his army. He reorganized responsibility and set performance standards in logistical efficiency in troop deployment, manoeuvre, and marksmanship. He reformed the staffing to emphasize steady fire over cavalry and guerrilla warfare, improved the equipment and methods of war. The military system of Ranjit Singh combined the best of both old and new ideas. He strengthened the infantry and the artillery. He paid the members of the standing army from treasury, instead of the Mughal method of paying an army with local feudal levies.
Chhota Ghallughara was a massacre of a significant proportion of the Sikh population by the Mughal Empire in 1746. The Mughal Army killed an estimated 7,000 Sikhs in these attacks while an additional 3,000 Sikhs were taken captive. Chhōtā Ghallūghārā is distinguished from the Vaddā Ghallūghārā, the greater massacre of 1762.
Sham Singh Attariwala was a general of the Sikh Empire.
The Singh Sabhā Movement, also known as the Singh Sabhā Lehar, was a Sikh movement that began in Punjab in the 1870s in reaction to the proselytising activities of Christians, Hindu reform movements and Muslims. The movement was founded in an era when the Sikh Empire had been dissolved and annexed by the British, the Khalsa had lost its prestige, and mainstream Sikhs were rapidly converting to other religions. The movement's aims were to "propagate the true Sikh religion and restore Sikhism to its pristine glory; to write and distribute historical and religious books of Sikhs; and to propagate Gurmukhi Punjabi through magazines and media." The movement sought to reform Sikhism and bring back into the Sikh fold the apostates who had converted to other religions; as well as to interest the influential British officials in furthering the Sikh community. At the time of its founding, the Singh Sabha policy was to avoid criticism of other religions and political matters.
The Afghan–Sikh wars spanned from 1748 to 1837 in the Indian subcontinent, and saw multiple phases of fighting between the Durrani Empire and the Sikh Empire, mainly in and around Punjab region. The conflict's origins stemmed from the days of the Dal Khalsa, and continued after the Emirate of Kabul succeeded the Durrani Empire.
Namdhari Guru Ram Singh is known to the Namdhari sect of Sikhism as the twelfth guru, whilst for mainstream Sikhs such as Damdami Taksal and Nihangs, he is regarded as a 'Saint' and not a Guru. He is credited as being the first Indian to use non-cooperation and boycott of British goods and services as a political tool. He was exiled to Rangoon, Burma (Myanmar) by the British colonial government of India on 18 January 1872. In 2016, the Government of India officially decided to commemorate the 200th anniversary of Ram Singh.
Zafarnamah Ranjit Singh is a chronicle of the victories of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, written by Diwan Amar Nath.
The Punjab Archives is a repository of the non-current historical and cultural records of South Asia, located in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. It was established in 1924 under British Punjab and is currently under the jurisdiction of the Government of Punjab, Pakistan.
In 1822, after Maharaja Ranjit Singh gave employment to the European mercenaries, the Fauj-i-Ain divided unequally into the Kampu-i-mu'alla and the Fauj-i-Khas. Of the two, the Kampu-i-mu'alla was the larger trained division of the Sikh Khalsa Army comprising infantry, cavalry and artillery, but principally the infantry and artillery. The men enrolled in the Kampu-i-mu'alla wore uniforms and received a salary from the royal treasury.