Leucocoprinus biornatus

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Leucocoprinus biornatus
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Agaricaceae
Genus: Leucocoprinus
Species:
L. biornatus
Binomial name
Leucocoprinus biornatus
(Berk & Broome) Locq. (1945)
Synonyms

Agaricus biornatus Berk & Broome (1871)
Lepiota biornata Sacc (1887)
Mastocephalus biornatus Kuntze (1891)
Leucocoprinus badhamii subsp. biornatus Locq. (1945)
Lepiota badhamii var. biornata Kühner & Romagn. (1953)
Leucoagaricus bresadolae var. biornatus Bon (1977)

Contents

Leucocoprinus biornatus
Information icon.svg
Gills icon.png Gills on hymenium
Campanulate cap icon.svgConvex cap icon.svg Cap is campanulate or convex
Free gills icon2.svg Hymenium is free
Ring stipe icon.svg Stipe has a ring
Transparent spore print icon.svg
Transparent spore print icon.svg
Spore print is white to cream
Saprotrophic fungus.svgEcology is saprotrophic
Mycomorphbox Question.pngEdibility is unknown

Leucocoprinus biornatus is a species of mushroom producing fungus in the family Agaricaceae. [1] [2]

Taxonomy

It was first described in 1871 by the British mycologists Miles Joseph Berkeley & Christopher Edmund Broome who classified it as Agaricus biornatus. [3]

In 1887 it was classified as Lepiota biornata by the Italian botanist and mycologist Pier Andrea Saccardo [4] and then as Mastocephalus biornatus in 1891 by the German botanist Otto Kunze, [5] however Kunze's Mastocephalus genus, along with most of 'Revisio generum plantarum' was not widely accepted by the scientific community of the age so it remained a Lepiota.

In 1945 it was reclassified as Leucocoprinus biornatus by the French mycologist Marcel Locquin [6] who also classified the subspecies Leucocoprinus badhamii subsp. biornatus in the same year. [7] This is now considered a synonym.

Description

Leucocoprinus biornatus is a small dapperling mushroom with white flesh that may tinge yellow, pinkish or brown.

Cap: 8–10 cm wide with brittle flesh. White and silky but discolouring pinkish with age. Conical when young expanding to convex or campanulate (bell shaped) and becoming irregularly shaped with age but with a persistent umbo throughout. It is covered in light brown woolly scales (floccose or squamulose) which become a darker brown or reddish with age. The cap edges are striated and start white but become pinkish and then brown when bruised or as it matures. Stem: 5–15 cm tall and 2-2.5 cm thick with a bulging centre (fusiform) and slightly bulbous base. White and silky on the outside with white internal flesh that begins solid but hollows with age. The membranous, ascending stem ring is white but bordered by brownish mottled edges. The base is scaly and discolours slightly yellow and then pink or brown with age or with damage. Gills: Free and crowded, swollen in the middle and whitish but turning yellowish with age. The edges are crenelated and tinged brown. Orange-brown or dark red-brown staining is visible when damaged. Spore print: Creamy white. Spores: Elliptical or globose. 10 x 8 μm. Smell: Unpleasantly pungent, acidic and noxious. Taste: Unpleasant flavour similar to that of Lepiota species. [7] [5] [6] [3]

When dry the stem and cap develop a pink or reddish colour. [7]

Habitat and distribution

L. biornatus is scarcely recorded and little known. Berkeley and Broome only say that the specimens studied were found on the ground in Peradeniya, Sri Lanka (then known as Ceylon) in 1868. The majority of the observations documented in their paper (which provide a location) were made there so it is possible that they were in or around the vicinity of the Royal Botanical Gardens, Peradeniya, [8] which were founded in 1843. [9] In their introduction to 'On the Fungi of Ceylon' it is remarked how closely the agarics documented resembled those of species found in Britain.

The specimens studied by Locquin were found growing in clusters (cespitose) or individually on soil in Lyon, France in September 1944. [7]

In 1883 the English botanist and mycologist Mordecai Cubitt Cooke produced illustrations of Agaricus (Lepiota) biornatus in his book entitled 'Illustrations of British Fungi'. The mushrooms were described as growing in 'hot-beds and stoves'. [10] A stove or stovehouse was the common term used at the time to refer to a heated greenhouse, [11] since they were often warmed via the exhaust flue of a wood stove to enable the growing of exotic tropical plants which could not otherwise survive the cold temperatures of Britain. [12]

M.C.Cooke's illustration, 1881 - 1891 Illustrations of British Fungi (Hymenomycetes), to serve as an atlas to the "Handbook of British Fungi" (Pl. 27) (8163902066).jpg
M.C.Cooke's illustration, 1881 - 1891

Related Research Articles

<i>Leucocoprinus birnbaumii</i> Species of fungus

Leucocoprinus birnbaumii, commonly known as the flower pot parasol, yellow parasol, flowerpot parasol, or plantpot dapperling, is a species of gilled mushroom in the family Agaricaceae. It is common in the tropics and subtropics. However, in temperate regions, it frequently occurs in greenhouses and flowerpots, hence its common names of flowerpot parasol and plantpot dapperling. It is considered to be toxic if consumed.

<i>Leucocoprinus cepistipes</i> Species of fungus

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<i>Leucocoprinus brebissonii</i> Species of fungus

Leucocoprinus brebissonii is a species of mushroom producing fungus in the family Agaricaceae. It is commonly called the skullcap dapperling due to its distinctive pattern on the cap. This mushroom was only thought to be found in Europe but it has since been observed in the Pacific Northwest and may also be found in Asia.

<i>Leucocoprinus fragilissimus</i> Species of fungus

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<i>Leucocoprinus cretaceus</i> Species of fungus

Leucocoprinus cretaceus is a species of mushroom producing fungus in the family Agaricaceae. It is likely tropical in origin although it was first documented in Europe where it was often found growing in greenhouses and bark beds. However many early observations conflate this species with Leucocoprinus birnbaumii or Leucocoprinus cepistipes despite sharing only some superficial similarities. This fungus is quite versatile even for a saprotroph and is often found growing in clusters on woodchips, sawdust and compost heaps as well as directly from the ground or on trees. It may also appear in plant pots and greenhouses in colder countries in which it is not well equipped to survive outside.

<i>Leucoagaricus badhamii</i> Species of fungus

Leucoagaricus badhamii is a species of fungus in the family Agaricaceae and genus Leucoagaricus. The flesh of this mushroom turns blood red when cut or bruised, hence its common name of blushing dapperling. These damaged areas may eventually turn brown or black and likewise the mushroom may discolour brown or black with age. All parts of the flesh display red staining aiding in identification.

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<i>Leucoagaricus meleagris</i> Species of fungus

Leucoagaricus meleagris is a species of fungus in the family Agaricaceae.

Leucocoprinus brunnescens is a species of mushroom producing fungus in the family Agaricaceae.

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Leucocoprinus wynneae is a species of mushroom producing fungus in the family Agaricaceae.

Leucocoprinus muticolor is a species of mushroom producing fungus in the family Agaricaceae.

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<i>Macrolepiota zeyheri</i> Species of fungus

Macrolepiota zeyheri is a species of mushroom producing fungus in the family Agaricaceae. In the Kilendu dialect it is known as djilo and in the Kilur dialect it is called n'volo mighom.

Leucocoprinus tenellus is a species of mushroom producing fungus in the family Agaricaceae.

Leucocoprinus magnusianus is a species of mushroom producing fungus in the family Agaricaceae.

Leucocoprinus viridiflavus is a species of mushroom producing fungus in the family Agaricaceae. It may also be known as Leucoagaricus viridiflavus.

Leucocoprinus inflatus is a species of mushroom producing fungus in the family Agaricaceae.

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References

  1. "Species fungorum - Leucocoprinus biornatus (Berk. & Broome) Locq., Bull. mens. Soc. linn. Soc. Bot. Lyon 14: 92 (1945)". www.speciesfungorum.org. Retrieved 2022-07-19.
  2. "Mycobank Database - Leucocoprinus biornatus".
  3. 1 2 Berkeley, M. J.; Broome, C. E. (1871). "On the Fungi of Ceylon". The Journal of the Linnean Society. Botany. London : the Society: Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts & Green. 11: 502.
  4. Saccardo, P. A.; Traverso, G. B.; Trotter, A. (1887). "Agaricineae, Leucosporse, Lepiota". Sylloge fungorum omnium hucusque cognitorum. Vol. 5. Patavii: sumptibus auctoris. p. 54.
  5. 1 2 Kuntze, Otto (1891). Revisio generum plantarum:vascularium omnium atque cellularium multarum secundum leges nomenclaturae internationales cum enumeratione plantarum exoticarum in itinere mundi collectarum ... Vol. 2. Leipzig: A. Felix [etc.] p. 859.
  6. 1 2 Locquin, Marcel (1945). "Notes sur les Lépiotes II (suite)". Publications de la Société Linnéenne de Lyon. 14 (5): 92. doi:10.3406/linly.1945.13215.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Locquin, Marcel (1945). "Notes sur les Lépiotes II" (PDF). Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Lyon. 14: 47. doi:10.3406/linly.1945.9863.
  8. Linnean Society of London.; London, Linnean Society of (1871). The Journal of the Linnean Society. Botany. Vol. 11. London : the Society: Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts & Green. pp. 499–500.
  9. "Royal Botanic Gardens". Botanic Gardens Conservations International - tools.bgci.org. Retrieved 2022-07-29.
  10. Cooke, M. C.; Cooke, M. C. (1881–1891). Illustrations of British Fungi (Hymenomycetes), to serve as an atlas to the "Handbook of British Fungi". Vol. 1. London: Williams and Norgate.
  11. "stovehouse", Wiktionary, 2019-03-19, retrieved 2022-07-29
  12. Rowe, Anne (2007). Hertfordshire Garden History: A Miscellany. Univ of Hertfordshire Press. ISBN   978-1-905313-38-9.