Leucosolenida

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Leucosolenida
Haeckel Calcispongiae Grantia compressa.jpg
Grantia compressa (Grantiidae)
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Porifera
Class: Calcarea
Subclass: Calcaronea
Order: Leucosolenida
Hartman, 1958
Families

See text.

Leucosolenida is an order of sponges in the class Calcarea and the subclass Calcaronea. [1] Species in Leucosolenida are calcareous, with a skeleton composed exclusively of free spicules without calcified non-spicular reinforcements. [2] [3]

According to Systema Porifera (2002), Lucosolenida contains 9 families, ranging from fully asconoid forms (Leucosoleniidae) to fully leuconoid forms. These body plans are on a continuum based on an increasingly complex skeletal system and compartmentalized choanocytes. [3] A few sources (such as the Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology , 2004) place non-asconoid families into a separate order, Sycettida. [4] Leucosolenids have a poor fossil record, with only a few ambiguous grantiid fossils reported from the Jurassic and Carboniferous. [4]

Families

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Calcareous sponge</span> Class of marine sponges of the phylum Porifera which have spicules of calcium carbonate

The calcareoussponges are members of the animal phylum Porifera, the cellular sponges. They are characterized by spicules made of calcium carbonate, in the form of high-magnesium calcite or aragonite. While the spicules in most species are triradiate, some species may possess two- or four-pointed spicules. Unlike other sponges, calcareans lack microscleres, tiny spicules which reinforce the flesh. In addition, their spicules develop from the outside-in, mineralizing within a hollow organic sheath.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Demosponge</span> Class of sponges

Demosponges (Demospongiae) are the most diverse class in the phylum Porifera. They include greater than 90% of all species of sponges with nearly 8,800 species worldwide. They are sponges with a soft body that covers a hard, often massive skeleton made of calcium carbonate, either aragonite or calcite. They are predominantly leuconoid in structure. Their "skeletons" are made of spicules consisting of fibers of the protein spongin, the mineral silica, or both. Where spicules of silica are present, they have a different shape from those in the otherwise similar glass sponges. Some species, in particular from the Antarctic, obtain the silica for spicule building from the ingestion of siliceous diatoms.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Minchinellidae</span> Order of sponges

Minchinellidae is a family of calcareous sponges, members of the class Calcarea. It is the only family in the monotypic order Lithonida. The families Petrobionidae and Lepidoleuconidae have also sometimes been placed within Lithonida, though more recently they have been moved to the order Baerida. Thanks to their hypercalcified structure, minchinellids have a fossil record reaching as far back as the Jurassic Period.

Baerida is an order of sea sponges in the subclass of Calcaronea, first described in 2000 by Radovan Borojevic, Nicole Boury-Esnault and Jean Vacelet. Baerida contains four families; two of these families were formerly placed within the order Lithonida.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hexasterophora</span> Subclass of Hexactinellid sponges

Hexasterophora are a subclass of glass sponges in the class Hexactinellida. Most living hexasterophorans can be divided into three orders: Lyssacinosida, Lychniscosida, and Sceptrulophora. Like other glass sponges, hexasterophorans have skeletons composed of overlapping six-rayed spicules. In addition, they can be characterized by the presence of hexasters, a type of microsclere with six rays unfurling into multi-branched structures.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lyssacinosida</span> Order of sponges

Lyssacinosida is an order of glass sponges (Hexactinellida) belonging to the subclass Hexasterophora. These sponges can be recognized by their parenchymal spicules usually being unconnected, unlike in other sponges in the subclass where the spicules form a more or less tightly connected skeleton. Lyssacine sponges have existed since the Upper Ordovician, and three families are still alive today. The Venus' flower basket is one of the most well-known and culturally significant of the glass sponges.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sponge spicule</span> Structural element of sea sponges

Spicules are structural elements found in most sponges. The meshing of many spicules serves as the sponge's skeleton and thus it provides structural support and potentially defense against predators.

Ascute asconoides is a species of calcareous sponge found in Australia.

Ascute uteoides is a species of calcareous sponge found in Australia.

Heteractinida is an extinct grade of Paleozoic (Cambrian–Permian) sponges, sometimes used as a class or order. They are most commonly considered paraphyletic with respect to Calcarea, though some studies instead argue that they are paraphyletic relative to Hexactinellida. Heteractinids can be distinguished by their six-pronged (snowflake-shaped) spicules, whose symmetry historically suggested a relationship with the triradial calcarean sponges.

Baeriidae is a family of calcareous sponges in the class Calcarea. It was named by Borojevic, Boury-Esnault, and Vacelet in 2000. The type genus is BaeriaMiklucho-Maclay, 1870, by original designation, though Baeria is now considered a junior synonym of LeuconiaGrant, 1833.

Trichogypsiidae is a family of sponges in the class Calcarea.

<i>Soleneiscus</i> Genus of sponges

Soleneiscus is a genus of calcareous sponges in the family Dendyidae.

<i>Leuclathrina</i> Genus of sponges

Leuclathrina is a genus of sponges belonging to the family Dendyidae. Species are found in the northeast Atlantic and in the Indian Ocean.

<i>Leucettusa</i> Genus of sponges

Leucettusa is a genus of sponges belonging to the family Leucaltidae. The species of this genus are mostly known from the Arctic and Antarctic, New Zealand and Southwest Australia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coelosphaeridae</span> Genus of sponges

Coelosphaeridae is a family of sponges belonging to the order Poecilosclerida. Species are found across the globe.

Lychniscosida is an order of sponges belonging to the class Hexactinellida and subclass Hexasterophora. They are dictyonal sponges characterized by the presence of additional struts at the nodes of the skeleton. These struts create octahedral frames, known as lychniscs ("lanterns").

<i>Acarnus</i> Genus of sponges

Acarnus is a genus of sponges belonging to the family Acarnidae. The genus has almost cosmopolitan distribution.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stellispongiida</span> Order of sponges

Stellispongiida is an order of calcareous sponges, most or all of which are extinct. Stellispongiids are one of several unrelated sponge groups described as "inozoans", a name referring to sponges with a hypermineralized calcitic skeleton independent from their spicules. Stellispongiids have a solid skeleton encasing calcite spicules arranged in trabeculae. "Inozoans" and the similar "sphinctozoans" were historically grouped together in the polyphyletic order Pharetronida.

References

  1. 1 2 "WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Leucosolenida". www.marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2019-03-17.
  2. 1 2 Borojevic, Radovan; Boury-Esnault, Nicole; Vacelet, Jean (2000). "A revision of the supraspecific classification of the subclass Calcaronea (Porifera, class Calcarea)" (PDF). Zoosystematica. 22 (2): 203–263.
  3. 1 2 Borojevic, Radovan; Boury-Esnault, Nicole; Manuel, Michaël; Vacelet, Jean (2002), Hooper, John N. A.; Van Soest, Rob W. M.; Willenz, Philippe (eds.), "Order Leucosolenida Hartman, 1958", Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 1157–1184, doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-0747-5_120, ISBN   978-1-4615-0747-5 , retrieved 2023-04-28
  4. 1 2 Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology Part E, Revised. Porifera, Volume 3: Classes Demospongea, Hexactinellida, Heteractinida & Calcarea, xxxi + 872 p., 506 fig., 1 table, 2004, available here. ISBN   0-8137-3131-3.

http://species-identification.org/species.php?species_group=sponges&selected=beschrijving&menuentry=groepen&record=Leucosolenida