List of Indian Mutiny Victoria Cross recipients

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Map showing the Indian Princely states during the rebellion of 1857 Indian revolt of 1857 states map.svg
Map showing the Indian Princely states during the rebellion of 1857

The Victoria Cross (VC) was introduced in Great Britain on 29 January 1856 by Queen Victoria to reward acts of valour during the Crimean War. [1] For the Indian Mutiny (also known as India's First War of Independence, Revolt of 1857, or the Sepoy Mutiny) the VC was awarded to 182 members of the British Armed Forces, the Honourable East Indies Company (HEIC) and civilians under its command. The VC is the highest British honour and is awarded for valour "in the face of the enemy". Created in 1856 for the British Army and Royal Navy, eligibility was extended in 1857 to members of the HEIC and in 1858 to non-military personnel bearing arms as volunteers. [2]

Queen Victoria created the tradition of the British monarch presenting the VC to the recipient, personally presenting 74 of the 111 awards for the Crimean War. Many VCs for the Indian Mutiny were sent to India for presentation and while there is documentation for 42 presentations, the information on 51 presentations which were likely presented in India is vague and it not known if the medal was personally presented or received by post. There were 18 Indian Mutiny VCs sent to next of kin where the award was posthumous, or the recipient died before presentation. The Queen personally presented 63 Indian Mutiny awards after the recipients returned to the UK. [3]

The Indian Mutiny began as a mutiny of sepoys of British East India Company's army on 10 May 1857, in the town of Meerut. It soon erupted into other mutinies and civilian rebellions largely in the upper Gangetic plain and central India, with the major hostilities confined to present-day Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, northern Madhya Pradesh, and the Delhi region. [4] The rebellion posed a considerable threat to Company power in that region, [5] and it was contained only with the fall of Gwalior on 20 June 1858. [4] The rebellion proved to be an important watershed in Indian history; it led to the dissolution of the East India Company in 1858, and forced the British to reorganise the army, the financial system, and the administration in India. [6] India was thereafter governed directly from London—by the British government India Office and a cabinet level Secretary of State for India—in the new British Raj, a system of governance that lasted until 1947.

Indian troops were not originally eligible for the VC, because since 1837 they had been eligible for the Indian Order of Merit—the oldest British gallantry award for general issue. When the VC was created, Indian troops were still controlled by the Honourable East India Company, and did not come under Crown control until 1860. European officers and men serving with the Honourable East India Company were not eligible for the Indian Order of Merit; the VC was extended to cover them in October 1857. The first citations of the VC varied in the details of each action; some specify one date, some date ranges, some the name of the battle and others have both sets of information. The Indian Mutiny holds the record for the most VCs won in a single day; 24 on 16 November 1857, of which 23 were at the Second Relief of Lucknow and one was for an action south of Delhi. [7]

The original royal warrant did not address the question of posthumous awards, and a policy to avoid posthumous awards was adopted. Between the Indian Mutiny in 1857 and the beginning of the Second Boer War, the names of nine officers and men were published in the London Gazette with a memorandum stating they would have been awarded the Victoria Cross had they survived. A further three notices were published in the London Gazette in September 1900 and April 1901 for the Second Boer War. On 8 August 1902, as an exception to policy for the Second Boer War, a notice was published stating the Victoria Crosses were to be sent to next of kin of the three mentioned in the notices in 1900 and 1901. In the same notice the first official posthumous awards were announced. Five years later in 1907, the posthumous policy was reversed for earlier wars, and medals were sent to the next of kin of the six of nine officers and men whose names were mentioned in notices in the Gazette dating back to the Indian Mutiny. Prior to the reversal of policy It had been discovered that the crosses of three of the five Indian Mutiny memoranda names had been sent to next of kin shortly after the memoranda was gazetted. The Victoria Cross warrant was explicitly amended to allow posthumous awards in 1920, but one quarter of all awards for World War I were posthumous.. [8] [9]

Recipients

NameUnitDate of actionPlace of action
Henry Addison 43rd Regiment of Foot 2 January 1859 Kurrereah, India
Frederick Aikman 4th Bengal Native Infantry 1 March 1858 Amethi, India
Robert Aitken 13th Bengal Native Infantry 30 June 1857 to
22 November 1857 [10]
Lucknow, India
Charles Anderson 2nd Dragoon Guards 8 October 1858 Sundeela Oudh, India
Augustus Anson 84th Regiment of Foot 28 September 1857,
16 November 1857
Bolandshahr, India
Lucknow, India
Charles Baker Bengal Military Police Battalion 27 September 1858 Suhejnee, Near Peroo, India
Valentine Bambrick 60th Rifles 6 May 1858 Bareilly, India
William Bankes 7th Queen's Own Hussars 19 March 1858 Lucknow, India
James Blair 2nd Bombay Light Cavalry 12 August 1857,
23 October 1857
Neemuch, India
Jeerum, India
Robert Blair 2nd Dragoon Guards 28 September 1857 Bolandshahr, India
Andrew Bogle 78th Regiment of Foot 29 July 1857 Oonao, India
Abraham Boulger 84th Regiment of Foot 12 July 1857 to
25 September 1857 [11]
Lucknow, India
William Bradshaw 90th Regiment of Foot 26 September 1857 Lucknow, India
Joseph Brennan Royal Regiment of Artillery 3 April 1858 Jhansi, India
Francis Brown 1st Bengal European Fusiliers 16 November 1857 Narnoul, India
Sam Browne 46th Bengal Native Infantry 31 August 1858 Seerporah, India
John Buckley Commissariat Department 11 May 1857 Delhi, India
Thomas Butler 1st Bengal European Fusiliers 9 March 1858 Lucknow, India
James Byrne 86th Regiment of Foot 3 April 1858 Jhansi, India
Thomas Cadell 2nd Bengal European Fusiliers 12 June 1857 Delhi, India
William Cafe 56th Bengal Native Infantry 15 April 1858 Fort Ruhya, India
Aylmer Cameron 72nd Regiment of Foot 30 March 1858 Kotah, India
Patrick Carlin 13th Regiment of Foot 6 April 1858 Azumgurh, India
James Champion 8th King's Royal Irish Hussars 8 September 1858 Beejapore, India
George Chicken Naval Brigade 27 September 1858 Suhejnee, Near Peroo, India
Herbert Clogstoun 19th Madras Native Infantry 15 January 1859 Chichumbah, India
Hugh Cochrane 86th Regiment of Foot 1 April 1858 Jhansi, India
William Connolly Bengal Horse Artillery 7 July 1857 Jhelum, India
Walter Cook 42nd Regiment of Foot 15 January 1859 Maylah Ghat, India
Cornelius Coughlan 75th Regiment of Foot 8 June 1857 Delhi, India
Joseph Crowe 78th Regiment of Foot 12 August 1857 Boursekee Chowkee, India
William Cubitt 13th Bengal Native Infantry 30 June 1857 Chinhut, India
John Daunt 11th Bengal Native Infantry 2 October 1857 Ghota Behar, India
James Davis 42nd Regiment of Foot 15 April 1858 Fort Ruhya, India
Denis Dempsey 10th Regiment of Foot 12 August 1857,
14 March 1858
Lucknow, India
Bernard Diamond Bengal Horse Artillery 28 September 1857 Bolandshahr, India
John Divane 60th Rifles 10 September 1857 Delhi, India
Patrick Donohoe 9th Queen's Royal Lancers 28 September 1857 Bolandshahr, India
William Dowling 32nd Regiment of Foot 4 July 1857,
27 September 1857
Lucknow, India
Thomas Duffy 1st Madras European Fusiliers 26 September 1857 Lucknow, India
John Dunlay 93rd Regiment of Foot 16 November 1857 Lucknow, India
Denis Dynon 53rd Regiment of Foot 2 October 1857 Ghota Behar, India
Francis Farquharson 42nd Regiment of Foot 9 March 1858 Lucknow, India
Alfred Ffrench 53rd Regiment of Foot 16 November 1857 Lucknow, India
Richard Fitzgerald Bengal Horse Artillery 28 September 1857 Bolandshahr, India
Thomas Flinn 64th Regiment of Foot 28 November 1857 Cawnpore, India
George Forrest Bengal Veterans Establishment 11 May 1857 Delhi, India
Charles Fraser 7th Queen's Own Hussars 31 December 1858 River Raptee, India
John Freeman 9th Queen's Royal Lancers 10 October 1857 Agra, India
William Gardner 42nd Regiment of Foot 5 May 1858 Bareilly, India
Stephen Garvin 60th Rifles 23 June 1857 Delhi, India
Peter Gill Loodiana Regiment 4 June 1857 Benares, India
William Goat 9th Queen's Royal Lancers 6 March 1858 Lucknow, India
Charles Goodfellow Bombay Engineers 6 October 1859 Kathiawar, India
Henry Gore-Browne 32nd Regiment of Foot 21 August 1857 Lucknow, India
Charles Gough 5th Bengal European Cavalry 15 August 1857,
18 August 1857,
27 January 1858,
3 February 1858 [12]
Khurkowdah, India
Not known
Shumshabad, India
Meangunge, India
Hugh Gough 1st Bengal European Light Cavalry 12 November 1857,
25 February 1858
Alumbagh, India
Jellalabad, India
Patrick Graham 90th Regiment of Foot 17 November 1857 Lucknow, India
Peter Grant 93rd Regiment of Foot 16 November 1857 Lucknow, India
Robert Grant 5th Regiment of Foot 24 September 1857 Alumbagh, India
Patrick Green 75th Regiment of Foot 11 September 1857 Delhi, India
John Guise 90th Regiment of Foot 16 November 1857 Lucknow, India
Thomas Hackett 23rd Regiment of Foot 18 November 1857 Lucknow, India
William Hall Naval Brigade 16 November 1857 Lucknow, India
Thomas Hancock 9th Queen's Royal Lancers 19 June 1857 Delhi, India
Hastings Harington Bengal Horse Artillery 14 November 1857 to
22 November 1857
Lucknow, India
John Harrison Naval Brigade 16 November 1857 Lucknow, India
Henry Hartigan 9th Queen's Royal Lancers 8 June 1857
10 October 1857 [13]
Delhi, India
Agra, India
Henry Havelock-Allan 10th Regiment of Foot 16 July 1857 Cawnpore, India
David Hawkes Rifle Brigade 11 March 1858 Lucknow, India
Robert Hawthorne 52nd Regiment of Foot 14 September 1857 Delhi, India
Alfred Heathcote 60th Rifles June to
September 1857 [14]
Delhi, India
Clement Heneage 8th King's Royal Irish Hussars 17 June 1858 Gwalior, India
Samuel Hill 90th Regiment of Foot 16 November 1857 Lucknow, India
James Hills Bengal Horse Artillery 9 July 1857 Delhi, India
George Hollis 8th King's Royal Irish Hussars 17 June 1858 Gwalior, India
James Hollowell 78th Regiment of Foot 26 September 1857 Lucknow, India
Joel Holmes 84th Regiment of Foot 25 September 1857 Lucknow, India
Anthony Home 90th Regiment of Foot 26 September 1857 Lucknow, India
Duncan Home Bengal Sappers and Miners 14 September 1857 Delhi, India
James Innes Bengal Sappers and Miners 23 February 1858 Sultanpore, India
Charles Irwin 53rd Regiment of Foot 16 November 1857 Lucknow, India
Hanson Jarrett 26th Bengal Native Infantry 14 October 1858 Baroun, India
Joseph Jee 78th Regiment of Foot 25 September 1857 Lucknow, India
Edward Jennings Bengal Horse Artillery 14 November 1857 to
22 November 1857
Lucknow, India
Henry Jerome 86th Regiment of Foot 3 April 1858 Jhansi, India
Alfred Jones 9th Queen's Royal Lancers 8 June 1857 Delhi, India
Thomas Kavanagh Bengal Civil Service 9 November 1857 Lucknow, India
Richard Keatinge Bombay Artillery 17 March 1858 Chundairee, India
Robert Kells 9th Queen's Royal Lancers 28 September 1857 Bolandshahr, India
James Kenny 53rd Regiment of Foot 16 November 1857 Lucknow, India
William Kerr 24th Bombay Native Infantry 10 July 1857 Kolapore, India
John Kirk 10th Regiment of Foot 4 June 1857 Benares, India
George Lambert 84th Regiment of Foot 29 June 1857,
16 August 1857,
25 September 1857 [11]
Oonao, India
Bithoor, India
Lucknow, India
Thomas Laughnan Bengal Horse Artillery 14 November 1857 to
22 November 1857
Lucknow, India
Samuel Lawrence 32nd Regiment of Foot 7 July 1857,
26 September 1857
Lucknow, India
James Leith 14th Light Dragoons 1 April 1858 Betwa, India
Harry Lyster 72nd Bengal Native Infantry 23 May 1858 Calpee, India
David MacKay 93rd Regiment of Foot 16 November 1857 Lucknow, India
Herbert Macpherson 78th Regiment of Foot 25 September 1857 Lucknow, India
Patrick Mahoney 1st Madras European Fusiliers 21 September 1857 Mungulwar, India
Ross Mangles Bengal Civil Service 30 July 1857 Arrah, India
Francis Maude Royal Regiment of Artillery 25 September 1857 Lucknow, India
Arthur Mayo Naval Brigade 22 November 1857 Dacca, India
William McBean 93rd Regiment of Foot 11 March 1858 Lucknow, India
William McDonell Bengal Civil Service 30 July 1857 Arrah, India
John McGovern 1st Bengal European Fusiliers 23 June 1857 Delhi, India
James McGuire 1st Bengal European Fusiliers 14 September 1857 Delhi, India
Patrick McHale 5th Regiment of Foot 2 October 1857,
22 December 1857 [13]
Lucknow, India
Hugh McInnes Bengal Artillery 14 November 1857 to
22 November 1857
Lucknow, India
Peter McManus 5th Regiment of Foot 26 September 1857 Lucknow, India
Valentine McMaster 78th Regiment of Foot 25 September 1857 Lucknow, India
Stewart McPherson 78th Regiment of Foot 26 September 1857 Lucknow, India
Bernard McQuirt 95th Regiment of Foot 6 January 1858 Rowa, India
Duncan Millar 42nd Regiment of Foot 15 January 1859 Maylah Ghat, India
James Miller Bengal Ordnance Depot 28 October 1857 Agra, India
Thomas Monaghan 2nd Dragoon Guards 8 October 1858Jamo, India
George Monger 23rd Regiment of Foot 18 November 1857 Lucknow, India
Samuel Morley Military Train 15 April 1858 Azumgurh, India
James Munro 93rd Regiment of Foot 16 November 1857 Lucknow, India
Michael Murphy Military Train 15 April 1858 Azumgurh, India
Patrick Mylott 84th Regiment of Foot 12 July 1857 to
25 September 1857
Lucknow, India
William Napier 13th Regiment of Foot 6 April 1858 Azumgurh, India
William Nash Rifle Brigade 11 March 1858 Lucknow, India
Robert Newell 9th Queen's Royal Lancers 19 March 1858 Lucknow, India
William Olpherts Bengal Artillery 25 September 1857 Lucknow, India
William Oxenham 32nd Regiment of Foot 30 June 1857 Lucknow, India
James Park Bengal Artillery 14 November 1857 to
22 November 1857
Lucknow, India
John Paton 93rd Regiment of Foot 16 November 1857 Lucknow, India
James Pearson 86th Regiment of Foot 3 April 1858 Jhansi, India
John Pearson 8th King's Royal Irish Hussars 17 June 1858 Gwalior, India
Everard Phillipps 11th Bengal Native Infantry 30 May 1857 to
18 September 1857 [15]
Delhi, India
Harry Prendergast Madras Engineers 21 November 1857 Mundisore, India
Dighton Probyn 2nd Punjab Cavalry 1857 to
1858 [16]
Agra, India
John Purcell 9th Queen's Royal Lancers 19 June 1857 Delhi, India
Charles Pye 53rd Regiment of Foot 17 November 1857 Lucknow, India
William Raynor Bengal Veterans Establishment 11 May 1857 Delhi, India
Herbert Reade 61st Regiment of Foot 14 September 1857 Delhi, India
William Rennie 90th Regiment of Foot 21 September 1857,
25 September 1857
Lucknow, India
George Renny Bengal Horse Artillery 16 September 1857 Delhi, India
George Richardson 34th Regiment of Foot 27 April 1859 Kewane Trans-Gogra, India
Frederick Roberts Bengal Horse Artillery 2 January 1858 Khodagunge, India
James Roberts 9th Queen's Royal Lancers 28 September 1857 Bolandshahr, India
Edward Robinson Naval Brigade 13 March 1858 Lucknow, India
Patrick Roddy Bengal Army 27 September 1858 Kuthirga, India
George Rodgers 71st Regiment of Foot 16 June 1858 Marar, India
Matthew Rosamund 37th Bengal Native Infantry 4 June 1857 Benares, India
David Rushe 9th Queen's Royal Lancers 19 March 1858 Lucknow, India
John Ryan 1st Madras European Fusiliers 26 September 1857 Lucknow, India
Miles Ryan 1st Bengal European Fusiliers 14 September 1857 Delhi, India
Philip Salkeld Bengal Sappers and Miners 14 September 1857 Delhi, India
Nowell Salmon Naval Brigade 16 November 1857 Lucknow, India
Same Shaw Rifle Brigade 13 June 1858 Lucknow, India
Robert Shebbeare 60th Bengal Native Infantry 14 September 1857 Delhi, India
John Simpson 42nd Regiment of Foot 15 April 1858 Fort Ruhya, India
John Sinnott 84th Regiment of Foot 6 October 1857 Lucknow, India
Michael Sleavon Corps of Royal Engineers 3 April 1858 Jhansi, India
Henry Smith 52nd Regiment of Foot 14 September 1857 Delhi, India
John Smith 1st Madras European Fusiliers 16 November 1857 Lucknow, India
John Smith Bengal Sappers and Miners 14 September 1857 Delhi, India
David Spence 9th Queen's Royal Lancers 17 January 1858 Shumsabad, India
Edward Spence 42nd Regiment of Foot 15 April 1858 [15] Fort Ruhya, India
William Stewart 93rd Regiment of Foot 16 November 1857 Lucknow, India
William Sutton 60th Rifles 2 August 1857 to
13 September 1857
Delhi, India
Edward Thackeray Bengal Sappers and Miners 16 September 1857 Delhi, India
Jacob Thomas Bengal Artillery 27 September 1857 Lucknow, India
Alexander Thompson 42nd Regiment of Foot 15 April 1858 Fort Ruhya, India
William Thompson 60th Rifles 9 July 1857 Delhi, India [17]
Henry Tombs Bengal Horse Artillery 9 July 1857 Delhi, India
James Travers 2nd Bengal Native Infantry July 1857 [18] Indore, India
Samuel Turner 60th Rifles 19 June 1857 Delhi, India
John Tytler 66th Bengal Native Infantry 10 February 1858 Choorpoorah, India
Richard Wadeson 75th Regiment of Foot 17 July 1857 Delhi, India
George Waller 60th Rifles 14 September 1857,
18 September 1857 [14]
Delhi, India
William Waller 25th Bombay Light Infantry 20 June 1858 Gwalior, India
Henry Ward 78th Regiment of Foot 25 September 1857 Lucknow, India
Joseph Ward 8th King's Royal Irish Hussars 17 June 1858 Gwalior, India
John Watson 1st Punjab Cavalry 14 November 1857 Lucknow, India
Frederick Whirlpool 3rd Bombay European Regiment 3 April 1858,
2 May 1858 [19]
Jhansi, India
Lohari, [20] India
Henry Wilmot Rifle Brigade 11 March 1858 Lucknow, India
Evelyn Wood 17th Lancers 19 October 1858 Sinwaho, India
Thomas Young Naval Brigade 16 November 1857 Lucknow, India

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References

General
Specific
  1. Ashcroft, M; 2006; preface; XI–XIII
  2. The National Archives, Victoria Cross Register Vol 1, pages 58-60 and 146-150; M J Crook, The Evolution of the Victoria Cross, 1975, ISBN 0 85936 041 5, Chapters 11 and 12.
  3. Victoria Cross presentations and locations by Dennis Pillinger and Anthony Staunton, published in 2000, ISBN 0 646 39741 9
  4. 1 2 Bandyopadhyay, Sekhar; 2004; pp.169–172
    Bose, Jalal; 2003; pp.88–103; Quote: "The 1857 rebellion was by and large confined to northern Indian Gangetic Plain and central India."
  5. Bayly, C.A.; 1990; p.170; Quote: "What distinguished the events of 1857 was their scale and the fact that for a short time they posed a military threat to British dominance in the Ganges Plain."
  6. Bayly, C.A.; 1990; pp.194–197
  7. Arthur, Max; p. XIV
  8. Crook, MJ, Chapter 8 pp.68–90
  9. "No. 31946". The London Gazette . 18 June 1920. p. 6702.
  10. "Robert Aitken details". National Archives. Archived from the original on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 20 August 2008.
  11. 1 2 "No. 22154". The London Gazette . 18 June 1858. p. 2957.
  12. "No. 22318". The London Gazette . 21 November 1859. p. 3792.
  13. 1 2 "No. 22396". The London Gazette . 19 June 1860. p. 2316.
  14. 1 2 "No. 22347". The London Gazette . 20 January 1860. p. 178.
  15. 1 2 "No. 27986". The London Gazette . 15 January 1907. p. 325.
  16. Probyn was awarded his VC for numerous gallant acts throughout the period of the Indian Rebellion of 1857.
    "No. 22154". The London Gazette . 18 June 1858. p. 2960.
  17. The 'siege' mentioned in the citation is not identified and is often wrongly assumed to be Lucknow. He served at Delhi where he was badly wounded in September 1857.
  18. "No. 22485". The London Gazette . 1 March 1861. p. 1007.
  19. "No. 22318". The London Gazette . 21 October 1859. p. 3793.
  20. Leek,Alan; (2018):"Frederick Whirlpool VC"; Big Sky Pub;pp 140