List of Canadian Victoria Cross recipients

Canadian William Hall was the first black recipient of the Victoria Cross.

The Victoria Cross (VC) is the highest award of the United Kingdom honours system. It is awarded for gallantry "in the face of the enemy" to members of armed forces of the United Kingdom and was in the past also awarded to membes of armed forces of Canada and other Commonwealth countries. Canada, like most of the others, has established its own honours systems and no longer recommends VCs and other British honours. The Canadian Victoria Cross was created in 1993, as the highest award in the Canadian honours system.

During the time Canadians were eligible for the VC, it was sometimes awarded posthumously and awarded to a person of any military rank in any service and to civilians under military command. No Canadian civilian ever won the VC. Since the first awards were presented by Queen Victoria in 1857, two thirds of all awards were personally presented by the British monarch of the time. These investitures were usually held at Buckingham Palace.

Background

Established in 1856, the Victoria Cross has been awarded to service personnel for extraordinary valour and devotion to duty mostly while facing a hostile force. Between 1858 and 1881 the Victoria Cross could be awarded for extraordinary actions taken "under circumstances of extreme danger" not in the face of the enemy. ^[1] Six people were awarded Victoria Crosses under this clause, two of them having a connection to Canada – one to an Irish soldier serving in the British army in Canada for actions taken in 1866 during the Fenian raids; and five (to a Canadian, three Irishmen and an Englishman) for a dangerous boat rescue in 1867 during the Andaman Islands Expedition. In 1881, VC regulations were amended to only allow acts "in the presence of the enemy". ^{[1] [2]}

Since 1993, Canadians are not eligible for the Victoria Cross. That medal was superseded by the Canadian Victoria Cross  –of equal honour, but yet to be awarded. ^[3] The scroll of the Canadian VC differs in that the inscription is in Latin rather than English. By using a language that is an ancestor of French and has greatly contributed to the development of English, the medal avoids linguistic discrimination between Canada's two official languages. The fleur-de-lis, in heraldry long associated with the French crown has been added at the end each scroll. The actual metal of the medal is a distinct Canadian composition. ^[4]

At a time when VCs could be awarded for actions taken not in the face of enemy fire, Timothy O'Hea, a 23-year-old Irishman in the British army, fought a fire in a railway car containing 900 kilograms of ammunition stationed at Danville, Canada East, during the Fenian raids. ^[5] O'Hea is the only VC recipient awarded for actions on Canadian soil. ^[6]

Summary

According to Veterans Affairs Canada, the Victoria Cross has been presented to 99 Canadians, or people closely associated with Canada, ^{[7] [8]} between its creation for acts performed during the Crimean War and 1993 when the Canadian Victoria Cross was instituted. No Canadian received the VC from 1945 to 1993, and no Canadian has yet been awarded the Canadian Victoria Cross, instituted in 1993. ^[9] One list solely includes individuals, irrespective of their country of origin, who served in the Canadian armed forces. The Veterans’ Affairs site broadens the criteria to encompass those born in Canada who received the VC while in the United Kingdom armed forces.

The first Canadian to be awarded the Victoria Cross was Alexander Roberts Dunn for his actions in 1854, during the Battle of Balaclava in the Crimean War. William Hall, a Nova Scotian, was the first black recipient of the Victoria Cross. ^[10] The last living Canadian recipient of the British Victoria Cross, "Smokey" Smith, died in August 2005. ^[11]

Canadians were awarded the Victoria Cross for actions performed in the Crimean War (Battle of Balaclava), the Indian Mutiny (AKA the Indian Rebellion of 1857), a native uprising at a remote Indian Ocean island during the Andaman Islands Expedition, the Battle of Omdurman during the Sudan Campaign of 1896–1899, and the Second Boer War. The Victoria Cross was awarded to 73 Canadians and other members of the Canadian army for actions during the First World War, and sixteen Canadians received the VC during the Second World War. Lieutenant Robert Hampton Gray of the Royal Canadian Navy Volunteer Reserve was the last Canadian to win the VC during the Second World War. He was the last Canadian to receive the Victoria Cross ever.

Seven Canadians were awarded VCs individually on one single day, 2 September 1918, for actions they performed along the 30 km long Drocourt-Quéant Line near Arras, France: Bellenden Hutcheson, Arthur George Knight, William Henry Metcalf, Claude Nunney, Cyrus Wesley Peck, Walter Leigh Rayfield and John Francis Young. Their acts of valour were performed during Canada's Hundred Days, a period of successful offensive campaigning that helped end the war.

Recipients

(This list is arranged alphabetically when first opened but the order can be changed to other criteria such as date of valourous action, by clicking in box at top of each column.)

  Purple highlight with an asterisk *, indicates that the Victoria Cross was awarded posthumously

Name [12]	Date of action	Conflict	Unit	Perpetuating unit	Place of action	Province of origin	Notes
Wallace Algie	1918*	World War I Canada's Hundred Days	20th Battalion, CEF	The Queen's York Rangers (1st American Regiment) (RCAC)	Cambrai, France	Ontario [13]
William Barker	1918	World War I (aerial combat)	No. 201 Squadron RAF	None	Forêt de Mormal, France	Manitoba [14]
Colin Barron	1917	World War I Second Battle of Passchendaele	3rd Battalion, CEF	Royal Regiment of Canada	Passchendaele, Belgium	Ontario [15]
Ian Bazalgette	1944*	World War II Aerial heroics during bombing raid on V-1 flying bomb site	No. 115 Squadron RAF	No. 115 Squadron RAF	Trossy St. Maximin, France	Alberta [16]
Edward Bellew	1915	World War I Second Battle of Ypres	7th Battalion, CEF	British Columbia Regiment (Duke of Connaught's Own)	Kerselaere, Belgium	British Columbia [17]
Philip Bent	1917*	World War I Battle of Polygon Wood	9th Battalion, The Leicestershire Regiment	B Company, Second Battalion, Royal Anglian Regiment	Polygon Wood, Belgium	Nova Scotia [18]
William Bishop	1917	World War I (aerial combat)	No. 60 Squadron RAF	No. 60 Squadron RAF	Cambrai, France	Ontario [19]
Rowland Bourke	1918	World War I First Ostend Raid	Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve	Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve	Ostend, Belgium	British Columbia [20]
Alexander Brereton	1918	World War I Canada's Hundred Days	8th Battalion, CEF	Royal Winnipeg Rifles	Amiens, France	Manitoba [21]
Jean Brillant	1918*	World War I Canada's Hundred Days	22nd Battalion, CEF	Royal 22nd Regiment	Meharicourt, France	Quebec [22]
Harry Brown	1917*	World War I Battle of Hill 70	10th Battalion, CEF	Royal Winnipeg Rifles and Calgary Highlanders (10th Canadians)	Lens, France	Ontario [23]
Hugh Cairns	1918*	World War I [note 1] Canada's Hundred Days	46th Battalion, CEF	Saskatchewan Dragoons	Valenciennes, France	Saskatchewan [24]
Frederick Campbell	1915*	World War I (Trench warfare)	1st Battalion, CEF	Royal Canadian Regiment	Givenchy, France	Ontario [25]
William Clark-Kennedy	1918	World War I Canada's Hundred Days	24th Battalion, CEF	Victoria Rifles of Canada	Fresnes, France	Quebec [26]
Leo Clarke	1916*	World War I Battle of Flers-Courcelette	2nd Battalion, CEF	Governor General's Foot Guards	Pozières, France	Manitoba [27]	[note 2]
Hampden Cockburn	1900	Second Boer War Battle of Leliefontein	Royal Canadian Dragoons	Royal Canadian Dragoons	Komati River, South Africa	Ontario [28]
Robert Combe	1917*	World War I Battle of Arras	27th Battalion, CEF	Royal Winnipeg Rifles	Acheville, France	Saskatchewan [29]
Frederick Coppins	1918	World War I Canada's Hundred Days	8th Battalion, CEF	Royal Winnipeg Rifles	Hackett Woods, France	Manitoba [30]
Aubrey Cosens	1945*	World War II Incursion into Germany	1st Battalion, The Queen's Own Rifles of Canada	Queen's Own Rifles of Canada	Mooshof, Germany	Ontario [31]
John Croak	1918*	World War I Canada's Hundred Days	13th Battalion, CEF	Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment) of Canada	Amiens, France	Nova Scotia [32]	. [note 3]
Robert Cruickshank	1918	World War I Palestine campaign	2/14th (County of London) Battalion, The London Regiment (London Scottish)	London Regiment	Jordan, Palestine	Manitoba [33]	[note 4]
David Currie	1944	World War II Falais pocket	29th Armoured Reconnaissance Regiment (The South Alberta Regiment)	South Alberta Light Horse	Battle of Falaise, France	Saskatchewan [34]
Raymond de Montmorency	1898	Battle of Omdurman, Anglo-Egyptian conquest of Sudan	21st Lancers	Royal Lancers	Omdurman, Sudan	Quebec [35]	[note 5]
Edmund De Wind	1918*	World War I defence against German spring offensive	15th Battalion, The Royal Irish Rifles	Royal Irish Regiment	Groagie, France	Alberta [36]	[note 6]
Thomas Dinesen	1918	World War I Canada's Hundred Days	42nd Battalion, CEF	Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment) of Canada	Parvillers, France	n/a [37]	[note 7]
Campbell Douglas	1867	Andaman Islands Expedition (Bravery at Sea)	24th Regiment of Foot	Royal Welsh	Little Andaman, India	Ontario [38]	[note 8]
Alexander Dunn	1854	Battle of Balaclava, Crimean War	33rd Regiment of Foot	Yorkshire Regiment	Balaclava, Crimea	Ontario [39]	[note 4] [note 9]
Frederick Fisher	1915*	World War I Second Battle of Ypres	13th Battalion, CEF	Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment) of Canada	St. Julien, Belgium	Ontario [40]
Gordon Flowerdew	1918*	World War I defence against German spring offensive	Lord Strathcona's Horse (Royal Canadians)	Lord Strathcona's Horse (Royal Canadians)	Bois de Moreuil, France	British Columbia [41]
John Foote	1942	World War II Dieppe raid	1st Battalion, The Royal Hamilton Light Infantry	Royal Hamilton Light Infantry (Wentworth Regiment)	Dieppe, France	Ontario [42]
Benjamin Geary	1915	World War I Capture of Hill 60	1st Battalion	Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment	Ypres, Belgium	Marylebone, London [43]
Herman Good	1918	World War I Canada's Hundred Days	13th Battalion, CEF	Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment) of Canada	Hangard Wood, France	New Brunswick [44]
Robert Gray	1945* (Aug. 9)	World War II Pacific War aerial attack on Japanese navy in home waters	Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm	Royal Canadian Navy	Honshū, Japan	British Columbia [45]	[note 10] [46]
Milton Gregg	1918	World War I Canada's Hundred Days	Royal Canadian Regiment	Royal Canadian Regiment	Cambrai, France	New Brunswick [47]
Frederick Hall	1915*	World War I Second Battle of Ypres	8th Battalion, CEF	Royal Winnipeg Rifles	Ypres, Belgium	Manitoba [48]	[note 2]
William Hall	1857	Indian rebellion of 1857	HMS Shannon	none	Lucknow, India	Nova Scotia [49]
Robert Hanna	1917	World War I Battle of Hill 70	29th Battalion, CEF	British Columbia Regiment (Duke of Connaught's Own)	Lens, France	British Columbia [50]
Frederick Harvey	1917	World War I (Trench warfare)	Lord Strathcona's Horse (Royal Canadians)	Lord Strathcona's Horse (Royal Canadians)	Guyencourt, France	Alberta [51] [52]
Frederick Hobson	1917*	World War I Battle of Hill 70	20th Battalion, CEF	Queen's York Rangers (1st American Regiment) (RCAC)	Lens, France	Ontario [53]
Charles Hoey	1944*	World War II Burma campaign, Battle of the Admin Box	1st Battalion, Lincolnshire Regiment	Royal Anglian Regiment	Ngakyedauk Pass, Burma (now Myanmar)	British Columbia [54]
Edward Holland	1900	Second Boer War Battle of Leliefontein	Royal Canadian Dragoons	Royal Canadian Dragoons	Komati River, South Africa	Ontario [55]
Thomas Holmes	1917	World War I Second Battle of Passchendaele	4th Canadian Mounted Rifles Battalion, CEF	Governor General's Horse Guards	Passchendaele, Belgium	Ontario [56]
Samuel Honey	1918*	World War I Canada's Hundred Days	78th Battalion, CEF	Winnipeg Grenadiers	Bourlon Wood, France	Ontario [57]
David Hornell	1944*	World War II Battle of Atlantic	No. 162 Squadron RCAF		Faroes, Atlantic	Ontario [58]
Bellenden Hutcheson	1918	World War I Canada's Hundred Days	75th Battalion, CEF	Toronto Scottish Regiment (Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother's Own)	Arras, France	Ontario [59]	[note 11]
Joseph Kaeble	1918*	World War I (Trench warfare)	22nd Battalion, CEF	Royal 22e Régiment	Neuville-Vitasse, France	Quebec [60]
George Kerr	1918	World War I Canada's Hundred Days	3rd Battalion, CEF	Queen's Own Rifles of Canada and Royal Regiment of Canada	Bourlon Wood, France	Ontario [61]
John Kerr	1916	World War I Battle of Flers–Courcelette	49th Battalion, CEF	Loyal Edmonton Regiment (4th Battalion, Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry)	Courcelette, France	Nova Scotia [62] Alberta [note 12]
Cecil Kinross	1917	World War I Second Battle of Passchendaele	49th Battalion, CEF	Loyal Edmonton Regiment (4th Battalion, Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry)	Passchendaele, Belgium	Alberta [63]
Arthur Knight	1918*	World War I Canada's Hundred Days	10th Battalion, CEF	Royal Winnipeg Rifles and Calgary Highlanders (10th Canadians)	Villers-les-Cagnicourt, France (near Arras)	Saskatchewan [64]
Filip Konowal	1917	World War I Battle of Hill 70	47th Battalion, CEF	Royal Westminster Regiment	Lens, France	n/a	[note 13]
Okill Learmonth	1917*	World War I Battle of Hill 70	2nd Battalion, CEF	Governor General's Foot Guards	Lens, France	Quebec [64]
Graham Lyall	1918	World War I Canada's Hundred Days	102nd Battalion, CEF	British Columbia Regiment (Duke of Connaught's Own)	Cambrai, France	Ontario [65]
Thain MacDowell	1917	World War I Vimy Ridge	38th Battalion, CEF	Cameron Highlanders of Ottawa (Duke of Edinburgh's Own)	Vimy Ridge, France	Ontario [66]
John MacGregor	1918	World War I Canada's Hundred Days	2nd Canadian Mounted Rifles Battalion, CEF	British Columbia Dragoons	Cambrai, France	British Columbia [67]
John Mahony	1944	World War II Italian campaign	1st Battalion, The Westminster Regiment (Motor)	Royal Westminster Regiment	River Melfa, Italy	British Columbia [68]
George McKean	1918	World War I Canada's Hundred Days	14th Battalion, CEF	Royal Montreal Regiment	Gavrelle Sector, France	Alberta [69]
Hugh McKenzie	1917*	World War I Second Battle of Passchendaele	Canadian Machine Gun Corps	Royal Canadian Armoured Corps	Meetscheele Spur, Belgium	Ontario Alberta [70]	[note 14]
Alan McLeod	1918*	World War I (aerial combat)	No. 2 Squadron RFC	No. 2 Squadron RAF	Albert, France	Manitoba [71]
William Merrifield	1918	World War I Canada's Hundred Days	4th Battalion, CEF	56th Field Artillery Regiment, RCA, Royal Hamilton Light Infantry (Wentworth Regiment)	Abancourt, France	Ontario [72]
Charles Merritt	1942	World War II Dieppe Raid	1st Battalion, The South Saskatchewan Regiment	South Saskatchewan Regiment	Dieppe, France	British Columbia [73]
William Metcalf	1918	World War I Canada's Hundred Days	16th Battalion, CEF	Canadian Scottish Regiment	Arras, France	n/a	[note 11]
William Milne	1917*	World War I Vimy Ridge	16th Battalion, CEF	Canadian Scottish Regiment	Thelus, France	Saskatchewan [74]
Harry Miner	1918*	World War I Canada's Hundred Days	58th Battalion, CEF	Royal Regiment of Canada	Demuin, France	Ontario [75]
Coulson Norman Mitchell	1918	World War I Canada's Hundred Days	4th Battalion Canadian Engineers		Canal de L'Escaut, France	Manitoba [76]
George Mullin	1917	World War I Second Battle of Passchendaele	Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry	Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry	Passchendaele, Belgium	Saskatchewan [77]	[note 11]
Andrew Mynarski	1944*	World War II Bomber campaign	No. 419 Squadron RCAF	419 Tactical Fighter Training Squadron	Cambrai, France	Manitoba [78]
William Nickerson	1900	Second Boer War (Siege of Wepener)	Royal Army Medical Corps		Wakkerstroom, South Africa	New Brunswick [79]	[note 4] [80]
Claude Nunney	1918*	World War I Canada's Hundred Days	38th Battalion, CEF	Cameron Highlanders of Ottawa (Duke of Edinburgh's Own)	Drocourt-Queant Line, France (near Arras)	Ontario [81]
Christopher O'Kelly	1917	World War I Second Battle of Passchendaele	52nd Battalion, CEF	Lake Superior Scottish Regiment	Passchendaele, Belgium	Manitoba [82]
Michael O'Leary	1915	World War I (Canadian counterattack after German advance)	1st Battalion, Irish Guards	Irish Guards	Cuinchy, France	Saskatchewan [83]	[note 15]
Michael O'Rourke	1917	World War I Battle of Hill 70	7th Battalion, CEF	British Columbia Regiment (Duke of Connaught's Own)	Lens, France (Hill 70)	British Columbia [84]
John Osborn	1941*	World War II Battle of Hong Kong	1st Battalion, The Winnipeg Grenadiers	Winnipeg Grenadiers	Mount Butler, Hong Kong	Manitoba [85]
John Pattison	1917*	World War I Vimy Ridge	50th Battalion, CEF	King's Own Calgary Regiment (RCAC)	Vimy Ridge, France	Alberta [86]
George Pearkes	1917	World War I Second Battle of Passchendaele	5th Canadian Mounted Rifles Battalion, CEF	Sherbrooke Hussars	Passchendaele, Belgium	Yukon [87]
Cyrus Peck	1918	World War I Canada's Hundred Days	16th Battalion, CEF	Canadian Scottish Regiment	Cagnicourt, France (near Arras)	New Brunswick [88]
Frederick Peters	1942*	World War II Operation Torch	HMS Walney		Oran, Algeria	P.E.I. [89]
Walter Rayfield	1918	World War I Canada's Hundred Days	7th Battalion, CEF	British Columbia Regiment (Duke of Connaught's Own)	Arras, France	Ontario [90]
Herbert Reade	1857	Indian rebellion of 1857	61st Regiment of Foot	The Rifles	Delhi, India	Ontario [91]
Arthur Richardson	1900	Second Boer War (small-unit firefight)	Strathcona's Horse	Lord Strathcona's Horse (Royal Canadians)	Wolwespruit, South Africa (near the Vaal River)	Saskatchewan [92] [note 16]	[note 17]
James Richardson	1916*	World War I Battle of the Somme	16th Battalion, CEF	Canadian Scottish Regiment	Somme, France	British Columbia [93]
Thomas Ricketts	1918	World War I Hundred Days Offensive	1st Battalion	Royal Newfoundland Regiment	Ledeghem, Belgium	Newfoundland [94]	[95]
James Peter Robertson	1917*	World War I Second Battle of Passchendaele	27th Battalion, CEF	Royal Winnipeg Rifles	Passchendaele, Belgium	Nova Scotia Alberta [96]	[note 18]
Charles Rutherford	1918	World War I Canada's Hundred Days	5th Canadian Mounted Rifles Battalion, CEF	Sherbrooke Hussars	Monchy, France	Ontario [97]
Francis Scrimger	1915	World War I Second Battle of Ypres	Canadian Army Medical Corps		St. Julien, Belgium	Quebec [98]
Robert Shankland	1917	World War I Second Battle of Passchendaele	43rd Battalion, CEF	Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada	Passchendaele, Belgium	Manitoba [99]	[note 2]
Ellis Sifton	1917*	World War I Vimy Ridge	18th Battalion, CEF	Essex and Kent Scottish	Neuville-St.-Vaast, France	Ontario [100]
John Sinton	1916	World War I Mesopotamian campaign	Indian Medical Service		Orah Ruins, Mesopotamia	British Columbia [101]	[note 4]
Ernest Smith	1944	World War II Italian campaign	1st Battalion, The Seaforth Highlanders of Canada	Seaforth Highlanders of Canada	River Savio, Italy	British Columbia [102]
Robert Spall	1918*	World War I Canada's Hundred Days	Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry	Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry	Parvillers, France	Manitoba [103]
Harcus Strachan	1917	World War I Battle of Cambrai	Fort Garry Horse	Fort Garry Horse	Masnières, France	Manitoba Alberta [104]	[note 19]
James Tait	1918*	World War I Canada's Hundred Days	78th Battalion, CEF	Winnipeg Grenadiers	Amiens, France	Manitoba [105]
Frederick Tilston	1945	World War II Battle of the Rhineland	1st Battalion, The Essex Scottish Regiment	Essex and Kent Scottish	Hochwald Forest, Germany	Ontario [106]
Frederick Topham	1945	World War II Operation Varsity (March 1945)	1st Canadian Parachute Battalion		Rhine, Germany	Ontario [107]
Paul Triquet	1943	World War II Italian campaign	Royal 22e Régiment	Royal 22e Régiment	Casa Berardi, Italy	Quebec [108]
Richard Turner	1900	Second Boer War Battle of Leliefontein	Royal Canadian Dragoons	Royal Canadian Dragoons	Komati River, South Africa	Quebec [109]
Thomas Wilkinson	1916*	World War I Battle of the Somme	7th Battalion, Loyal North Lancashire Regiment	Duke of Lancaster's Regiment (King's, Lancashire and Border)	La Boiselle, France	British Columbia [110]	[note 20]
John Young	1918	World War I Canada's Hundred Days	87th Battalion, CEF	Canadian Grenadier Guards	Dury-Arras Sector, France	Quebec [111]
Raphael Zengel	1918	World War I Canada's Hundred Days	5th Battalion, CEF	North Saskatchewan Regiment	Warvillers, France	Saskatchewan [112]	[note 11] [note 21]

See also

• Canada portal

• Canadian order of precedence (decorations and medals)
• Persons of National Historic Significance
• List of Canadian awards

Notes

1. He was the last Canadian awarded the Victoria Cross for actions taken during WWI, His actions being made on 2 November 1918, just nine days before the Armistice.
2. One of three WWI Canadian VC recipients who lived on same block on Pine Street (now Valour Road) in Winnipeg: Leo Clarke, Frederick Hall and Robert Shankland
3. Born in the Dominion of Newfoundland, moved to Canada at age 2.
4. Recipients were Canadians, but were serving in other army units at the time of their VC act
5. He was the first Canadian awarded the Victoria Cross for actions subsequent to Canadian Confederation
6. Although born in Ireland, was enlisted in the Canadian army and is considered Canadian at the time he won the medal, and Albertan because he was working in an Edmonton bank when he enlisted.
7. Although a Danish citizen who enlisted in the Canadian army, he is considered Canadian at the time he won the medal. His sister was famed author Isak Dinesen/Karen Blixen.
8. Awarded VC for actions taken not in the face of the enemy, one of only six awarded this way
9. First Canadian to earn VC, during the Charge of the Light Brigade, 25 October 1854.
10. Last Canadian ever to earn VC, in actions sinking Japanese escort ship Amakusa, 9 August 1945.
11. Although an American citizen who enlisted in the Canadian army, is considered Canadian at the time he won the medal
12. Kerr was born in Nova Scotia and moved to farm in Alberta before enlisting in Edmonton unit.
13. Although a Ukrainian citizen who enlisted in the Canadian army, is considered Canadian at the time he won the medal
14. McKenzie was born in Liverpool, moved to Ontario before enlisting in Alberta unit.
15. Considered Irish, but listed here due to residency in Canada
16. living at time of enlistment at Battleford
17. first soldier to be awarded the Victoria Cross for actions committed while serving with a Canadian unit (even though under British command)
18. lived most of his life in Medicine Hat
19. Strachan enlisted in a Winnipeg unit but was a farmer in Alberta
20. Wilkinson lived in Vancouver and enlisted in a Vancouver unit Overseas, he transferred to the British Army.
21. Although a U.S. citizen, he grew up on a Saskatchewan farm.

References

1. Christopher McCreery (2015). The Canadian Honours System. Dundurn. p. 130. ISBN   978-1-4597-2417-4.
2. "VC background". British War Graves Memorial. Archived from the original on 6 October 2007. Retrieved 7 April 2008.
3. "Victoria Cross (Canadian version)". Canadian Veterans affairs department. Archived from the original on 26 May 2012. Retrieved 23 August 2007.
4. "Gov. Gen., PM unveil Canadian Victoria Cross". 16 May 2008. Archived from the original on 10 November 2012. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
5. Philip A. Wilkins (2012). The History of the Victoria Cross: Being an account of the 520 acts of bravery for which the decoration has been awarded and portraits of 392 recipients. Andrews UK Limited. p. 215. ISBN   978-1-78151-673-7.
6. Mary Beacock Fryer (1986). Battlefields of Canada. Dundurn. p. 261. ISBN   978-1-55488-093-5.
7. "Canadian Recipients of the Victoria Cross". The Canadian Encyclopedia. 8 June 2007. Retrieved 28 January 2025.
8. Canada, Veterans Affairs (1 January 1993). "Victoria Cross (VC) United Kingdom". Veterans Affairs Canada. Retrieved 28 January 2025.
9. Teotonio, Isabel (7 March 2007). "Vets irate at Victoria Cross proposal". Toronto Star. Archived from the original on 17 October 2007. Retrieved 12 July 2007.
10. "Black History Month Starts Up Across the City". CTV. 30 January 2010. Archived from the original on 2 November 2013. Retrieved 4 April 2012.
11. "Ottawa pays respect to Smokey Smith". CBC News. 9 August 2005. Archived from the original on 7 January 2008. Retrieved 16 November 2007.
12. "Canadian Military Medals and Decorations". Veterans Affairs Canada. 25 March 2009. Retrieved 28 January 2025.
13. "Lieutenant Wallace Lloyd Algie – Veterans Affairs Canada". Vac-acc.gc.ca. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
14. "Major William George Barker – Veterans Affairs Canada". Vac-acc.gc.ca. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
15. "Vc Burials Canada – Toronto". Victoriacross.org.uk. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
16. "Sqdn. Ldr. Ian Willoughby Bazalgette – Veterans Affairs Canada". Vac-acc.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 7 March 2006. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
17. Carl Read. "Edward Donald Bellew (VC)". TheVictoriaCross.net. Retrieved 23 January 2011.^{[ permanent dead link ]}
18. "Search Details – Veterans Affairs Canada". Vac-acc.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 28 November 2007. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
19. Carl Read. "William Avery Bishop (VC)". TheVictoriaCross.net. Retrieved 23 January 2011.^{[ permanent dead link ]}
20. Carl Read. "Roland Richard Louis Bourke (VC)". TheVictoriaCross.net. Retrieved 23 January 2011.^{[ permanent dead link ]}
21. "Alexander Picton Brereton". National Defence and the Canadian Forces. Archived from the original on 22 May 2013. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
22. "Jean Brillant". National Defence and the Canadian Forces. Archived from the original on 22 May 2013. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
23. "Search Details – Veterans Affairs Canada". Vac-acc.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 7 March 2006. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
24. "Hugh Cairns". National Defence and the Canadian Forces. Archived from the original on 22 May 2013. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
25. "Search Details – Veterans Affairs Canada". Vac-acc.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 28 November 2007. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
26. "William Hew Clark-Kennedy – Veterans Affairs Canada". National Defence and the Canadian Forces. Archived from the original on 22 May 2013. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
27. "Search Details – Veterans Affairs Canada". Vac-acc.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 7 March 2006. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
28. "Lieutenant Hampden Zane Churchill Cockburn VC". Northeastmedals.co.uk. Archived from the original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
29. "Search Details – Veterans Affairs Canada". Vac-acc.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 28 November 2007. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
30. "Frederick George Coppins". National Defence and the Canadian Forces. Archived from the original on 22 May 2013. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
31. "Sgt. Aubrey Cosens – Veterans Affairs Canada". Vac-acc.gc.ca. 22 September 1998. Archived from the original on 28 November 2007. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
32. "John Bernard Croak". National Defence and the Canadian Forces. Archived from the original on 22 May 2013. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
33. "Robert Edward Cruickshank". Gocruickshanks.com. Archived from the original on 11 July 2011. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
34. "David Vivian Currie". National Defence and the Canadian Forces. Archived from the original on 22 May 2013. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
35. "Lieutenant Raymond Harvey Lodge Joseph de Montmorency". Veterans Affairs Canada. Archived from the original on 1 April 2016. Retrieved 23 March 2016.
36. "Search Details – Veterans Affairs Canada". Vac-acc.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 28 November 2007. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
37. "Thomas Fasti Dinesen". National Defence and the Canadian Forces. Archived from the original on 6 May 2017. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
38. "Virtual Saskatchewan – Campbell Mellis Douglas". Virtualsk.com. Archived from the original on 16 June 2011. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
39. "Canada and the Victoria Cross: Of Rebellion And Rescue Part 2 of 18". Legion Magazine. Archived from the original on 18 May 2011. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
40. "Search Details – Veterans Affairs Canada". Vac-acc.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 7 March 2006. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
41. "Search Details – Veterans Affairs Canada". Vac-acc.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 7 March 2006. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
42. "Rev. John Weir Foote – Veterans Affairs Canada". Vac-acc.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 28 November 2007. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
43. "Canadian Orders, Medals and Decorations". Veterans Affairs Canada. 25 March 2009. Retrieved 28 January 2025.
44. "Herman James Good". National Defence and the Canadian Forces. Archived from the original on 25 September 2018. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
45. "Lt. Robert Hampton Gray – Veterans Affairs Canada". Vac-acc.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 7 March 2006. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
46. Last Canadian to win the VC in WWII, and thus last Canadian ever to win the VC
47. "Milton Fowler Gregg". National Defence and the Canadian Forces. Archived from the original on 22 May 2013. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
48. "Fredrick William Hall". Veterans Canada. Archived from the original on 7 March 2006. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
49. "William Hall". Veterans Canada. Archived from the original on 7 March 2006. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
50. "Robert Hanna, V.C". Russiansinthecef.ca. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
51. Sevendust. "Lord Strathconas Horse (Royal Canadians) // Awards". Strathconas.ca. Archived from the original on 12 January 2010. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
52. https://www.greentigergroup.com/downloads/victoria-cross-recipients-from-the-first-world-war-and-before/frederick-harvey-vc/
53. "Fredrick Hobson". Veterans Canada. Archived from the original on 7 March 2006. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
54. "The Canadian Virtual War Memorial". Veteran Affairs Canada. Archived from the original on 7 January 2014. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
55. "DHH – Victoria Cross Bios – Frederick Hobson". Cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 9 July 2018. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
56. "Thomas William Holmes". National Defence and Canadian Forces. Archived from the original on 10 November 2010. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
57. "Samuel Lewis Honey". National Defence and Canadian Forces. Archived from the original on 10 November 2010. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
58. "David Ernest Hornell". National Defence and Canadian Forces. Archived from the original on 10 November 2010. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
59. "Bellenden Hutcheson". National Defence and Canadian Forces. Archived from the original on 10 November 2010. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
60. "Joseph Kaeble". National Defence and Canadian Forces. Archived from the original on 10 November 2010. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
61. "George Fraser Kerr". National Defence and Canadian Forces. Archived from the original on 10 November 2010. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
62. "John Chipman Kerr". National Defence and Canadian Forces. Archived from the original on 10 November 2010. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
63. "Cecil John Kinross". National Defence and Canadian Forces. Archived from the original on 10 November 2010. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
64. "Arthur George Knight". National Defence and Canadian Forces. Archived from the original on 10 November 2010. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
65. "Graham Thomson Lyall". National Defence and Canadian Forces. Archived from the original on 10 November 2010. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
66. "Thain Wendell MacDowell". National Defence and Canadian Forces. Archived from the original on 10 November 2010. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
67. "Thain Wendell MacDowell". National Defence and Canadian Forces. Archived from the original on 7 February 2020. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
68. "John Keefer Mahony". National Defence and Canadian Forces. Archived from the original on 10 November 2010. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
69. "George Burdon McKean". National Defence and Canadian Forces. Archived from the original on 10 November 2010. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
70. "Hugh McKenzie". National Defence and Canadian Forces. Archived from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
71. "Alan Arnett McLeod". Veteran Affairs Canada. Archived from the original on 7 March 2006. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
72. "William Merrifield". National Defence and Canadian Forces. Archived from the original on 10 November 2010. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
73. "Charles Cecil Ingersoll Merritt". National Defence and Canadian Forces. Archived from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
74. "William Johnstone Milne". National Defence and Canadian Forces. Archived from the original on 10 November 2010. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
75. "Harry Garnet Bedford Miner". National Defence and Canadian Forces. Archived from the original on 10 November 2010. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
76. "Coulson Norman Mitchell". National Defence and Canadian Forces. Archived from the original on 10 November 2010. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
77. "George Mullin". National Defence and Canadian Forces. Archived from the original on 10 November 2010. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
78. "Andrew Charles Mynarski". National Defence and Canadian Forces. Archived from the original on 10 November 2010. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
79. "The Victoria Cross awarded to William Henry Snyder Nickerson". Memorials.inportsmouth.co.uk. 10 April 1954. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
80. "Engagement at Wakkerstroom" https://www.battletoursza.com/engagement-at-wakkerstroom-free-state-20-april-1900/ accessed August 1, 2025
81. "Claude Joseph Patrick Nunney". National Defence and Canadian Forces. Archived from the original on 10 November 2010. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
82. "Christopher O'Kelly". National Defence and Canadian Forces. Archived from the original on 10 November 2010. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
83. "The Baldwin Project: Heroes of the Great War by G. A. Leask". Mainlesson.com. 26 June 1915. Archived from the original on 17 February 2012. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
84. "Michael James O'Rourke". National Defence and Canadian Forces. Archived from the original on 10 November 2010. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
85. "John Robert Osbron". National Defence and Canadian Forces. Archived from the original on 31 March 2017. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
86. "John George Pattison". National Defence and Canadian Forces. Archived from the original on 10 November 2010. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
87. "George Randolph Pearkes". National Defence and Canadian Forces. Archived from the original on 10 November 2010. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
88. "Cyrus Wesley Peck". National Defence and Canadian Forces. Archived from the original on 10 November 2010. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
89. "The Canadian Virtual War Memorial". Veteran Affairs Canada. Archived from the original on 4 October 2012. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
90. "Walter Leigh Rayfield". National Defence and Canadian Forces. Archived from the original on 10 November 2010. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
91. "Herbert Taylor Reade Historical Plaque". Ontarioplaques.com. 23 September 2009. Archived from the original on 28 August 2011. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
92. "Arthur Herbert Lindsay Richardson". National Defence and Canadian Forces. Archived from the original on 10 November 2010. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
93. "James Cleland Richardson". Veteran Affairs Canada. Archived from the original on 17 May 2006. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
94. "Supplemental Information 2: Number of original research articles retrieved in the Web of Science search engine, from 2015 to 2019". doi: 10.7717/peerj.15436/supp-2 .{{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
95. at age 17, he was the youngest army serviceman in a combatant role to be awarded the VC
96. "James Peter Robertson". National Defence and Canadian Forces. Archived from the original on 10 July 2018. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
97. "Charles Smith Rutherford". National Defence and Canadian Forces. Archived from the original on 10 November 2010. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
98. "Francis Alexander Caron Scrimger". National Defence and Canadian Forces. Archived from the original on 10 November 2010. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
99. "Robert Shankland". National Defence and Canadian Forces. Archived from the original on 10 November 2010. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
100. "Ellis Welwood Sifton". National Defence and Canadian Forces. Archived from the original on 10 November 2010. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
101. Bob Sinton, Tandragee, Co. Armagh, Northern Ireland. "Sinton Family Trees – Details of Brig. John Alexander Sinton VC, OBE, DL, FRS, MD, DSc, MB, BCh, son of Walter Lyon Sinton and Isabella Mary Pringle, Born 1884, Died 1956". Bob-sinton.com. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
102. "Ernest Alvia Smith". National Defence and Canadian Forces. Archived from the original on 8 September 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
103. "Robert Spall". National Defence and Canadian Forces. Archived from the original on 10 November 2010. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
104. "Harcus Strachan". National Defence and Canadian Forces. Archived from the original on 10 November 2010. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
105. "James Edward Tait". National Defence and Canadian Forces. Archived from the original on 8 September 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2010.; Canadian Virtual War Memorial website
106. "Frederick Albert Tilston". National Defence and Canadian Forces. Archived from the original on 7 March 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
107. "Frederick George Topham". National Defence and Canadian Forces. Archived from the original on 19 October 2014. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
108. "Paul Triquet". National Defence and Canadian Forces. Archived from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
109. "Richard Ernest William Turner". National Defence and Canadian Forces. Archived from the original on 10 November 2010. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
110. "Thomas Orde Lawder Wilkinson". Veteran Affairs Canada. Archived from the original on 28 November 2007. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
111. "John Francis Young". National Defence and Canadian Forces. Archived from the original on 10 November 2010. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
112. "Raphael Louis Zengel". National Defence and Canadian Forces. Archived from the original on 10 November 2010. Retrieved 8 December 2010.