List of Second World War Victoria Cross recipients

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Prime Minister Winston Churchill waves to crowds in London on Victory in Europe Day. Winston Churchill waves to crowds in Whitehall in London as they celebrate VE Day, 8 May 1945. H41849.jpg
Prime Minister Winston Churchill waves to crowds in London on Victory in Europe Day.

The Victoria Cross (VC) is a military decoration awarded for valour "in the face of the enemy" to members of armed forces of some Commonwealth countries and previous British Empire territories. It takes precedence over all other Orders, decorations and medals; it may be awarded to a person of any rank in any service and to civilians under military command. [1] The award was officially constituted when Queen Victoria issued a warrant under the Royal sign-manual on 29 January 1856 that was gazetted on 5 February 1856. [2] The order was backdated to 1854 to recognise acts of valour during the Crimean War. [3] The first awards ceremony was held on 26 June 1857, where Queen Victoria invested 62 of the 111 Crimean recipients in a ceremony in Hyde Park. [4]

Contents

The Victoria Cross was awarded 182 times to 181 recipients for action in the Second World War. The war, also known as World War II (WWII), was a global military conflict that involved a majority of the world's nations, including all of the great powers, organised into two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. The war involved the mobilisation of more than 100 million military personnel, making it the most widespread war in history. In a state of "total war", the major participants placed their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities at the service of the war effort, erasing the distinction between civilian and military resources. Throughout the six-year duration of the war, weapons and technology improved rapidly, including the use of jet aircraft, radar and nuclear weapons. More than 70 million people, the majority of whom were civilians, were killed, making it the deadliest conflict in human history. [5]

The start of the war is generally held to be 1 September 1939, with the German invasion of Poland and subsequent declarations of war on Germany by most of the Crown Colonies of the British Empire and Commonwealth, and by France. The first Victoria Cross of the war was awarded to Gerard Roope for action whilst in command of HMS Glowworm (although not gazetted until 1945). The war at sea began immediately after war was declared with the Battle of the Atlantic, in which German U-boats attempted to disrupt and destroy allied convoys. Throughout the war the Royal Navy was tasked with guarding vital shipping lanes and enabling amphibious operations across the globe; the St Nazaire Raid saw five Victoria Crosses awarded. [6] The Battle of the Mediterranean was fought throughout the war and included the Battle of Taranto and Battle of Matapan, as well as protecting convoys including the Malta convoys. In total, 23 servicemen from the Royal Navy were awarded the Victoria Cross including one Royal Marine. Aerial warfare came into its own in World War II with several distinct roles emerging. The role of fighter planes developed during the Battle of Britain, where the Royal Air Force fought for air superiority against the Luftwaffe. The Battle of Britain was the first major campaign to be fought entirely by air forces. It was the largest and most sustained bombing campaign until that date. Initially, RAF airfields were attacked, however as the battle progressed, operations were extended to the strategic level with The Blitz. Britain also conducted controversial strategic bombing campaigns in Europe and Asia; they involved hundreds of aircraft dropping tens of thousands of tons of munitions over a single city. Tactical strikes were also carried out by the RAF including Operation Chastise, where No. 617 Squadron RAF attacked German dams in the Ruhr valley using "bouncing bombs"; Guy Gibson was awarded the Victoria Cross for this action.

The war on the land did not begin until May 1940, as Britain and France were involved in a Phoney War between Germany and the Franco-British alliance. The phoney war ended with the Battle of France where Germany invaded Benelux and subsequently France, which forced British troops to escape from Dunkirk. In 1941, war spread to the Middle East and North Africa as well as the East African Campaign. The United States officially joined the war in December 1941 after the Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor. In 1942, British forces under Lieutenant General Bernard Montgomery defeated the Axis forces of General Erwin Rommel in the Second Battle of El Alamein, which marked a major turning point in the Western Desert campaign and the North African campaign. It ended Axis hopes of occupying Egypt, taking control of the Suez Canal, and gaining access to the Middle Eastern oil fields. Nine VCs were awarded for action in the Western Desert Campaign. By 1943, the war was being fought in several theatres, including the Pacific, North Africa and Southeast Asia. The Burma campaign of the Pacific War took place from 1942 to 1945, and saw 29 Victoria Crosses awarded. By 1944 and the Allied invasion of Normandy, the Allies were making ground in several theatres including advances in the Burma campaign. In Europe, the unsuccessful raid on Arnhem saw five soldiers awarded the Victoria Cross, four posthumously. [7] In May 1945, the Allies accepted the unconditional surrender of German forces, celebrated with VE Day. Actions after VE Day until the war in the Pacific was ended with the surrender of Japan on board USS Missouri on 2 September 1945. [8] saw seven Commonwealth servicemen awarded the VC.

Charles Upham received the Victoria Cross and Bar; two awards for two acts. Upham was only the third recipient of the Victoria Cross and Bar, and the first for combatant actions; the previous two recipients were medical officers of the Royal Army Medical Corps. [9]

Of the 181 recipients 85 (46.96%) were awarded posthumously.

Recipients

NameUnitDate of actionPlace of action
Arthur Aaron No. 218 Squadron RAF 12 August 1943* Turin, Italy [A]
Michael Allmand 6th Gurkha Rifles 11 June 1944
23 June 1944*
Pin Hmi Road Bridge, Burma
Charles Anderson 2/19th Battalion, AIF 18–22 January 1942 Muar, Malaya
Eric Anderson East Yorkshire Regiment 6 April 1943* Battle of Wadi Akarit, Tunisia
John Anderson Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders (Princess Louise's) 23 April 1943 Longstop Hill, Tunisia
Richard Annand Durham Light Infantry 15–16 May 1940 River Dyle, Belgium
Cyril Barton No. 578 Squadron RAF 30 March 1944* Nuremberg, Germany [A]
John Baskeyfield South Staffordshire Regiment 20 September 1944* Arnhem, the Netherlands
Sidney Bates Royal Norfolk Regiment 6 August 1944* [C] Sourdeval, France
Ian Bazalgette No. 635 Squadron RAF 4 August 1944* Trossy St. Maximin, France [A]
Stephen Beattie HMS Campbeltown 27 March 1942 St Nazaire, France
John Beeley King's Royal Rifle Corps 21 November 1941* Sidi Rezegh, Libya
Premindra Bhagat Corps of Indian Engineers 31 January 1941 to
1 February 1941
Gallabat, Abyssinia
Frank Blaker 9th Gurkha Rifles 9 July 1944* Taunggyi, Burma
John Brunt Sherwood Foresters (Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Regiment) 9 December 1944* Faenza, Italy
Richard Burton Duke of Wellington's (West Riding) Regiment 8 October 1944 Monte Ceco, Italy
Robert Cain South Staffordshire Regiment 17–25 September 1944 Arnhem, the Netherlands
George Cairns South Staffordshire Regiment 13 March 1944* [C] Henu Block, Burma
Donald Cameron HMS X6 22 September 1943 Kåfjord, Norway
John Campbell Royal Horse Artillery 21–23 November 1941 Sidi Rezegh, Libya
Kenneth Campbell No. 22 Squadron RAF 6 April 1941* Brest, France [A]
Lorne Campbell Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders (Princess Louise's) 6 April 1943 Wadi Akarit, Tunisia
Edward Chapman Monmouthshire Regiment 2 April 1945 Dortmund-Ems Canal, Germany
Edward Charlton Irish Guards 21 April 1945* Wistedt, Germany
Leonard Cheshire No. 35 Squadron RAF
No. 76 Squadron RAF
No. 617 Squadron RAF
June 1940–July 1944 [D] Over Europe [A]
Albert Chowne 2/2nd Battalion, AIF 25 March 1945* Dagua, New Guinea
Aubrey Cosens Queen's Own Rifles of Canada 25–26 February 1945* Mooshof, Germany
John Cruickshank No. 210 Squadron RAF 17–18 July 1944 Atlantic Ocean [A]
Arthur Cumming Frontier Force Regiment 3 January 1942 Kuantan, Malaya
David Currie South Alberta Regiment 18–20 August 1944 Battle of Falaise, France
Roden Cutler Royal Australian Artillery 19 June 1941 to
6 July 1941
Merdjayoun-Damour, Lebanon
Tom Derrick 2/48th Battalion, AIF 24 November 1943 Sattelberg, New Guinea
Fazal Din 10th Baluch Regiment 2 March 1945* Meiktila, Burma
Dennis Donnini Royal Scots Fusiliers 18 January 1945*Stein, (Selfkant) Germany
Thomas Durrant Corps of Royal Engineers 27 March 1942* [C] St Nazaire, France
George Eardley King's Shropshire Light Infantry 16 October 1944 Overloon, the Netherlands
John Edmondson 2/17th Battalion, AIF 13–14 April 1941* [C] Tobruk, Libya
Hughie Edwards No. 105 Squadron RAF 4 July 1941 Bremen, Germany [A]
Keith Elliott 22nd Battalion, NZEF 15 July 1942 Ruweisat, Egypt
Harold Ervine-Andrews East Lancashire Regiment 31 May 1940 to
1 June 1940
Dunkirk, France
Eugene Esmonde 825 Naval Air Squadron 12 February 1942* Straits of Dover, England [A]
Edward Fegen HMS Jervis Bay 5 November 1940* Atlantic Ocean
Henry Foote 7th Royal Tank Regiment 27 May 1942 to
15 June 1942
Libya
John Foote Royal Canadian Army Chaplain Corps 19 August 1942 Dieppe, France
Ian Fraser HMS XE3 31 July 1945 Johore Straits, Singapore
John French 2/9th Battalion, AIF 4 September 1942* Milne Bay, New Guinea
Christopher Furness Welsh Guards 17–24 May 1940* Arras, France
Philip Gardner 4th Royal Tank Regiment 23 November 1941 Tobruk, Libya
Donald Garland No. 12 Squadron RAF 12 May 1940* Albert Canal, Belgium [A]
Yeshwant Ghadge Maratha Light Infantry 10 July 1944* Upper Tiber Valley, Italy
Gaje Ghale 5th Gurkha Rifles 24 May 1943 Chin Hills, Burma
Guy Gibson No. 617 Squadron RAF 16 May 1943 [E] Möhne Dam, Germany [A]
James Gordon 2/31st Battalion, AIF 10 July 1941 Djezzine, Syria
Thomas Gould HMS Thrasher 16 February 1942 Crete, Mediterranean Sea
Percival Gratwick 2/48th Battalion, AIF 25–26 October 1942* Miteiriya Ridge, Egypt
Robert Gray (RCNVR) HMS Formidable 9 August 1945* Honshū, Japan [A]
Thomas Gray No. 12 Squadron RAF 12 May 1940* Albert Canal, Belgium [A]
John Grayburn Parachute Regiment 17–20 September 1944* Arnhem, the Netherlands
George Gristock Royal Norfolk Regiment 21 May 1940* [C] River Escaut, Belgium
George Gunn 3rd Regiment Royal Horse Artillery 21 November 1941* Sidi Rezegh, Libya
Arthur Gurney 2/48th Battalion, AIF 22 July 1942* El Alamein, Egypt
Bhanbhagta Gurung 2nd Gurkha Rifles 5 March 1945 Tamandu, Burma
Lachhiman Gurung 8th Gurkha Rifles 12–13 May 1945 Taungdaw, Burma
Thaman Gurung 5th Gurkha Rifles 10 November 1944* Monte San Bartolo, Italy
Abdul Hafiz 9th Jat Infantry 6 April 1944* Imphal, India
Ali Haidar 13th Frontier Force Rifles 9 April 1945 Fusignano, Italy
John Hannah No. 83 Squadron RAF 15 September 1940 Antwerp, Belgium [A]
Eric Harden Royal Army Medical Corps 23 January 1945* Brachterbeek, the Netherlands
John Harman Queen's Own Royal West Kent Regiment 8–9 April 1944* Kohima, India
John Harper York and Lancaster Regiment 29 September 1944* Antwerp, Belgium
Jack Hinton 2nd Division, NZEF 29 April 1941 Kalamai, Greece
Charles Hoey Lincolnshire Regiment 16 February 1944* Ngakyedauk Pass, Burma
Stanley Hollis Green Howards 6 June 1944 Normandy, France
David Hornell No. 162 Squadron RCAF 24 June 1944* Faroes, Atlantic Ocean [A]
Alec Horwood Queen's Royal Regiment (West Surrey) 18–20 January 1944* Kyauchaw, Burma
Clive Hulme 2nd Division, NZEF 20–28 May 1941 Crete, Greece
Thomas Hunter 43 Commando 2 April 1945* Lake Comacchio, Italy
James Jackman Royal Northumberland Fusiliers 25 November 1941* Tobruk, Libya
Norman Jackson No. 106 Squadron RAF 26 April 1944 Schweinfurt, Germany [A]
Namdeo Jadav Maratha Light Infantry 9 April 1945 Senio River, Italy
David Jamieson Royal Norfolk Regiment 7–8 August 1944 Grimbosq, France
Francis Jefferson Lancashire Fusiliers 16 May 1944 Monte Cassino, Italy
Karamjeet Judge 15th Punjab Regiment 18 March 1945* Meiktila, Burma
Richard Kelliher 2/25th Battalion, AIF 13 September 1943 New Guinea
Edward Kenna 2/4th Battalion, AIF 15 May 1945 Wewak, New Guinea
John Kenneally Irish Guards 28 April 1943 Dj. Arada, Tunisia
Geoffrey Keyes No. 11 (Scottish) Commando 17–18 November 1941* Beda Littoria, Libya
William Kibby 2/48th Battalion, AIF 23–31 October 1942* El Alamein, Egypt
Bruce Kingsbury 2/14th Battalion, AIF 29 August 1942 Isurava, New Guinea
George Knowland No. 1 Commando 31 January 1945* Kangaw, Burma
Ganju Lama 7th Gurkha Rifles 12 June 1944 Ningthoukhong, India
Anders Lassen Special Air Service 8–9 April 1945* Lake Comacchio, Italy
Herbert Le Patourel Hampshire Regiment 3 December 1942 Tebourba, Tunisia
Nigel Leakey King's African Rifles 19 May 1941* Colito, Abyssinia
Roderick Learoyd No. 49 Squadron RAF 12 August 1940 Dortmund-Ems Canal, Germany [A]
Ian Liddell Coldstream Guards 3 April 1945 Lingen, Germany
John Linton HMS Pandora
HMS Turbulent
September 1939 to
23 March 1943* [D]
Mediterranean Sea
David Lord No. 271 Squadron RAF 19 September 1944* Arnhem, the Netherlands [A]
Charles Lyell Scots Guards 22–27 April 1943* Dj Bou Arada, Tunisia
John Mackey 2/3rd Pioneer Battalion, AIF 12 May 1945* Tarakan Island, Borneo
James Magennis HMS XE3 31 July 1945 Johore Straits, Singapore
John Mahony Westminster Regiment 24 May 1944 River Melfa, Italy
Hugh Malcolm No. 18 Squadron RAF 4 December 1942* Chougui, Tunisia [A]
Leslie Manser No. 50 Squadron RAF 30 May 1942* Cologne, Germany [A]
Jack Mantle HMS Foylebank 4 July 1940* Portland, England
Charles Merritt South Saskatchewan Regiment 19 August 1942 Dieppe, France
Ron Middleton (RAAF) No. 149 Squadron RAF 28 November 1942* Turin, Italy [A]
Anthony Miers HMS Torbay 4–5 March 1942 Corfu, Greece
George Mitchell London Scottish 23–24 January 1944* Damiano Ridge, Italy
Andrew Mynarski No. 419 Squadron RCAF 12 June 1944* Cambrai, France [A]
John Nettleton No. 44 Squadron RAF 17 April 1942 Augsberg, Germany [A]
Augustus Newman Essex Regiment 28 March 1942 St Nazaire, France
William Newton No. 22 Squadron RAAF 16–18 March 1943* [D] [F] New Guinea [A]
Moana-Nui-a-Kiwa Ngarimu 28th Māori Battalion, NZEF 26–27 March 1943* Tebaga Gap, Tunisia
Harry Nicholls Grenadier Guards 21 May 1940 River Escaut, Belgium
Eric Nicolson No. 249 Squadron RAF 16 August 1940 Southampton, England [A]
Gerard Norton Kaffrarian Rifles, South African Army31 August 1944 Montegridolfo, Italy
John Osborn Winnipeg Grenadiers 19 December 1941* Mount Butler, Hong Kong
Robert Palmer No. 109 Squadron RAF 23 December 1944* [D] Cologne, Germany [A]
Frank Partridge 8th Battalion, Militia (Australia)24 July 1945 Bougainville, New Guinea
Frederick Peters HMS Walney 8 November 1942 Oran, Algeria
Basil Place HMS X7 22 September 1943 Kåfjord, Norway
Patrick Porteous Royal Regiment of Artillery 19 August 1942 Dieppe, France
Tul Pun 6th Gurkha Rifles 23 June 1944 Mogaung, Burma
Lionel Queripel 10th Parachute Battalion 19 September 1944* Arnhem, the Netherlands
Agansing Rai 5th Gurkha Rifles 26 June 1944 Bishenpur, India
Bhandari Ram 10th Baluch Regiment 22 November 1944 Arakan, Burma
Chhelu Ram 6th Rajputana Rifles 19–20 April 1943* Djebel Garci, Tunisia
Kamal Ram 8th Punjab Regiment 12 May 1944 River Gari, Italy
Richhpal Ram 6th Rajputana Rifles 7–8 February 1941 Keren, Eritrea
John Randle Royal Norfolk Regiment 4–6 May 1944* Kohima, India
Reginald Rattey 25th Battalion, Militia (Australia)22 March 1945 Bougainville, Solomon Islands
Claud Raymond Corps of Royal Engineers 21 March 1945* [C] Talaku, Burma
William Reid No. 61 Squadron RAF 3 November 1943 Düsseldorf, Germany [A]
Peter Roberts HMS Thrasher 16 February 1942 Crete, Mediterranean Sea
Maurice Rogers Wiltshire Regiment 3 June 1944 Anzio, Italy
Gerard Roope HMS Glowworm 8 April 1940 Norwegian Sea, off Trondheim
Robert Ryder HMS Campbeltown 28 March 1942 St Nazaire, France
Willward Sandys-Clarke Loyal Regiment (North Lancashire) 23 April 1943* Guiriat El Atach, Tunisia
William Savage HM Motor Gun Boat 28 March 1942* St Nazaire, France
Arthur Scarf No. 62 Squadron RAF 9 December 1941* Singora, Malaya [A]
Derek Seagrim Green Howards 20–21 March 1943 Mareth Line, Tunisia
Alfred Sephton HMS Coventry 18 May 1941* [C] Crete, Mediterranean Sea
Sher Shah 16th Punjab Regiment 19–20 January 1945* Kyeyebyin, Burma
Robert Sherbrooke HMS Onslow 31 December 1942 North Cape, Norway
William Sidney Grenadier Guards 8–9 February 1944 Anzio, Italy
Gian Singh 15th Punjab Regiment 2 March 1945 Myingyan, Burma
Nand Singh Sikh Regiment 11–12 March 1944 MaungdawButhidaung Road, Burma
Parkash Singh 8th Punjab Regiment 6 January 1943 Donbaik, Burma
Prakash Singh Chib 13th Frontier Force Rifles 16–17 February 1945* Kanlan Ywathit, Burma
Ram Singh 1st Punjab Regiment 25 October 1944* Tiddim, Burma
Umrao Singh Royal Indian Artillery 15–16 December 1944 Kaladan Valley, Burma
Ernest Smith Seaforth Highlanders of Canada 21–22 October 1944 River Savio, Italy
Quentin Smythe Royal Natal Carabineers, South African Army5 June 1942 Alem Hamza, Egypt
Richard Stannard HMT Arab 28 April 1940 to
2 May 1940
Namsos, Norway
Leslie Starcevich 2/43rd Battalion, AIF 28 June 1945 Beaufort, Borneo
James Stokes King's Shropshire Light Infantry 1 March 1945* Kervenheim, Germany
Sefanaia Sukanaivalu Fiji Infantry Regiment 23 June 1944* Bougainville, Solomon Islands
Edwin Swales (SAAF) No. 582 Squadron RAF 23 February 1945* Pforzheim, Germany [A]
Lalbahadur Thapa 2nd Gurkha Rifles 5–6 April 1943 Rass-es-Zouai, Tunisia
Netrabahadur Thapa 5th Gurkha Rifles 25–26 June 1944 Bishenpur, India
Sher Thapa 9th Gurkha Rifles 18–19 September 1944* San Marino, Italy
George Thompson No. 9 Squadron RAF 1 January 1945* [C] Dortmund-Ems Canal, Germany [A]
Frederick Tilston Essex Scottish Regiment 1 March 1945 Uedem, Germany
Frederick Topham 1st Canadian Parachute Battalion 24 March 1945 Rhine, Germany
Leonard Trent No. 487 Squadron RNZAF 3 May 1943 Amsterdam, the Netherlands [A]
Lloyd Trigg (RNZAF) No. 200 Squadron RAF 11 August 1943* Atlantic Ocean [A]
Paul Triquet Royal 22e Régiment 14 December 1943 Casa Berardi, Italy
Hanson Turner West Yorkshire Regiment (The Prince of Wales's Own) 6–7 June 1944* Ningthoukhong, India
Victor Turner Rifle Brigade (Prince Consort's Own) 27 October 1942 El Alamein, Egypt
Charles Upham 2nd Division, NZEF 22–30 May 1941
14–15 July 1942 [B]
Crete, Greece
El Ruweisat Ridge, Egypt
Richard Wakeford Hampshire Regiment 13 May 1944 Cassino, Italy
Adam Wakenshaw Durham Light Infantry 27 June 1942* Mersa Matruh, Egypt
Malcolm Wanklyn HMS Upholder 24 May 1941 Sicily, Mediterranean Sea
Bernard Warburton-Lee HMS Hardy 10 April 1940* Ofotfjord, Norway
James Ward RNZAF No. 75 Squadron RAF 7 July 1941 Munster, Germany [A]
Tasker Watkins Welch Regiment 16 August 1944 Barfour, France
Basil Weston Green Howards 3 March 1945* Meiktila, Burma
Thomas Wilkinson HMS Li Wo 14 February 1942* Java Sea, Malaya
Eric Wilson East Surrey Regiment 11–15 August 1940 Observation Hill, Somaliland
Peter Wright Coldstream Guards 25 September 1943 Salerno, Italy

Notes

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References

General
Specific
  1. Ashcroft, Michael; preface; XI–XIII
  2. The Gazette publishing the original Royal Warrant
    "No. 21846". The London Gazette . 5 February 1856. pp. 410–411.
  3. Ashcroft, Michael; pp. 7–10
  4. Ashcroft, Michael; Preface to Victoria Cross Heroes
  5. Ashcroft, Michael; p. 255
  6. Arthur, Max; pp. 419–422
  7. Arthur, Max; pp. 497–501
  8. Aschcroft, Michael; pp. 255–256
  9. Ashcroft, Michael; p. 259
  10. Arthur, Max; p. 38