List of U.S. ballot initiatives to repeal LGBTQ anti-discrimination laws

Ballot initiatives to repeal LGBTQ anti-discrimination laws in the United States (U.S.) have been a recurring political strategy aimed at overturning legal protections for LGBTQ individuals at the state and local levels from 1974–2018. Ballot initiative efforts to repeal anti-discrimination laws on the basis of sexual orientation or sexual preference lasted from 1974–2016, while ballot initiative efforts to repeal anti-discrimination laws on the bias or gender identity and/or gender expression or gender presentation lasted from 2001–2018. After 2018, there has bee no ballot initiatives in the U.S. to repeal LGBTQ anti-discrimination laws.

History

Madison, Wisconsin, became the first jurisdiction in the United States to pass a sexual orientation nondiscrimination ordinance on March 6, 1972, which was enacted on April 10, 1972, protecting individuals from discrimination based on sexual orientation in employment, housing, and public accommodations. Jurisdictions in the United States began outlawing discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation in 1972, when East Lansing, Michigan, passed an ordinance forbidding discrimination based on "affectional or sexual preference". ^[1] In response, opponents began organizing campaigns to place measures on their local ballots to repeal these anti-discrimination laws. The repeal movement found a national spokesperson in Anita Bryant, who helped found—and served as president of—Save Our Children. Save Our Children organized in Florida in 1977 in response to the passage by the Dade County Commission of an anti-discrimination ordinance.^{[ citation needed ]} Bryant's campaign was successful; the Miami-Dade ordinance was repealed by a greater than two-to-one margin. Repeal campaigns, building on this success, spread nationally and several other ordinances were repealed. In California in 1978, conservative state senator John Briggs sponsored Proposition 6, which would have barred gay and lesbian people from working in a public school. The defeat of this measure, and of an ordinance repeal measure in Seattle, Washington, the same day, stalled the momentum of the repeal forces.^{[ citation needed ]}

Opponents of Colorado's Amendment 2 at a rally sponsored by the National Organization for Women

The mid-1980s and early 1990s saw a resurgence in ballot initiatives, culminating in proposed state constitutional amendments in Oregon and Colorado not only to repeal existing anti-discrimination ordinances but to proactively prohibit the state and any local unit of government within the state from ever passing such an ordinance. In 1992, Oregon's Measure 9 sponsored by the Oregon Citizens Alliance failed, but Colorado's Amendment 2 passed. Amendment 2 was declared unconstitutional by the United States Supreme Court in its 1996 Romer v. Evans decision. Oregon and two other states, Idaho and Maine, had initiatives between the passage of Amendment 2 and the Court decision; all three were defeated but many municipalities within Oregon passed local measures.^{[ citation needed ]}

As the question of same-sex marriage has risen to greater prominence, opponents of such marriages have turned their attention to passing constitutional amendments barring individual states from legalizing same-sex marriages or recognizing such marriages performed in other jurisdictions. These amendments are listed here. Before the marriage issue arose, some jurisdictions had begun providing limited rights and benefits to same-sex domestic partners. These ordinances also became targets of repeal efforts, with repeal supporters meeting with less success.^{[ citation needed ]}

Since the 2015 US Supreme Court ruling in the case of Obergefell v. Hodges , the prominence of LGBT anti-discrimination laws became the top priority of LGBT rights activists.^{[ citation needed ]} One of the most controversial, recent, and largest repeal effort was Proposition 1 in Houston, Texas.

Ballot initiatives

Election date	County, municipality, or state	Referendum name	Goal	Yes votes	% yes votes	No votes	% no votes	% voter turnout	Outcome
May 7, 1974	Boulder, Colorado	Referendum 1	Repeal of Ordinance No. 3311, which prohibited discrimination based on sexual orientation in employment, housing, and public accommodations	24,123	83%	18,228	17%	52.7%	Repealed [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8]
June 7, 1977	Miami-Dade County, Florida		Repeal of Ordinance 77-4, which prohibited discrimination based on sexual orientation in housing, employment, and public accommodations	202,319	69.3%	90,129	30.7%
April 25, 1978	St. Paul, Minnesota		Repeal of Ordinance 17212, which prohibited discrimination based on sexual orientation in housing, employment, and public accommodations	29,053	63.1%	17,040	36.9%
May 9, 1978	Wichita, Kansas		Repeal of Ordinance 35-242, which prohibited discrimination based on sexual orientation in housing, employment, and public accommodations	47,389	80%	10,005	20%
May 23, 1978	Eugene, Oregon		Repeal of Ordinance 18080, which prohibited discrimination based on sexual orientation in housing, employment, and public accommodations	22,898	64.3%	12,002	35.7%
November 7, 1978	Seattle, Washington		Repeal of Ordinance 107772, which prohibited discrimination based on sexual orientation in housing and employment	71,381	37.1%	121,598	62.9%		Defeated [2] [9] [10]
	California	Proposition 6	Bans gay, lesbian, and bisexual individuals, as well as anyone who supported gay rights, from working in public schools	2,823,293	41.57%	3,956,571	58.43%
June 3, 1980	San Jose, California		Repeal of Ordinance 18362, which prohibited discrimination based on sexual orientation in housing, employment, and public accommodations	62,782	70.2%	26,612	29.8%		Repealed [2] [11]
	Santa Clara County, California		Repeal of Ordinance NS-300.34, which prohibited discrimination based on sexual orientation in housing, employment, and public accommodations	137,888	75.2%	45,460	24.8%
January 16, 1982	Austin, Texas		Repeal of Ordinance 820106-J, which prohibited discrimination based on sexual orientation in housing	11,375	63%	6,683	37%		Defeated [2]
November 6, 1984	Duluth, Minnesota		Repeal of Ordinance 8050, which prohibited discrimination based on sexual orientation in housing, employment, and public accommodations	24,598	76%	7,777	24%		Repealed [2] [12]
January 19, 1985	Houston, Texas		Repeal of Ordinance 82-114, which prohibited discrimination based on sexual orientation in city employment	85,254	82%	18,677	18%
March 4, 1986	Davis, California		Repeal of Ordinance 1548, which prohibited discrimination based on sexual orientation in housing, employment, and public accommodations	4,829	58%	3,491	42%		Defeated [2]
November 8, 1988	Oregon	Measure 8	Repeal of Executive Order 87-20, which prohibited discrimination based on sexual orientation in state employment	626,751	52.75%	561,355	47.25%		Repealed [2] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [17] [18]
November 7, 1989	Athens, Ohio		Repeal of Ordinance 0-84-89, which prohibited discrimination based on sexual orientation in housing, employment, and public accommodations	2,487	53%	2,203	47%
	Irvine, California		Repeal of Ordinance 2397, which prohibited discrimination based on sexual orientation in housing, employment, and public accommodations	11,456	53%	10,125	47%
	Concord, California		Repeal of Ordinance 1954, which prohibited discrimination based on sexual orientation in housing, employment, and public accommodations	8,387	50.2%	8,317	49.8%
	San Francisco, California, California	Proposition L	Repeal of Ordinance 1989-0710, which provided domestic partnership benefits to couples	54,000	52.5%	49,000	47.5%
	Tacoma, Washington		Repeal of Ordinance 23623, which prohibited discrimination based on sexual orientation in housing, employment, and public accommodations	24,628	51.2%	23,483	48.8%
November 6, 1990	Wooster, Ohio		Repeal of Ordinance 1990-41, which prohibited discrimination based on sexual orientation in housing, employment, and public accommodations	5,166	63%	3,036	37%
	Seattle, Washington	Referendum 47	Repeal of Ordinance 113260, which provided domestic partnership benefits to couples	75,000	45.2%	91,000	54.8%		Defeated [2] [19] [20] [18] [21]
May 21, 1991	Denver, Colorado	Question 1A	Repeal of Ordinance 44, which provides anti-discrimination protections based on sexual orientation in housing, employment, and public accommodations	118,931	45%	97,000	55%
November 5, 1991	St. Paul, Minnesota		Repeal of Ordinance 17509, which prohibited discrimination based on sexual orientation in housing, employment, and public accommodations	38,721	54%	33,103	46%
	San Francisco, California	Proposition K	Repeal of Ordinance No. 1991-01, which provided domestic partnership benefits to couples	54,000	52.5%	49,000	47.5%
May 19, 1992	Tampa, Florida	Proposition 13	Repeal of Ordinance 15047, which prohibited discrimination based on sexual orientation in employment, housing, and public accommodations	94,960	53%	83,753	47%	42.5%	Passed [2]
May 19, 1992	Springfield, Oregon	Measure 20-08	Repeal of Ordinance 5561, which prohibited discrimination based on sexual orientation in employment, housing, and public accommodations and prohibited the city from recognizing homosexuality, passing anti-discrimination laws based on homosexuality, and from using city funds and properties to "promote" homosexuality	12,815	55.4%	10,320	44.6%		Repealed [2] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26]
	Corvallis, Oregon		Repeal of Ordinance 93-12, which prohibited discrimination based on sexual orientation in employment, housing, and public accommodations and prohibited the city from recognizing homosexuality, passing anti-discrimination laws based on homosexuality, and from using city funds and properties to "promote" homosexuality	5,136	37%	8,731	63%
November 3, 1992	Colorado	Amendment 2	Prohibited the state and local governments from enacting anti-discrimination protections based on sexual orientation	813,966	53.41%	710,151	46.59%		Passed [2]
	Oregon	Measure 9	Prohibited state and local governments from recognizing sexual orientation as a basis for protected status	638,527	43.53%	828,290	56.47%		Defeated [2] [27] [28]
May 18, 1993	Cornelius, Oregon	Measure 34-5	Prohibits city from extending minority status based on homosexuality, sexual orientation or preference and from enforcing such laws. Prohibits city spending to promote or approve homosexuality. Does not deny city services based on lawful sexual practices. Does not forbid public library materials for adults. Does not nullify civil rights based on race, religion, color, sex, marital status, familial status, national origin, age or disability. Does not limit constitutional rights. Allows laws which prohibit employment discrimination based on non-work related reasons.	981	61.74%	608	38.26%		Passed [2] [29] [30]
June 29, 1993	Klamath County, Oregon		Prohibition of extending minority status or protections based on sexual orientation, including any related provisions or expenditures	14,532	72.7%	5,466	27.3%		Passed [2] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] [39]
	Junction City, Oregon			748	50.1%	747	49.9%
	Canby, Oregon			53.8%	1,412	46.2%
	Linn County, Oregon			20,274	73.7%	7,229	26.3%
	Josephine County, Oregon			13,343	69.0%	5,994	31.0%
	Douglas County, Oregon			19,251	73.1%	7,074	26.9%
September 21, 1993	Gresham, Oregon			10,525	64.1%	5,891	35.9%
	Estacada, Oregon			552	66.5%	278	33.5%
	Molalla, Oregon			1,017	63.5%	585	36.5%
	Sweet Home, Oregon			1,296	73.9%	457	26.1%
	Medford, Oregon			9,347	73.1%	3,441	26.9%
	Lebanon, Oregon			2,723	68.5%	1,253	31.5%
	Creswell, Oregon			419	59.7%	283	40.3%
	Jackson County, Oregon			28,523	70.6%	11,884	29.4%
	Grants Pass, Oregon	Measure 15-93		1,200	40%	1,800	60%		Defeated [2]
November 2, 1993	Portsmouth, New Hampshire		Repeal of Ordinance 10-93, which prohibited discrimination based on sexual orientation in housing, employment, and public accommodations	2,203	55.6%	1,760	44.4%		Repealed [2] [40] [41]
	Lewiston, Maine		Repeal of Ordinance 93-12, which prohibited discrimination based on sexual orientation in housing, employment, and public accommodations	6,754	68%	3,180	32%
	Portland, Maine		Repeal of Ordinance 33-93, which prohibited discrimination based on sexual orientation in housing, employment, and public accommodations	8,450	43%	11,241	57%
	Tampa, Florida		Repeal of Ordinance 15047, which prohibited discrimination based on sexual orientation in employment, housing, and public accommodations	40,984	58.5%	29,163	41.5%
	Cincinnati, Ohio	Issue 3	Prohibited the city from enacting or enforcing anti-discrimination protections based on sexual orientation	72,425	67%	35,615	33%
	Oregon City, Oregon		Prohibition of extending minority status or protections based on sexual orientation, including any related provisions or expenditures	4,093	53%	3,630	47%		Passed [2] [39] [36] [38]
	Keizer, Oregon			3,546	55%	2,893	45%
March 22, 1994	Junction City, Oregon			784	56.1%	614	43.9%
	Albany, Oregon			5,488	68.5%	2,520	31.5%
	Turner, Oregon			264	64.4%	146	35.6%
	Marion County, Oregon			22,931	71.3%	9,222	28.7%
April 5, 1994	Springfield, Missouri	Proposition R	Repeal of Ordinance 5781, which included sexual orientation as a protected category under the city's hate crime laws	26,592	51.3%	25,268	48.7%	25%	Repealed [2]
May 17, 1994	Veneta, Oregon		Prohibition of extending minority status or protections based on sexual orientation, including any related provisions or expenditures	868	64.7%	474	35.3%		Passed [2]
	Roseburg, Oregon			2,970	72.5%	1,124	27.5%
	Gresham, Oregon			9,485	57%	7,146	43%		Defeated [2] [42]
	Oakridge, Oregon			552	58.4%	393	41.6%		Repealed [2] [38] [43]
	Cottage Grove, Oregon			1,206	57.2%	902	42.8%
November 8, 1994	Alachua County, Florida		Repeal of Ordinance 93-7, which provided anti-discrimination protections based on sexual orientation	35,306	57%	26,640	43%		Repealed [2] [43]
			To bar future ordinances from providing protections based on sexual orientation	36,537	59%	25,380	41%		Passed [2] [43]
	Austin, Texas	Proposition 22	Repeal of Ordinance 940109-A, which provided domestic partnership benefits to couples and restricted benefits to only employees' parents, spouse, children, and other specified family members	56,000	51.2%	53,000	48.8%		Repealed [2]
	Idaho	Proposition 1	Prohibited state and local governments from recognizing sexual orientation as a basis for protected status	181,366	49.9%	182,199	50.1%		Defeated [2] [44]
	Lake County, Oregon		Prohibition of extending minority status or protections based on sexual orientation, including any related provisions or expenditures	3,215	74.1%	1,125	25.9%		Passed [2]
	Grants Pass, Oregon			2,300	60%	1,500	40%
	Oregon	Measure 13	Prohibited state and local governments from recognizing sexual orientation as a basis for protected status	592,746	48.45%	630,628	51.55%		Defeated [2] [45] [46] [47]
January 10, 1995	West Palm Beach, Florida		Repeal of Ordinance 3282, which prohibited discrimination based on sexual orientation in housing, employment, and public accommodations	21,112	44%	26,872	56%
November 7, 1995	Maine	Question 1	Repeal of Maine's Human Rights Act, which prohibited discrimination based on sexual orientation in employment, housing, and public accommodations	367,563	47%	414,272	53%		Defeated [2] [48]
	Northampton, Massachusetts	Domestic partnership repeal	Repeal of Ordinance 87-41, which provided domestic partnership benefits to city employees	2,013	49.5%	2,100	50.5%		Repealed [2] [48]
November 5, 1996	Lansing, Michigan	Question 1	Repeal of Ordinance 746, which prohibited discrimination based on sexual orientation in housing, employment, and public accommodations	52,000	52%	48,000	48%
		Question 2	To bar the city from enacting future ordinances to protect sexual orientation in housing, employment, and public accommodations	55,000	55%	45,000	45%		Passed [2]
February 10, 1998	Maine	Question 1	Repeal of Maine's Human Rights Act, which prohibited discrimination based on sexual orientation in employment, housing, and public accommodations	374,594	47.5%	413,753	52.5%		Repealed [2]
November 3, 1998	Maine	Question 1	Repeal of Maine's Human Rights Act, which prohibited discrimination based on sexual orientation in employment, housing, and public accommodations	221,562	52%	204,686	48%
	Fayetteville, Arkansas	Repeal of Resolution 51-98	Repeal of Resolution 51-98, which provided anti-discrimination protections based on sexual orientation in housing, employment, and public accommodations	5,000	60%	3,333	40%
	Fort Collins, Colorado	Referendum 2A	Repeal of Ordinance No. 82, which provided anti-discrimination protections based on sexual orientation in housing, employment, and public accommodations	19,834	62%	12,126	38%
1999	Falmouth, Maine		Repeal of Ordinance 98-03, which provided anti-discrimination protections based on sexual orientation in credit, education, employment, housing, and public accommodations and prohibit the town from making any ordinance, policy or regulation regarding sexual orientation	1,200	41%	1,700	59%		Defeated [2]
November 2, 1999	Spokane, Washington		Repeal of Ordinance 31310, which provided anti-discrimination protections based on sexual orientation in housing, employment, and public accommodations	52,000	52%	48,000	48%
November 7, 2000	Maine	Question 1	Repeal of Maine's Human Rights Act, which prohibited discrimination based on sexual orientation in employment, housing, and public accommodations	374,594	47.5%	413,753	52.5%		Repealed [2]
	Ferndale, Michigan	Proposals or Ordinance Measures	Repeal of Ordinance No. 986, which provided anti-discrimination protections based on sexual orientation in employment, housing, public accommodations, and public services	2,863	43.8%	3,669	56.2%	44%	Defeated [2]
	Oregon	Measure 9	Prohibit public school teachers from encouraging, promoting, or sanctioning homosexuality	662,506	47.11%	743,769	52.89%
November 6, 2001	Huntington Woods, Michigan	Proposals or Ordinance Measures	Repeal of Ordinance No. 493, which provided anti-discrimination protections based on sexual orientation in employment, housing and public accommodations	1,437	47.5%	1,587	52.5%	40%
	Kalamazoo, Michigan	Adoption of Special Class Status Based on Sexual Orientation, Conduct, or Relationship Prohibited	Repeal of Ordinance 474, which provided anti-discrimination protections based on sexual orientation in employment, housing, and public accommodations and prohibit the city from adopting future protections based on sexual orientation	3,719	46%	4,361	54%
	Traverse City, Michigan		Repeal of Ordinance 706, which provided anti-discrimination protections based on sexual orientation in housing, employment, and public accommodations and prohibit any city body from adopting policies or rules to protect gay, lesbian and bisexual people from discrimination	2,456	42%	3,381	58%		Repealed [2] [49]
	Houston, Texas	Charter Amendment-Proposition 2	Prohibit the city from providing employment benefits, including health care, to persons other than employees, their legal spouses, and dependent children; repeal of Ordinance No. 01-699, which provided anti-discrimination protections based on sexual orientation and gender identity in city employment and city contractors and city vendors; prohibit from granting any privilege in promotion, hiring, or contracting based on sexual preference	128,099	51.52%	120,525	48.48%	28.3%
September 10, 2002	Miami-Dade County, Florida		Repeal of County Ordinance 98-170, which provided anti-discrimination protections based on sexual orientation in credit, employment, finance, housing, and public accommodations	144,300	47%	163,362	53%	35%	Defeated [2] [50] [51] [52] [53]
November 5, 2002	Westbrook, Maine, Maine		Repeal of Westbrook Human Rights Ordinance, which provided anti-discrimination protections based on sexual orientation in employment, housing and public accommodations	3,050	49.63%	3,095	50.37%
	Ypsilanti, Michigan	Proposition A	Repeal of Ordinance 865, which provided anti-discrimination protections based on sexual orientation in employment, housing, and public accommodations and prohibited any ordinance that afforded protected or minority status to people based on sexual orientation	2,969	37%	5,055	63%	30.79%
	Tacoma, Washington	Initiative 1	Repeal of Ordinance No. 25966, which provided anti-discrimination protections based on sexual orientation and gender identity in employment, housing, lending, and public accommodations	19,463	42.64%	26,173	57.36%	46.93%
March 1, 2005	Topeka, Kansas	Proposition 1	Repeal of Ordinance 17853, which provided anti-discrimination protections based on sexual orientation in city employment and barring the city from recognizing sexual orientation, gender identity or gender expression or expression as a protected class for ten years	12,795	48%	13,285	52%
November 8, 2005	Maine	Question 1	Repeal of Maine's Human Rights Act, which provided anti-discrimination protections based on sexual orientation in credit, education, employment, housing, and public accommodations	185,672	43%	246,617	57%
March 24, 2009	Gainesville, Florida	Charter Amendment 1	Repeal of Ordinance 0-05-92, which provided anti-discrimination protections based on sexual orientation and gender identity in credit extension services, employment, housing, and public accommodations	11,493	42%	15,922	58%	21.2%
November 8, 2011	Traverse City, Michigan	City Proposal	Repeal of Ordinance 660, which provided anti-discrimination protections based on sexual orientation and gender identity in employment, housing, and public accommodations	2,947	62.9%	1,734	37.1%	30.6%
November 6, 2012	Salina, Kansas	Ordinance No. 12-10747	Repeal of Ordinance No. 12-10614, which provided anti-discrimination protections based on sexual orientation and gender identity in employment, housing, and public accommodations	10,472	54.15%	8,867	45.85%	56.8%	Repealed [54]
	Hutchinson, Kansas	Ordinance No. 2012-24	Repeal of Ordinance No. 2012-24, which provided anti-discrimination protections based on sexual orientation and gender identity in employment, housing, and public accommodations	5,214	58%	3,786	42%	50.6%
May 20, 2014	Pocatello, Idaho	Proposition 1	Repeal of Ordinance 2921, which provided anti-discrimination protections based on sexual orientation and gender identity in employment, housing, and public accommodations	4,863	50.41%	4,943	49.59%	27.4%	Defeated [55]
August 7, 2014	Chattanooga, Tennessee	Referendum on Ordinance No. 12781	Upholds Ordinance No. 12781, which provided domestic partnership benefits to city employees and provided anti-discrimination protections based on sexual orientation and gender identity in public employment and public accommodations	8,184	37.42%	13,685	62.58%	17.7%	Defeated [56]
December 9, 2014	Fayetteville, Arkansas	Repeal of Ordinance No. 5703	Repeal of Ordinance 5703, which provided anti-discrimination protections based on sexual orientation and gender identity in employment, housing, and public accommodations	7,527	51.65%	7,047	48.35%	29.42%	Repealed [57] [58] [59] [60]
April 7, 2015	Springfield, Missouri	Question 1	Repeal of Ordinance 6143, which provided anti-discrimination protections based on sexual orientation and gender identity in employment, housing, and public accommodations	15,364	51.43%	14,510	48.57%	23.86%
September 8, 2015	Fayetteville, Arkansas	Ordinance 5781 Special Election	Upholds Ordinance 5781, which provided anti-discrimination protections based on sexual orientation and gender identity in employment, housing, and public accommodations	7,698	52.79%	6,884	47.21%	29.51%	Passed [61] [62]
November 3, 2015	Houston, Texas	Proposition 1	Upholds Ordinance No. 2014-530, which provided anti-discrimination protections based on sexual orientation and gender identity in employment, housing, and public accommodations	157,110	39.03%	100,582	60.97%	27.45%	Defeated [63] [64]
June 28, 2016	Texarkana, Arkansas	Ordinance No. M-130	Repeal of Ordinance No. M-130, which provided anti-discrimination protections based on sexual orientation and gender identity in employment, housing, and public accommodations	2,465	79.9%	620	20.1%	11.1%	Repealed [65]
April 3, 2018	Anchorage, Alaska	Proposition 1	Restrict access to public bathrooms and locker rooms based on an individual's sex assigned at birth	36,993	47.36%	41,115	52.64%	35.06%	Defeated [66] [67]
November 6, 2018	Massachusetts	Question 3	Upholds Chapter 272, Section 98, as amended by Chapter 134 of the Acts of 2016, which provided anti-discrimination protections based on gender identity in public accommodations	1,806,742	67.82%	857,401	32.18%	60.17%	Passed [68] [69] [70]

See also

• LGBTQ portal
• Politics portal

• Home rule in the United States
• List of cities and counties in the United States offering an LGBTQ non-discrimination ordinance
• State preemption

Further reading

• Faderman, Lillian (2007). Great Events From History: Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender Events, 1848-2006. Salem Press. ISBN   1-58765-264-1.
• Keen, Lisa and Suzanne B. Goldberg (2000). Strangers to the Law: Gay People on Trial. University of Michigan Press. ISBN   0-472-08645-6.
• Murdoch, Joyce; Price, Deb (2001). Courting Justice: Gay Men and Lesbians v. the Supreme Court. New York, Basic Books. ISBN   0-465-01513-1.
• Rutledge, Leigh (1992). The Gay Decades. New York, Penguin. ISBN   0-452-26810-9.
• Shilts, Randy (1982). The Mayor of Castro Street: The Life and Times of Harvey Milk, St. Martin's Press. ISBN   0-312-52330-0.
• Vaid, Urvashi (1995). Virtual Equality: The Mainstreaming of Gay & Lesbian Liberation. New York, Anchor Books. ISBN   0-385-47298-6.

References

1. Faderman, p. 228
2. M.V. Lee Badgett; Laura E. Durso; Angeliki Kastanis; Christy Mallory (2013). The Effects of Anti-LGBT Ballot Measures on Psychological Distress among LGBT Adults: An Assessment of the 2006 and 2008 Election Seasons (PDF) (Report). The Williams Institute, UCLA School of Law. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 18, 2019.
3. "Civil rights, marching forward". Boulder Daily Camera. November 18, 2012. Retrieved November 18, 2012.
4. Phelps, Timothy (October 8, 1995). "Gay issues split Colorado cities". Eugene Register-Guard. Newsday. p. 8A. Retrieved January 14, 2012.
5. Rutledge, p. 108
6. Rutledge, p. 122
7. Rutledge, pp. 122–23
8. "Anita's Group Aims to Help Homosexuals". The Ocala (FL) Star-Banner. Associated Press. June 5, 1978. p. 2B. Retrieved September 1, 2009.
9. "Primary Source Set: Briggs Initiative". GLBT Historical Society. Retrieved April 19, 2021.
10. Rutledge, p. 129
11. "Income tax cut rejected by voters in California". The Kingman (AZ) Daily Miner. Associated Press. June 4, 1980. p. A3. Retrieved September 1, 2009.
12. Vaid, p. 328
13. Office of the Secretary of State. "Voters' Pamphlet: State of Oregon General Election November 8, 1988" (p. 52)
14. Oregon Office of the Governor. Executive Order EO-87-20. “Prohibition of Discrimination on the Basis of Sexual Orientation.” October 15, 1987.
15. Office of the Secretary of State. "Official Abstract of Votes, General Election, November 8, 1988."
16. Sura Rubenstein, "Court Kills Anti-Gay Rights Measure," The Oregonian (Portland, OR), November 13, 1992, A1.
17. MacNamara, Mark (November 9, 1989). "Losses alarm gay rights supporters". USA Today. p. 3A.
18. George, Kathy; Scott Maier (November 8, 1990). "Only Tacoma Fails to Back Gay Rights". The Seattle Post-Intelligencer. p. B2. Retrieved September 1, 2009.
19. Keen and Goldberg, p. 6
20. "Gay Rights Ordinance Survives Repeal Vote". St. Paul Pioneer-Press. November 6, 1991. p. 1A. Retrieved September 1, 2009.
21. "Euthanasia, Term Limits Among Key Ballot Issues". The Philadelphia Inquirer. November 6, 1991. p. A14.
22. Murdoch and Price, p. 455
23. Murdoch and Price, p. 475
24. Leslie A. Harper, "OCA Fights City's Anti-Bias Efforts," Corvallis Gazette-Times (Corvallis, OR), October 30, 1991, A1.
25. "A Blue-Collar Town Is a Gay-Rights Battleground". The New York Times . June 14, 1992. p. 35. Retrieved February 14, 2010.
26. John Henrikson, "OCA to Push for Anti-Gay Law," Springfield News (Springfield, OR), October 16, 1991, 1A.
27. Office of the Secretary of State. "Voters' Pamphlet: State of Oregon General Election November 3, 1992" (p. 93)
28. Office of the Secretary of State. "Official Abstract of Votes, General Election, November 3, 1992." (p. 45)
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