List of amazon parrots

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The amazon parrots are 33 species of parrots that comprise the genus Amazona. They are native to the New World, ranging from South America to Mexico and the Caribbean. Amazon parrots range in size from medium to large, and have relatively short, rather square tails. They are predominantly green, with accenting colours that are quite vivid in some species.

Contents

The taxonomy of the yellow-crowned amazon (Amazona ochrocephala complex) is disputed, with some authorities listing only a single species (A. ochrocephala), and others splitting it into as many as three species (A. ochrocephala, A. auropalliata and A. oratrix). [1] [2] [3] The yellow-faced parrot, Alipiopsitta xanthops, was traditionally placed within the amazon parrot genus, but recent research has shown that it is more closely related to the short-tailed parrot and species from the genus Pionus ; as a result, it has been transferred to the monotypic genus Alipiopsitta. [4] [5]

Two extinct species have been postulated, based on limited evidence. [6] [7] They are the Martinique amazon (Amazona martinica) [8] [9] and the Guadeloupe amazon (Amazona violacea). [6] [10] [11] Amazon parrots were described living on Guadeloupe by Jean-Baptiste Du Tertre in 1667 and by Jean-Baptiste Labat in 1742, and they were called Psittacus violaceus at that time. Labat also described amazon parrots living on Martinique. There are no specimens or remains of either island population, so their taxonomy may never be fully elucidated. Their status as separate species is unproven and they are regarded as hypothetical extinct species. [6]

In 2017 a study published by ornithologists Tony Silva, Antonio Guzmán, Adam D. Urantówka and Paweł Mackiewicz proposed a new species for the Yucatan Peninsula area (Mexico), being this named blue-winged amazon ( Amazona gomezgarzai ). [12] However, subsequent studies question its validity, indicating that these organisms possibly had an artificial hybrid origin. [13]

Species

Species of amazon parrots in taxonomic sequence
Common and binomial names [7] ImageDescriptionRange
Festive amazon
(Amazona festiva)
Amazona festiva bodini -Tulsa Zoo-8a.jpg
Mostly green, red forehead, deep blue outer wing feathers, red rump.Brazil, Colombia, Bolivia, Ecuador, Guyana, French Guiana, Peru, Venezuela [14] [15]
Vinaceous-breasted amazon
(Amazona vinacea)
Amazona vinacea -RSFP-8a-1c.jpg
30 cm (12 in) long, mostly green, red forehead, bluish nape, vinous-maroon breast. [16] Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay [17]
Tucumán amazon
(Amazona tucumana)
Amazona tucumana -Loro Parque -Spain-8a-4cr.jpg
31 cm (12 in) long, mostly green with feathers of the upper body being green with black margins. Red plumage on the forehead and forecrown, and the red does not extend around the white eye rings. Red primary wing feathers with no red at the bend of the wing. Orange thighs and red at the base of a green tail. [18] Argentina, Bolivia [19] [20]
Red-spectacled amazon
(Amazona pretrei)
Amazona pretrei -Brazil-8.jpg
32 cm (12.5 in) long, mostly green with a variable extent of red on the forehead, lores, and around the eyes. The eye rings are white and the bill is yellowish. Red on the bend of the wings with blue tips to the primary and secondary wing feathers. [21] Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay [22]
Black-billed amazon
(Amazona agilis)
Amazona agilis in zoo.jpeg
25 cm (10 in) long, mostly green with small patches of red on the wing and sometimes flecked with red on the head, black beak. [23] Jamaica [24]
White-fronted amazon
(Amazona albifrons)
White-fronted Amazon (Amazona albifrons) -tree-3c.jpg
25 cm (10 in) long, mostly green, white forehead with blue on the crown, red on the sides of the face. Sexual dimorphism: males have bright red feathers on their shoulders, while females have green shoulders.Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua [25] [26]
Yellow-billed amazon
(Amazona collaria)
Amazona collaria -St. Andrew -Jamaica-8a-3c.jpg
28 cm (11 in) long, mostly green, white face markings and white forehead, blue forecrown, pink throat and upper breast, bluish primaries, yellow bill. [27] Jamaica [28]
Cuban amazon
or rose-throated amazon
(Amazona leucocephala)
Amazona leucocephala -in tree-4cp.jpg
28–33 cm (11–13 in) long, mostly green, white on the face, pink throat, brownish on the belly. [29] Cuba, the Bahamas, the Cayman Islands [30] [31]
Hispaniolan amazon
(Amazona ventralis)
Amazona ventralis -Dominican Republic-4a-4c.jpg
28–31 cm (11–12 in) long, mostly green, white forehead, blue flight feathers, maroon belly and red in the tail feathers. [32] Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands [33]
Puerto Rican amazon
(Amazona vittata)
Puerto Rican parrot.jpg
28–30 cm (11–12 in) long, mostly green, red forehead, white eye rings. [34] Puerto Rico [35]
Lilac-crowned amazon
(Amazona finschi)
Lilac-crowned Amazon.jpg
30.5–34.5 cm (12–14 in) long, mostly green, maroon forehead, violet-blue crown. [36] Northwestern to southwestern Mexico [36] [37] [38]
Red-lored amazon
(Amazona autumnalis)
Amazona autumnalis -The Parrot Zoo, Friskney, Lincolnshire, England-8a-2c.jpg
32–35 cm (13 in) long, mostly green, red forehead and, in some subspecies, yellow cheeks (sometimes with red spots), blue crown.Central and South America [39] [40]
Lilacine amazon
(Amazona autumnalis lilacina)
Amazona autumnalis lilacina -Chester Zoo -a pair-8a.jpg
The lilacine amazon is a small parrot, approximately 34 cm long when mature, with primarily green plumage. Like the red-lored amazon, it has red lores and yellow cheeks; its distinguishing features include a fully black beak, and lilac-tipped feathers on its crown. [41] [42] Western Ecuador to extreme south-western Colombia. [42]
Diademed amazon
(Amazona diadema)
Amazona diadema (26728838050).jpg
Length of about 33 cm (13 in). Largely green bird with glimpses of red and black; many of the feathers are margined with contrasting colours giving a finely scalloped effect. [43] Amazon basin in northern Brazil; [43]
Red-crowned amazon
(Amazona viridigenalis)
Red Crowned Amazon.jpg
33 cm (13 in) long, mostly green, bright red forehead and crown, dark blue streaks behind the eyes, and light green cheeks. Less red on the crown of the female and the juvenile. [44] Native to Mexico; introduced to Puerto Rico and the United States [45]
Yucatan amazon
(Amazona xantholora)
Goldzuegelamazone.JPG
Mostly green, blue crown and yellow on the sides of the face, horn-coloured (grey) beak.Belize, Honduras, Mexico [46] [47]
Blue-cheeked amazon
or Dufresne's amazon
(Amazona dufresniana)
Amazona dufresniana -two captive-8a-2c.jpg
34 cm (13.5 in) long, mostly green, blue cheeks.French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela, possibly in northern Brazil [48] [49]
Red-browed amazon
(Amazona rhodocorytha)
Amazona rhodocorytha -RSCF-6.jpg
35 cm (14 in) long, mostly green, red forehead fading to brownish-purple on the crown, orange lores and yellow below the lores, bluish to violet cheeks and throat. [50] Eastern Brazil [51] [52]
Red-necked amazon
(Amazona arausiaca)
Amazona arausiaca -Roseau -Dominica -aviary-6a-4c.jpg
40 cm (16 in) long, mostly green, blue forehead and face, white bare eye rings, red patch on the throat (sometimes absent). [53] Dominica [54]
Saint Lucia amazon
(Amazona versicolor)
Amazona versicolor -St Lucia-5a.jpg
43 cm (17 in) long, mostly green, blue face and forehead, red breast becoming maroon and mottled on the lower breast and belly. [55] Saint Lucia [56]
Yellow-headed amazon
(Amazona oratrix)
Yellow-headed Amazon (Amazona oratrix) -on wooden shelf.jpg
35–38 cm (14–15 in) long, mostly green, yellow head. [57] Belize, Guatemala, Mexico. [58]
Yellow-naped amazon
(Amazona auropalliata)
Yellow naped amazon Morris MN 2007.JPG
Mostly green, yellow band across the lower nape and hindneck.Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua [59] [60]
Yellow-crowned amazon
(Amazona ochrocephala)
Amazona ochrocephala -zoo-8.jpg
33–38 cm (13–15 in) long, mostly green, extent of the yellow on the head varies between subspecies.South America, Panama [61] [62]
Panama amazon
(Amazona ochrocephala panamensis)
Amazona ochrocephala panamensis -captive-8a.jpg
35 centimetres (13.8 in) in length, are bright green with a yellow area on the forehead, and a horn-colored (gray) beak, sometimes with a dark tip, but lacking the reddish coloring on the upper mandible that is present in the nominate yellow-crowned amazon. [63] Panama (including the Pearl Islands and Coiba) and northwest Colombia. [42] [64] [7] [65]
Yellow-shouldered amazon
(Amazona barbadensis)
Amazona barbadensis -pet-4.jpg
33 cm (13 in) long, mostly green, white forehead and lores, yellow crown and ear coverts, bare white eye rings. Yellow chin and shoulders. Some red and dark blue in the wing feathers. [66] The Netherlands Antilles, Venezuela [67]
Blue-fronted amazon
(Amazona aestiva)
Amazona aestiva -in tree-8.jpg
38 cm (15 in) long, mostly green, blue forehead and yellow on the face.Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, northern Argentina [68] [69]
Scaly-naped amazon
(Amazona mercenarius)
Amazona mercenaria -Ecuador -Andes-8-4c.jpg
Mostly green.Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela [70] [71]
Mealy amazon
(Amazona farinosa)
Amazona farinosa -upper body -Elmwood Park Zoo-6.jpg
38–41 cm (15–16 in) long, mostly green, extent of yellow and green on the forehead and crown varies between subspecies.Mexico, Central and South America [72] [73]
Kawall's amazon
(Amazona kawalli)
Amazona kawalli JJK'1.jpg
Large and mostly green, white skin at the base of the bill.Bolivia, Brazil [74] [75]
Imperial amazon
(Amazona imperialis)
Amazona imperialis -Roseau -Dominica -aviary-6a-3c.jpg
45 cm (18 in) long, mostly green, purple neck, green-tipped red tail and purple below. [76] Dominica [76]
Red-tailed amazon
(Amazona brasiliensis)
Amazona brasiliensis 001 1280.jpg
37 cm (14.4 in) long, mostly green, red forehead fading to purple on the crown. Blue throat, cheeks and over the ears. Red in the tail feathers. [77] Southeastern Brazil [51] [78]
Orange-winged amazon
(Amazona amazonica)
Loro guaro (Amazona amazonica), Quito, Ecuador, 2015-07-22, DD 180.jpg
33 cm (13 in) long, mostly green, blue and yellow feathers on the head which varies in extent between individuals. The upper mandible is partly horn-coloured (grey) and partly dark grey. It has orange feathers in the wings and tail.South America [79] [80]
Saint Vincent amazon
(Amazona guildingii)
Amazona guildingii -Botanical Gardens -Kingstown -Saint Vincent-8a-4c.jpg
40 cm (16 in) long, mostly green, multi-coloured with a yellowish-white, blue and green head, greenish-bronze upperparts, grey feet, orange irises, and violet blue-green wings and tail feathers. There is a yellow-brown morph and a less common green morph. [81] The Caribbean island of Saint Vincent in the Lesser Antilles [82]

See also

Related Research Articles

<i>Nestor</i> (genus) Genus of birds

The genus Nestor is one of the two extant genera of the parrot family Strigopidae. Together with the kākāpō, and the extinct parrots in the genus Nelepsittacus, they form the parrot superfamily Strigopoidea. The Nestor's genus contains two extant parrot species from New Zealand and two extinct species from Norfolk Island, Australia and Chatham Island, New Zealand, respectively. All species are large stocky birds with short squarish tails. A defining characteristic of the genus is the tongue, which is tipped with a hair-like fringe. The superficial resemblance of this tongue to that of lorikeets has led some taxonomists to consider the two groups closely related, but DNA evidence shows they are not.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Blue-fronted amazon</span> Species of bird

The blue-fronted amazon, also called the blue-fronted parrot, the turquoise-fronted amazon and the turquoise-fronted parrot, is a South American species of amazon parrot and one of the most common amazon parrots kept in captivity as a pet or companion parrot. Its common name is derived from the distinctive blue/turqoise marking on its head just above its beak.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yellow-shouldered amazon</span> Species of bird

The yellow-shouldered amazon, also known as the yellow-shouldered parrot, is a parrot of the genus Amazona that is found in the arid areas of northern Venezuela, the Venezuelan islands of Margarita and La Blanquilla, and the island of Bonaire. It has been extirpated from Aruba and introduced to Curaçao.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">White-fronted amazon</span> Species of bird

The white-fronted amazon also known as the white-fronted parrot, or spectacled amazon parrot, is a Central American species of parrot. They can imitate a range from 30 to 40 different sounds. Like other large parrots, the white-fronted parrot has a long potential life span, usually around 40 years.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lilac-crowned amazon</span> Species of bird

The lilac-crowned amazon, also known as lilac-crowned parrot, Finsch's parrot or Finsch's amazon, is a parrot endemic to the Pacific slopes of Mexico. Also known as Finsch's amazon, it is characterised by green plumage, a maroon forehead, and a violet-blue crown and neck.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yellow-headed amazon</span> Species of bird

The yellow-headed amazon, also known as the yellow-headed parrot and double yellow-headed amazon, is an endangered amazon parrot of Mexico and northern Central America. Measuring 38–43 centimetres (15–17 in) in length, it is a stocky short-tailed green parrot with a yellow head. It prefers to live in mangrove forests or forests near rivers or other bodies of water. It is sometimes considered a subspecies of the yellow-crowned amazon. It is a popular pet and an excellent talker. Poaching for the international pet trade has driven the species to near-extinction in the wild; around half of all wild-caught birds are thought to die in the process.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Saint Vincent amazon</span> Species of bird

The Saint Vincent amazon, also known as Saint Vincent parrot, is a large, approximately 40 cm (16 in) long, multi-colored amazon parrot with a yellowish white, blue and green head, greenish-bronze upperparts plumage, and violet blue-green wings.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yellow-crowned amazon</span> Species of bird

The yellow-crowned amazon or yellow-crowned parrot is a species of parrot native to tropical South America, Panama and Trinidad and Tobago in the Caribbean. The taxonomy is highly complex and the yellow-headed and yellow-naped amazon are sometimes considered subspecies of the yellow-crowned amazon. Except in the taxonomic section, the following deals only with the nominate group .They are found in the Amazon basin.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yellow-billed amazon</span> Species of bird

The yellow-billed amazon, also called the yellow-billed parrot or Jamaican amazon, is a species of parrot in the family Psittacidae. It is a predominantly green parrot with a short tail and pink throat and neck. It is endemic to Jamaica, where its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical mangrove forests, subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, plantations, and rural gardens. It is threatened by habitat loss and illegal trapping of wild birds for the pet trade.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Martinique amazon</span> Hypothetical species of bird

The Martinique amazon is a hypothetical extinct species of Caribbean parrot in the family Psittacidae. It is not known from any material remains, but was said to be similar to the red-necked amazon from Dominica, the next major island to the north of Martinique. Natives are known to have traded extensively in parrots between the Antilles, and it seems that the Martinique population was in some way related to or even descended from A. arausiaca.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Scaly-naped amazon</span> Species of bird

The scaly-naped amazon, also known as the scaly-naped parrot, mercenary amazon, Tschudi's amazon, mountain parrot, or gray-naped amazon is a species of parrot in the family Psittacidae. It is found along the Andes in the northern part of South America. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest and subtropical or tropical moist montane forest.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Red-spectacled amazon</span> Species of bird

The red-spectacled amazon is a species of parrot in the family Psittacidae. It is found in Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Red-browed amazon</span> Species of bird

The red-browed amazon is a species of parrot in the family Psittacidae. It is endemic to Atlantic Forest in eastern Brazil. It has been considered a subspecies of the blue-cheeked amazon, but today all major authorities consider them separate species. It is threatened both by habitat loss and by being captured for the trade in wild parrots.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tucumán amazon</span> Species of bird

The Tucumán amazon, also known as the Tucumán parrot, alder amazon, or alder parrot, is a vulnerable species of bird in subfamily Arinae of the family Psittacidae, the African and New World parrots. It is found in Argentina and Bolivia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hispaniolan amazon</span> Species of parrot endemic to Hispaniola

The Hispaniolan parrot, also known as Hispaniolan amazon, is a species of psittaciform bird of the family Psittacidae endemic to Hispaniola, which includes the Dominican Republic and Haiti. Its white forehead, light beak, white eye-ring, blue ear patch, and maroon belly patch are the main features that differentiate it from other amazons. Its body measures about 28 centimeters in length. A typical adult weighs 250g (8.75 oz).

<i>Eos</i> (bird) Genus of birds

Eos is a genus of parrots belonging to the lories and lorikeets tribe of the family Psittaculidae. There are six species which are all endemic to islands of eastern Indonesia, most within very restricted ranges. They have predominantly red plumage with blue, purple or black markings. Males and females are similar in appearance.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lilacine amazon</span> Subspecies of bird

The lilacine amazon or Ecuadorian red-lored amazon is an amazon parrot native to Ecuador in South America. According to the IOC World Bird List, it is still considered to be a subspecies of the red-lored amazon, although Birdlife International considers it to be a separate species, as Amazona lilacina - as does the International Union for Conservation of Nature for the purposes of the IUCN Red List, rating the lilacine amazon as critically endangered.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Diademed amazon</span> Species of bird

The diademed amazon is a parrot in the family Psittacidae formerly considered conspecific with the red-lored amazon. Amazona diadema is restricted to the state of Amazonas in north-western Brazil.

References

  1. ↑ Binford, L. (1989). "A distributional survey of the birds of the Mexican state of Oaxaca." Ornithological Monographs. 43: 1–418.
  2. ↑ Monroe, B, Monroe, JR & Howell T. (1966). "Geographic variation in Middle American parrots of the Amazona ochrocephala complex". Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology, no. 34. Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge.
  3. ↑ For further on this issue, see the yellow-crowned amazon taxonomic section
  4. ↑ Duarte JMB and Caparroz R (1995) "Cytotaxonomic analysis of Brazilian species of the genus Amazona (Psittacidae, Aves) and confirmation of the genus Salvatoria (Ribeiro, 1920)." Brazilian Journal of Genetics18:623–628.
  5. ↑ Russello, M A & Amato, G (2004) "A molecular phylogeny of Amazona: implications for Neotropical parrot biogeography, taxonomy, and conservation." Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 30: 421–437.
  6. 1 2 3 Fuller, Errol (1987). Extinct Birds. Penguin Books (England). p. 131. ISBN   0-670-81787-2.
  7. 1 2 3 "Zoological Nomenclature Resource: Psittaciformes (Version 9.022)". www.zoonomen.net. 2009-04-02.
  8. ↑ BirdLife International 2008. Amazona martinicana. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  9. ↑ "Species factsheet: Amazona martinica". BirdLife International (2008). Retrieved 12 August 2008.
  10. ↑ BirdLife International 2008. Amazona violacea. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  11. ↑ "Species factsheet: Amazona violacea". BirdLife International (2008). Retrieved 12 August 2008.
  12. ↑ Silva, Tony; Guzmán, Antonio; Urantówka, Adam D; Mackiewicz, Paweł (June 27, 2017). "A new parrot taxon from the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico—its position within genus Amazona based on morphology and molecular phylogeny". PeerJ. 4420 (1): 139–147. doi: 10.7717/peerj.3475 . PMC   5490482 . PMID   28674651.
  13. ↑ Escalante, Patricia; Arteaga-Rojas, Abigail Eunice; Gutiérrez-Sánchez-Rüed, Mauricio (2018). "A new species of Mexican parrot? Reasonable doubt on the status of Amazona gomezgarzai (Psittaciformes: Psittacidae)". Zootaxa. 4420 (1): 139–147. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4420.1.9. PMID   30313559.
  14. ↑ BirdLife international 2008. Amazona festiva. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  15. ↑ "Species factsheet: Amazona festiva". BirdLife International (2008). Retrieved 12 August 2008.
  16. ↑ "Species factsheet: Amazona collaria". BirdLife International (2008). Retrieved 12 August 2008.
  17. ↑ BirdLife International 2008. Amazona vinacea. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  18. ↑ Forshaw (2006). plate 108.
  19. ↑ BirdLife International 2005. Amazona tucumana. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  20. ↑ "Species factsheet: Amazona tucumana". BirdLife International (2008). Retrieved 12 August 2008.
  21. ↑ "Species factsheet: Amazona pretrei". BirdLife International (2008). Retrieved 12 August 2008.
  22. ↑ BirdLife international 2008. Amazona pretrei. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  23. ↑ "Species factsheet: Amazona agilis". BirdLife International (2008). Retrieved 12 August 2008.
  24. ↑ BirdLife International (2020). "Amazona agilis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T22686231A180748265. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22686231A180748265.en . Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  25. ↑ BirdLife International (2018). "Amazona albifrons". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2018: e.T22686222A131918643. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22686222A131918643.en . Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  26. ↑ "Species factsheet: Amazona albifrons". BirdLife International (2008). Retrieved 12 August 2008.
  27. ↑ "Species factsheet: Amazona collaria". BirdLife International (2008). Retrieved 12 August 2008.
  28. ↑ BirdLife international 2008. Amazona collaria. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  29. ↑ Collar, p. 467
  30. ↑ BirdLife international 2008. Amazona leucocephala. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  31. ↑ "Species factsheet: Amazona leucocephala". BirdLife International (2008). Retrieved 8 August 2008.
  32. ↑ "Species factsheet: Amazona ventralis". BirdLife International (2008). Retrieved 12 August 2008.
  33. ↑ BirdLife international 2008. Amazona ventralis. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  34. ↑ "Species factsheet: Amazona vittata". BirdLife International (2008). Retrieved 12 August 2008.
  35. ↑ BirdLife international 2008. Amazona vittata. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  36. 1 2 Collar, p. 469
  37. ↑ BirdLife International (2020). "Amazona finschi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T22686268A179290500. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22686268A179290500.en . Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  38. ↑ "Species factsheet: Amazona finschi". BirdLife International (2008). Retrieved 12 August 2008.
  39. ↑ BirdLife International (2018). "Amazona autumnalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2018: e.T22728292A132031668. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22728292A132031668.en . Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  40. ↑ "Species factsheet: Amazona autumnalis". BirdLife International (2008). Retrieved 12 August 2008.
  41. ↑ Brough, Clarice. "Lilacine Amazon". Animal-World. Retrieved 10 November 2008.
  42. 1 2 3 Juniper, Tony; Mike Parr; Kim Franklin (1998). Parrots: A Guide to Parrots of the World. Yale University Press.
  43. 1 2 Forshaw, Joseph; Knight, Frank (2017). Vanished and Vanishing Parrots: Profiling Extinct and Endangered Species. Csiro Publishing. pp. 282–284. ISBN   978-0-643-10649-9.
  44. ↑ "Species factsheet: Amazona viridigenalis". BirdLife International (2008). Retrieved 12 August 2008.
  45. ↑ BirdLife International (2018). "Amazona viridigenalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2018: e.T22686259A131918910. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22686259A131918910.en . Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  46. ↑ BirdLife international 2008. Amazona xantholora. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  47. ↑ "Species factsheet: Amazona xantholora". BirdLife International (2008). Retrieved 12 August 2008.
  48. ↑ BirdLife International (2020). "Amazona dufresniana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T22686282A174107588. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22686282A174107588.en . Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  49. ↑ "Species factsheet: Amazona dufresniana". BirdLife International (2008). Retrieved 12 August 2008.
  50. ↑ "Species factsheet: Amazona rhodocorytha". BirdLife International (2008). Retrieved 12 August 2008.
  51. 1 2 Collar, p. 470
  52. ↑ BirdLife international 2008. Amazona rhodocorytha. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  53. ↑ "Species factsheet: Amazona arausiaca". BirdLife International (2008). Retrieved 12 August 2008.
  54. ↑ BirdLife International (2016). "Amazona arausiaca". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T22686395A93109808. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22686395A93109808.en . Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  55. ↑ "Species factsheet: Amazona versicolor". BirdLife International (2008). Retrieved 12 August 2008.
  56. ↑ BirdLife international 2008. Amazona versicolor. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  57. ↑ "Species factsheet: Amazona oratrix". BirdLife International (2008). Retrieved 12 August 2008.
  58. ↑ BirdLife International (2020). "Amazona oratrix". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T22686337A179331301. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22686337A179331301.en . Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  59. ↑ "Species factsheet: Amazona auropalliata". BirdLife International (2008). Retrieved 12 August 2008.
  60. ↑ BirdLife International (2017). "Amazona auropalliata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2017: e.T22686342A118961453. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22686342A118961453.en . Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  61. ↑ BirdLife International (2018). "Amazona ochrocephala". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2018: e.T22686346A131919991. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22686346A131919991.en . Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  62. ↑ "Species factsheet: Amazona ochrocephala". BirdLife International (2008). Retrieved 12 August 2008.
  63. ↑ Amazona ochrocephala. Lexicon of Parrots, online version. Arndt-Verlag. Accessed 16 February 2010.
  64. ↑ "A classification of the bird species of South America". South American Classification Committee. American Ornithologists' Union. Archived from the original on 2010-01-09. Retrieved 2009-04-02.
  65. ↑ Forshaw, Joseph M. (2006). Parrots of the World; an Identification Guide . Illustrated by Frank Knight. Princeton University Press. plate 113. ISBN   0-691-09251-6.
  66. ↑ "Species factsheet: Amazona barbadensis". BirdLife International (2008). Retrieved 12 August 2008.
  67. ↑ BirdLife International (2017). "Amazona barbadensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2017: e.T22686325A110628721. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22686325A110628721.en . Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  68. ↑ BirdLife International (2019). "Amazona aestiva". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2019: e.T22686332A154573813. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22686332A154573813.en . Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  69. ↑ "Species factsheet: Amazona aestiva". BirdLife International (2008). Retrieved 12 August 2008.
  70. ↑ BirdLife international 2008. Amazona mercenaria. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  71. ↑ "Species factsheet: Amazona mercenaria". BirdLife International (2008). Retrieved 12 August 2008.
  72. ↑ BirdLife International (2016). "Amazona farinosa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T45430572A95154014. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T45430572A95154014.en . Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  73. ↑ "Species factsheet: Amazona farinosa". BirdLife International (2008). Retrieved 12 August 2008.
  74. ↑ BirdLife international 2008. Amazona kawalli. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  75. ↑ "Species factsheet: Amazona kawalli". BirdLife International (2008). Retrieved 12 August 2008.
  76. 1 2 "Species factsheet: Amazona imperialis". BirdLife International (2008). Retrieved 12 August 2008.
  77. ↑ "Species factsheet: Amazona brasiliensis". BirdLife International (2008). Retrieved 12 August 2008.
  78. ↑ BirdLife international 2008. Amazona brasiliensis. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  79. ↑ BirdLife International (2018). "Amazona amazonica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2018: e.T22686350A131920257. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22686350A131920257.en . Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  80. ↑ "Species factsheet: Amazona amazonica". BirdLife International (2008). Retrieved 12 August 2008.
  81. ↑ "Species factsheet: Amazona guildingii". BirdLife International (2008). Retrieved 12 August 2008.
  82. ↑ BirdLife International (2020). "Amazona guildingii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T22686403A179396130. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22686403A179396130.en . Retrieved 12 November 2021.

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