List of battles with most United States military fatalities

Gettysburg National Cemetery, where the Battle of Gettysburg, the deadliest battle in U.S. military history, was fought over three days in and around Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, from July 1 to July 3, 1863

Arlington House in Arlington National Cemetery with Section 32 of the cemetery in the foreground

This article contains a list of battles with most United States military fatalities and the associated American deaths in these battles.

Introduction

This article lists battles and campaigns in which the number of U.S. soldiers killed exceeded 1,000. The battles and campaigns that reached that number of deaths in the field are limited to the American Civil War, World War I, World War II, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, and one campaign during the Iraq War. Total number of deaths in Civil War battles and campaigns include both Union and Confederate deaths.

The battle with the most military fatalities in U.S. military history prior to the 20th Century was the Battle of Gettysburg, fought over three days during the American Civil War in and around Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, between 1 July and 3 July 1863, in which over 50,000 combined Union and Confederate troops were killed, wounded, captured or went missing. ^[1]

The military campaigns with the most U.S. military deaths include the Gettysburg campaign from June 3 to July 24, 1863 during the American Civil War, which killed over 51,000 total Union and Confederate troops. ^{[2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8]} In the Siegfried Line campaign, fought between August 28, 1944 and March 21, 1945 during World War II, 50,410 U.S. soldiers were killed fighting against Nazi Germany. ^{[a] [9]}

The bloodiest single day in the history of the United States military is either June 6, 1944, with 2,500 soldiers killed during the Invasion of Normandy on D-Day, or September 12, 1918, at the start of the Battle of Saint Mihiel, with over 2,500 dead (however, this exact figure is unverifiable because of poor documentation). The third-highest single-day toll was the Battle of Antietam, with 2,108 dead.

The deadliest single-day battle in American military history, if all engaged armies are considered, is the Battle of Antietam on September 17, 1862, which resulted in 3,675 killed, including both Union and Confederate soldiers with total casualties of 22,717 dead, wounded, or missing Union and Confederate soldiers. ^{[10] [b] [11]}

The origins of the U.S. military can be traced to the Americans' fight for independence in the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783). The three bloodiest conflicts have been American Civil War (1861–1865), World War I (1917–1918), and World War II (1941–1945 for declared American involvement). Other significant conflicts involving the United States in order of casualties sustained are the Korean War (1950–1953), the Vietnam War (1964–1973), the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021), and various conflicts in the Middle East.

Scope and definitions

The definition of "battle" as a concept in military science has varied with the changes in the organization, employment, and technology of military forces. Before the 20th century, "battle" usually meant a military clash over a small area, lasting a few days at most and often just one day, such as the Battle of Waterloo, which began and ended on 18 June 1815 on a field a few kilometers across.

Especially since the 20th century, "battle" means a military campaign, which includes larger and longer military operations on the operational or even strategic level, such as the Battle of the Atlantic, fought from 1939 to 1945 over about a fifth of the Earth's surface.

Since both types of "battles" are not usefully comparable in many ways, including casualty comparisons, this article is divided into two sections, one for battles in the older, more restricted sense and one for campaigns, many of which are also called battles.

There are actions at the margins that can be reasonably assigned to either list. The Battle of Spotsylvania, for instance, lasted 14 days, but the main part of the battle was fought on a small field less than three kilometers on a side, and in this way being more in the nature of a siege, a military action typically of long duration but in covering a relatively small area. Like the similar Battle of Cold Harbor, also part of the Overland Campaign, it is included in this article on the Battles list. The Battle of Saint-Mihiel, lasting only about four days, but on a larger field (roughly 12 kilometers by 25 kilometers), is also included on the Battles list.

The term casualty in warfare does not refer to those who are killed on the battlefield; rather, it refers to those who can no longer fight, which can include those disabled by physical injuries or psychological trauma, or those captured, deserted, missing. During the Seven Days Battles during the American Civil War (June 25 to July 1, 1862), for instance, there were 5,228 killed, 23,824 wounded and 7,007 missing or taken prisoners for a total of 36,059 casualties. ^{[12] [b]} The word "casualty" has been used in a military context since at least 1513. ^[13] In this article, the numbers killed refer to the total of those killed in action, killed by disease, and those who died from their wounds.

Battles

Battle or siege	Conflict	Date	Estimated number killed	Opposing force	References
Battle of Gettysburg	American Civil War	July 1 to July 3, 1863	7,863 killed [c]	Confederate States of America	[1] [14]
Seven Days Battles	American Civil War	June 25 to July 1, 1862	5,228 killed [d]	Confederate States of America	[12]
Battle of Elsenborn Ridge (part of the Battle of the Bulge)	World War II	December 16 to 26, 1944	5,000 killed (approximate)	Germany	[15]
Battle of Saint-Mihiel	World War I	September 12 to 15, 1918	4,500 killed (approximate)	Germany	[16]
Battle of Spotsylvania	American Civil War	May 8 to May 21, 1864	4,240 killed [e]	Confederate States of America	[17]
Battle of Chickamauga	American Civil War	September 19 to September 20, 1863	3,968 killed [f]	Confederate States of America	[17]
Battle of the Wilderness	American Civil War	May 5 to May 7, 1864	3,741 killed [g]	Confederate States of America	[17]
Battle of Antietam	American Civil War	September 17, 1862	3,675 killed [h]	Confederate States of America	[17]
Battle of Shiloh	American Civil War	April 6 to April 7, 1862	3,482 killed [i]	Confederate States of America	[17]
Battle of Chancellorsville	American Civil War	April 30 to May 6, 1863	3,330 killed [j]	Confederate States of America	[17]
Second Battle of Bull Run	American Civil War	August 26 to August 30, 1862	3,052 killed [k]	Confederate States of America	[17]
Battle of Stones River	American Civil War	December 31, 1862 to January 2, 1863	3,204 killed [l]	Confederate States of America	[17]
Battle of Saint-Lô	World War II	July 7 to July 19, 1944	Over 3,000 killed	Germany	[18]
Operation Lüttich (Part of the Battle of Normandy)	World War II	August 7 to August 13, 1944	3,000 killed (approximate) [m]	Germany	[19]
Battle of Leyte Gulf	World War II	October 23 to 25, 1944	2,800 killed	Japan	[20]
Battle of Cold Harbor	American Civil War	May 21 to June 12, 1864	2,672 killed [n]	Confederate States of America	[17]
D-Day (first day of Operation Overlord)	World War II	June 6, 1944	2,500 killed	Germany	[21]
Pearl Harbor Attack	World War II	December 7, 1941	2,335 killed [o]	Japan	[22]
Operation Thunderbolt (part of the Chinese Invasion of South Korea)	Korean War	January 25 to February 20, 1951	2,228 killed	China North Korea	[23]
Battle of Fismes and Fismette (part of the Second Battle of the Marne)	World War I	August 3 to September 1, 1918	2,068 killed	Germany	[24]
Battle of Aachen (part of the Battle of Hürtgen Forest)	World War II	October 12 to October 21, 1944	2,000 killed	Germany	[25]
Battle of Fredericksburg	American Civil War	December 11 to December 15, 1862	1,892 killed [p]	Confederate States of America	[26]
Battle of Nashville	American Civil War	December 15 to 16, 1864	1,887 killed [q]	Confederate States of America	[27]
Battle of Tarawa	World War II	November 20 to November 23, 1943	1,759 killed [r]	Japan	[28]
UN Invasion of North Korea	Korean War	September 30 to November 25, 1950	1,732 killed	North Korea China	[29]
Naval Battle of Guadalcanal	World War II	November 12, 1942 to November 15, 1942	1,732 killed	Japan	[ citation needed ]
UN Counteroffensive from the Pusan Perimeter (including the Inchon Landings and the Second Battle of Seoul)	Korean War	September 15 to September 30, 1950	1,492 killed	North Korea	[29]
Task Force Faith	Korean War	November 27 to December 2, 1950	1,450 killed (approximate) [s]	China	[30]
Second Battle of Naktong Bulge (part of the Battle of Pusan Perimeter)	Korean War	September 1 to September 15, 1950	1,305 killed	North Korea	[31]
Battle of Taejon	Korean War	July 14 to July 21, 1950	1,128 killed	North Korea	[32]
Battle of Savo Island (part of the Guadalcanal Campaign)	World War II	August 8, 1942 to August 9, 1942	1,077 killed	Japan	[ citation needed ]
Battle of Belleau Wood	World War I	June 1 to June 26, 1918	1,062 killed	Germany	[33]
Battle of Masan (part of the Battle of Pusan Perimeter)	Korean War	August 5 to September 19, 1950	1,057 killed	North Korea	[34]
Battle of Manila (part of the Battle of Luzon)	World War II	February 3 to March 3, 1945	1,010 killed	Japan	[35]

Campaigns

Campaign	Conflict	Date	Estimated number killed	Opposing force	References
Gettysburg campaign	American Civil War	June 3 to July 24, 1863	51,000 killed [t]	Confederate States of America	[2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8]
Siegfried Line campaign	World War II	August 28 1944 to March 21, 1945	50,410 killed [u]	Germany	[9]
Italian campaign	World War II	July 9 1943 to May 2, 1945	29,560 killed	Germany Italian Social Republic	[36]
Battle of Normandy	World War II	June 6 to August 25, 1944	29,204 killed	Germany	[v] [37] [38]
Meuse–Argonne Offensive	World War I	September 26 to November 11, 1918	26,277 killed	Germany	[39]
Philippines campaign (1944–1945)	World War II	October 20, 1944 to August 15, 1945	20,712 killed	Japan	[40] [41] [42] [43] [44]
Battle of the Bulge	World War II	December 16, 1944 to January 28, 1945	19,276 killed	Germany	[45]
Central Europe Campaign	World War II	March 22 to May 8, 1945	15,009 killed	Germany	[37]
38th Parallel Static Warfare Campaign	Korean War	July 11, 1951 to July 27, 1953	~13,800 killed	China	[46]
Philippines Campaign (1941-42)	World War II	December 8, 1941 to May 6, 1942	~13,000 killed	Japan	[w]
Battle of Okinawa	World War II	April 1 to June 22, 1945	~12,500 killed	Japan	[47]
Battle of Hürtgen Forest	World War II	September 19, 1944 to February 17, 1945	~12,000 killed	Germany	[x]
North Apennines Campaign	World War II	September 10, 1944 to April 4, 1945	8,486 killed	Germany	[37]
Battle of Luzon	World War II	January 9 to August 15, 1945	10,310 killed	Japan	[49]
Chinese Invasion of South Korea	Korean War	December 31, 1950 to July 10, 1951	~8,000 killed	China	[50]
Operation Dragoon	World War II	August 15 to September 14, 1944	7,301 killed	Germany	[48]
Guadalcanal Campaign	World War II	August 7, 1942, to February 9, 1943	7,100 killed	Japan	[51]
Alsace Campaign	World War II	November 13, 1944 to February 19, 1945	7,000 killed	Germany	[52]
Battle of Iwo Jima	World War II	February 19 to March 26, 1945	6,821 killed	Japan	[53]
Lorraine Campaign	World War II	September 1 to December 18, 1944	6,657 killed	Germany	[54]
Maryland campaign	American Civil War	September 4 to 20, 1862	6,595 killed [y]	Confederate States of America	[55] [56] [57]
Naples–Foggia Campaign	World War II	September 9, 1943 to January 21, 1944	6,266 killed	Germany	[37]
Battle of Anzio	World War II	January 22 to June 5, 1944	5,538 killed	Germany	[37]
New Guinea campaign	World War II	January 23 1942 to 15 August, 1945	4,684 killed	Japan	[58]
Battle of Pusan Perimeter	Korean War	August 4 to September 18, 1950	4,599 killed	North Korea	[59]
Chinese Second Phase Offensive in North Korea	Korean War	November 25 to December 15, 1950	4,538 killed [z]	China	[60]
Chinese Spring Offensive and UN Counteroffensive (part of the Chinese Invasion of South Korea)	Korean War	April 22 to July 1, 1951	~3,600 killed	China North Korea	[61]
Battle of Leyte	World War II	October 17 to December 26, 1944	3,593 killed	Japan	[aa]
Northern Virginia campaign	American Civil War	July 19 to September 1, 1862	3,942 killed [ab]	Confederate States of America	[63] [64]
Saar-Palatinate Offensive	World War II	March 8 to March 24, 1945	3,540 killed	Germany	[65]
Battle of Saipan	World War II	June 15 to July 9, 1944	3,426 killed	Japan	[66]
Tet Offensive	Vietnam War	January 30 to September 23, 1968	3,178 Killed	North Vietnam Viet Cong	[ac]
North Korean Invasion of South Korea	Korean War	June 25 to August 3, 1950	3,108 killed	North Korea	[29]
Battle of Chosin Reservoir	Korean War	November 27 to December 13, 1950	~2,840 killed [ad]	China	[68]
Tunisian Campaign	World War II	November 12, 1942 to May 13, 1943	2,838 killed	Germany Italy	[48]
Battle of Sicily	World War II	July 9 to August 17, 1943	2,811 killed	Italy Germany	[69]
May Offensive	Vietnam War	April 29 to May 30, 1968	2,169 killed	North Vietnam Viet Cong	[70]
Dutch East Indies Campaign	World War II	December 8, 1941 to March 9, 1942	~2,000 killed	Japan	[ae]
Second Battle of the Marne	World War I	July 15 to August 6, 1918	1,926 killed [af]	Germany	[72]
Operation Toan Thang II	Vietnam War	June 1 1968 to February 16 1969	1,798 killed	North Vietnam Viet Cong	[73] : 31
Battle of Guam	World War II	July 21 to August 10, 1944	1,783 killed	Japan	[74] : 163
Operation Lumberjack	World War II	March 1 to 25, 1945	1,700 killed	Germany	[75]
Operation Toan Thang III	Vietnam War	February 17 to October 31, 1969	1,533 killed	North Vietnam Viet Cong	[76] : A-17
Battle of the Ch'ongch'on River	Korean War	November 25 to December 2, 1950	1,489 killed [ag]	China	[77]
Battle of Peleliu	World War II	September 15 to November 25, 1944	1,460 killed	Japan	[78] : 327
Anbar campaign	Iraq War	March 20 2003 to 7, December 2011	1,335 killed	Iraq (until 9 April 2003) Iraqi insurgency (2003-2011)	[79]
Operation Grenade	World War II	February 23 to March 10, 1945	1,330 killed	Germany	[80]
Operation Grapeshot	World War II	April 6 to May 2, 1945	1,288 killed	Germany Italian Social Republic	[81]
New Georgia campaign	World War II	June 30 to October 7, 1943	1,195 killed	Japan	[82]
Battle of Mindanao	World War II	March 10 to August 15, 1945	1,041 killed [ah]	Japan	[83] [84]

See also

• American units with the highest percentage of casualties per conflict
• Deadliest single days of World War I

Notes

1. Between 15 September 1944 – 21 March 1945 only
2. Union and Confederate numbers added together
3. 3,155 Union and 4,708 Confederate
4. 1,734 Union and 3,494 Confederacy ^[12]
5. 2,725 Union ^[17] and 1,515 Confederacy
6. 1,656 Union ^[17] and 2,312 Confederacy
7. 2,246 Union ^[17] and 1,495 Confederacy
8. 2,108 Union and 1,567 Confederate
9. 1,754 Union ^[17] and 1,728 Confederacy
10. 1,606 Union ^[17] and 1,724 Confederacy
11. 1,747 Union ^[17] and 1,305 Confederacy
12. 1,730 Union ^[17] and 1,294 Confederacy
13. Estimates range from 2,000 to 3,000 killed
14. 1,844 Union ^[17] and 788 Confederacy
15. 2,008 Navy KIA + 109 Marines + 218 Army (not included: 68 civilian deaths) ^[22]
16. 1,284 Union and 608 Confederacy ^[26]
17. 387 Union and 1,500 Confederate
18. 984 Marines + 88 MIA + 687 Navy
    984+ 88+ 687 ^[28]
19. Of the 2,500 soldiers in Task Force Faith only 1,050 made it back. Of those only 385 were able-bodied ^[30]
20. Union and Confederate ^[2]
21. Between 15 September 1944 – 21 March 1945 only
22. 20,668 among ground forces and 8,536 among the USAAF
23. Hard to get exact numbers because post-World War II history books about the 1941-42 Philippines campaign focus mostly on the Bataan Death March and brutality in POW camps and don't give exact numbers on the KIA during the actual Battle of Bataan. Usually ~10,000 U.S. forces killed is given for the KIA in the actual Battle of Bataan. On Corregidor there were ~1,000 KIA. There were thousands more sailors and airmen killed in action during the 1941-42 Philippines Campaign on sunken U.S. Navy ships and hundreds of destroyed USAAF airplanes from December 1941 to May 1942.
24. 50,410 Americans died in the Rhineland from September 1944 - March 21, 1945 ^[48]
25. 2,783 Union and 3,812 Confederate
26. U.S. Army KIA+Army POW died+Army MIA died+Marine KIA+Navy KIA
    1183+1167+1410+763+15 = 4,538
27. 16,233 died in Leyte, Luson, and Southern Philippines during October 17, 1944 - July 4, 1945 ^[62]
28. 2,061 Union and 1,481 Confederate
29. 16,592 American died in 1968 ^[67]
30. 836 Marines killed + 2,000 US Army killed ^[68]
31. 10 U.S. Navy ships were sunk, resulting in 1,973 killed in action. 24 U.S. Army soldiers of the Lost Battalion were killed in action. Unknown number of USAAF airmen flying P-40 fighters were also killed during this campaign.
32. 12,000 casualties including KIA, WIA, POW ^[71]
33. 676 killed + 813 Missing presumed dead
34. Operation VICTOR IV, the seizure of Mindanao's Zamboanga Peninsula occurred at the same time as Battle of Mindanao.
    221 killed and 665 wounded on Zamboanga Peninsula ^[83]
    820 killed and 2,880 wounded on E. Mindanao ^[84]

References

1. "Gettysburg" at Battlefields
2. https://www.nationalguard.mil/Features/2013/Battle-of-Gettysburg/
3. Official Records, Series I, Volume XXVII, Part 1, pages 155–168
4. Official Records, Series I, Volume XXVII, Part 2, pages 283–291
5. Official Records, Series I, Volume XXVII, Part 1, pages 151–152
6. 90,000 according to Eicher, pp. 502–503.
7. Official Records, Series I, Volume XXVII, Part 1, pages 193-194
8. Sears, p. 498. In addition to Gettysburg itself, there were approximately 4,500 casualties on the march north and during the retreat.
9. MacDonald 1963.
10. Tucker 2013 , p. 903
11. History.com 2017
12. Tucker 2013 , p. 892
13. Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed gives a 1513 reference for military casualty, and an 1844 reference for civilian use
14. Busey and Martin, p. 125. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBusey_and_Martin,_p._125. (help)
15. “A Time for Trumpets: The Untold Story of the Battle of the Bulge“, p. 410
16. "About St. Mihiel American Cemetery". American Battle Monuments Commission (ABMC).
17. Allen 2017
18. "Normandie-1944, L'été de la Liberté - La Campagne 7 juin/25 août - La Bataille de Saint-Lô". 12 April 2014. Archived from the original on 2015-11-19. Retrieved 2015-11-17.
19. Cawthorne 2005, p. 126.
20. Tucker 2013 , p. 1668
21. D-Day Museum and Overlord Embroidery 2017
22. Alison 2016
23. Ecker 2005, p. 83.
24. A Fismes en 1918, j'étais là avec les Yanks , Tome 1, Cyrille Delozanne ( ISBN   978-1-304-36393-0). Ville de Fismes. Service Culturel. www.fismes.fr
25. Peters 2017
26. Tucker 2013, p. 919
27. Eicher, McPherson & McPherson (2001), p. 780. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFEicherMcPhersonMcPherson2001 (help)
28. Tucker 2013, p. 1605
29. Sobieski, Anthony J. 1127 Days of Death – a Korean War Chronology – Part I, 1950. https://www.militaryhistoryonline.com/Korea/KoreanWarPartI . Retrieved 13 May 2021.
30. Daily 1999, p. 68
31. Ecker 2004, pp. 16, 20.
32. Ecker 2004, p. 6.
33. Tucker 2013 , p. 1323
34. Ecker 2004, pp. 29, 31, 39.
35. “The Battle for Manila” p. 195
36. Ellis 1993, p. 255..
37. Comptroller of the United States Army 1953 , p. 92
38. “ Determining the Decisive Moments: The Invasion of Normandy” p 341
39. Brown 2013 , p. 191
40. "Triumph in the Philippines" pp. 48 & 66 Archived December 24, 2016, at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved October 26, 2015
41. Army Battle Casualties and Nonbattle Deaths in World War II p. 94. Retrieved 4 May 2023
42. History of the Medical Department in World War II, vol. III Appendix Table 14, see "Return to the Philippines." Retrieved 2/6/2024
43. history.navy.mil, "World War II Casualties, Return to the Philippines." Retrieved 4 May 2023
44. Tucker, Spencer (2012). Almanac of American Military History, Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 1668. ISBN   978-1-59-884530-3.
45. Graham 2007, p. 159.
46. Ecker 2005.
47. "HyperWar: US Army in WWII: Okinawa: The Last Battle [Appendix C]". www.ibiblio.org. Retrieved 10 November 2022.
48. Comptroller of the United States Army 1953, p. 93
49. Willmott 2005 , p. 22
50. Ecker 2005, pp. 73–105.
51. Tucker 2014 , p. 213
52. "The Colmar Pocket – "The Forgotten Campaign"". standwheretheyfoughts jimdo page!.
53. Smith 2009 , p. II
54. Zabecki 1999 , p. 1560
55. Official Records, Series I, Volume XIX, Part 1, p. 204
56. Official Records, Series I, Volume XIX, Part 1, p. 549
57. Official Records, Series I, Volume XIX, Part 1, pp. 810–13.
58. Statistical and Accounting Branch Office of the Adjutant General 1953, p. 94.
59. Varhola 2000 , p. 6
60. ( Ecker 2005 , p. 62)
61. Ecker 2005, pp. 93–105.
62. Comptroller of the United States Army 1953, p. 94
63. U.S. War Dept., Official Records, Vol. 12/1, pp. 139, 262.
64. Eicher 2001, pp. 334–335.
65. “Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015, 4th Ed.” page 480
66. Hearn 2007 , p. 88
67. United States 2010
68. Hickman 2017
69. Hart 2015 , p. 627
70. "The men killed on a single, bloody day in Vietnam, and the haunting wall that memorializes them". The Washington Post . May 25, 2018.
71. Sondhaus 2011, p. 413
72. Surgeon General 1920 , pp. 43–44
73. "Headquarters MACV Monthly Summary February 1969" (PDF). Headquarters United States Military Assistance Command, Vietnam. 22 June 1969. Retrieved 9 March 2020. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
74. Rottman, Gordon L (2004). Guam 1941 & 1944: Loss and Reconquest (1st ed.). Botley: Osprey Publishing Ltd. ISBN   978-1-8417-6811-3 . Retrieved 1 November 2020.
75. “Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015, 4th Ed.” page 479
76. "United States Military Assistance Command, Vietnam Command History 1969 Volume III" (PDF). Headquarters United States Military Assistance Command, Vietnam. 30 April 1970. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 26, 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2020. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
77. ( Ecker 2005 , p. 62).
78. Eggenberger, D. "An Encyclopedia of Battles: Accounts of Over 1,560 Battles from 1479 B.C. to the Present". Courier Corporation. 2012. ISBN   978-0-4861-4201-2
79. "Iraq Coalition Casualties: U.S. Wounded Totals". Operation Iraqi Freedom. Iraq Coalition Casualty Count (iCasualties.org). Archived from the original on 24 December 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2011.
80. "Warfare and Armed Conflicts" p. 479
81. Jackson 2004, p. 334.
82. Altobello 2000, p. 354.
83. Smith 2005, p. 597
84. Smith 2005, p. 648

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