List of battles with most United States military fatalities

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Arlington House in Arlington National Cemetery. Section 32 of the cemetery is in the foreground. Arlington House.jpg
Arlington House in Arlington National Cemetery. Section 32 of the cemetery is in the foreground.

This article contains a list of battles with most United States military fatalities, in terms of American deaths.

Contents

Introduction

This article lists battles and campaigns in which the number of U.S. soldiers killed was higher than 1,000. The battles and campaigns that reached that number of deaths in the field during the are so far limited to King William's War, the American Civil War, World War I, World War II, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, one operation during the War in Afghanistan (Operation Enduring Freedom) and one campaign during the Iraq War (the Anbar campaign from March 20, 2003 to December 7, 2011). The campaign that resulted in the most US military deaths was the Siegfried Line campaign (28 August 1944 to March 21, 1945) in which 50,410 soldiers were killed fighting against Nazi Germany. [a] [1]

The bloodiest single day in the history of the United States military is either June 6, 1944, with 2,500 soldiers killed during the Invasion of Normandy on D-Day, or September 12, 1918, at the start of the Battle of Saint Mihiel, with over 2,500 dead (however, this exact figure is unverifiable because of poor documentation). The third-highest single-day toll was the Battle of Antietam, with 2,108 dead.

The deadliest single-day battle in American history, if all engaged armies are considered, is the Battle of Antietam with 3,675 killed, including both United States and Confederate soldiers (total casualties for both sides were 22,717 dead, wounded, or missing Union and Confederate soldiers September 17, 1862). [2] [b] [3]

The origins of the American soldier (and even some military units) can be traced back to the Provincial troops of British America while the origins of the modern U.S military can be traced back to the Americans' fight for independence from their former colonial power of Great Britain during the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783). The three bloodiest conflicts in US military history so far have been American Civil War (1861–1865), World War I (1917–1918), and World War II (1941–1945 for declared American involvement). Other significant conflicts involving the United States ordered by casualties include the Korean War (1950–1953), the Vietnam War (1964–1973), the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021), and various conflicts in the Middle East.

Scope and definitions

The definition of "battle" as a concept in military science has varied with the changes in the organization, employment, and technology of military forces. Before the 20th century, "battle" usually meant a military clash over a small area, lasting a few days at most and often just one day—such as the Battle of Waterloo, which began and ended on 18 June 1815 on a field a few kilometers across.

Especially in 20th-century conflicts, "battle" has meant "military campaign"—larger and longer military operations, on the operational or even strategic level—such as the Battle of the Atlantic, fought for several years (1939–1945) over about a fifth of the Earth's surface.

Since both types of "battles" are not usefully comparable in many ways, including casualty comparisons, this article is divided into two sections, one for battle in the older, more restricted sense and one for campaigns, many of which are also called battles.

There are actions at the margins that can be reasonably assigned to either list. For instance, the Battle of Spotsylvania lasted 14 days, but the main part was fought on a small field (less than three kilometers on a side), and in this way being more in the nature of a siege (a military action typically of long duration but in covering a relatively small area). Like the similar Battle of Cold Harbor, also part of the Overland Campaign, it is included in this article on the Battles list. The Battle of Saint-Mihiel, lasting only about four days, but on a larger field (roughly 12 kilometers by 25 kilometers), is also included on the Battles list.

The term casualty in warfare can often be confusing. It often does not refer to those who are killed on the battlefield; rather, it refers to those who can no longer fight. That can include disabled by injuries, disabled by psychological trauma, captured, deserted, or missing. A casualty is only a soldier who is no longer available for the immediate battle or campaign, the major consideration in combat, and the number of casualties is simply the number of members of a unit who are not available for duty. For example, during the Seven Days Battles during the American Civil War (June 25 to July 1, 1862) there were 5,228 killed, 23,824 wounded and 7,007 missing or taken prisoners for a total of 36,059 casualties. [4] [b] The word casualty has been used in a military context since at least 1513. [5] In this article the numbers killed refer to those killed in action, killed by disease or someone who died from their wounds.

Battles

Battle or siegeConflictDateEstimated number killedOpposing forceReferences
Battle of Bataan World War II January 7 to April 9, 194210,000 killed Merchant flag of Japan (1870).svg Japan [6]
Siege of Port Hudson American Civil War May 22 to July 9, 18635,707 killed [c] Flag of the Confederate States of America (1863-1865).svg Confederate States of America [7]
Battle of Elsenborn Ridge (part of the Battle of the Bulge) World War II December 16 to 26, 1944~5,000 killed Flag of Germany (1935-1945).svg Germany [8]
Battle of Saint-Mihiel World War I September 12 to 15, 1918~4,500 killed Flag of the German Empire.svg Germany [9]
Battle of Khe Sanh Vietnam War January 21 to July 9, 19683,500 killed [d] Flag of North Vietnam (1955-1975).svg North Vietnam
FNL Flag.svg Viet Cong
Flag of Laos.svg Pathet Lao
[10]
Battle of Gettysburg American Civil War July 1 to July 3, 18633,155 killed [e] Flag of the Confederate States of America (1863-1865).svg Confederate States of America [11]
Battle of Saint-Lô World War II July 7 to 19, 1944Over 3,000 killed Flag of Germany (1935-1945).svg Germany [12]
Operation Lüttich (Part of the Battle of Normandy)August 7 to August 13, 1944~3,000 killed [f] [13]
Battle of Monte Cassino January 17 to May 18, 1944~3,000 killed Flag of Germany (1935-1945).svg Germany
War flag of the Italian Social Republic.svg Italian Social Republic
[14]
Battle of Leyte Gulf October 23 to 25, 19442,800 killed Merchant flag of Japan (1870).svg Japan [15]
Battle of Cherbourg June 6 to July 27, 1944 Flag of Germany (1935-1945).svg Germany [16]
Battle of Spotsylvania American Civil War May 8 to May 21, 18642,725 killed [g] Flag of the Confederate States of America (1863-1865).svg Confederate States of America [17]
D-Day (first day of Operation Overlord) World War II June 6, 19442,499 killed Flag of Germany (1935-1945).svg Germany [18]
Pearl Harbor Attack December 7, 19412,335 killed [h] Merchant flag of Japan (1870).svg Japan [19]
Battle of the Wilderness American Civil War May 5 to May 7, 18642,246 killed [i] Flag of the Confederate States of America (1863-1865).svg Confederate States of America [17]
Operation Thunderbolt (part of the Chinese Invasion of South Korea) Korean War January 25 to February 20, 19512,228 killed Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China

Flag of North Korea.svg North Korea

[20]
Battle of Peleliu World War II September 15 to November 25, 19442,143 killed [j] Merchant flag of Japan (1870).svg Japan [24] :327
Battle of Antietam American Civil War September 17, 18622,108 killed [k] Flag of the Confederate States of America (1861-1863).svg Confederate States of America [17]
Battle of Fismes and Fismette World War I August 3 to September 1, 19182,068 killed Flag of the German Empire.svg Germany [25]
Battle of Aachen (part of the Battle of Hürtgen Forest) World War II October 12 to October 21, 19442,000 killed Flag of Germany (1935-1945).svg Germany [26]
Battle of Cold Harbor American Civil War May 21 to June 12, 18641,844 killed [l] Flag of the Confederate States of America (1863-1865).svg Confederate States of America [17]
Battle of Tarawa World War II November 20 to November 23, 19431,759 killed [m] Merchant flag of Japan (1870).svg Japan [27]
Battle of Shiloh American Civil War April 6 to April 7, 18621,754 killed [n] Flag of the Confederate States of America (1861-1863).svg Confederate States of America [17]
Second Battle of Bull Run August 26 to August 30, 18621,747 killed [o] [17]
Seven Days Battles June 25 to July 1, 18621,734 killed [p] [4]
Naval Battle of Guadalcanal World War II November 12, 1942 to November 15, 19421,732 killed Merchant flag of Japan (1870).svg Japan [28]
Battle of Stones River American Civil War December 31, 1862 to January 2, 18631,730 killed [q] Flag of the Confederate States of America (1861-1863).svg Confederate States of America [17]
Second Battle of Petersburg June 15 to June 18, 18641,688 killed [r] Flag of the Confederate States of America (1863-1865).svg Confederate States of America [29]
Battle of Chickamauga September 19 to September 20, 18631,656 killed [s] [17]
Battle of Chancellorsville April 30 to May 6, 18631,606 killed [t] [17]
UN Counteroffensive from the Pusan Perimeter (including the Inchon Landings and the Second Battle of Seoul) Korean War September 15 to September 30, 19501,492 killed Flag of North Korea.svg North Korea [30]
Task Force Faith November 27 to December 2, 19501,450~ killed [u] Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China [31]
Battle of Con Thien Vietnam War February 27, 1967 to February 28, 19691,419 killed Flag of North Vietnam (1955-1975).svg North Vietnam [32]
Second Battle of Naktong Bulge (part of the Battle of Pusan Perimeter) Korean War September 1 to September 15, 19501,305 killed Flag of North Korea.svg North Korea [33]
Battle of Fredericksburg American Civil War December 11 to December 15, 18621,284 killed [v] Flag of the Confederate States of America (1861-1863).svg Confederate States of America [34]
Battle of Quebec (1690) King William's War October 16 to 24, 16901,150 killed [w] Royal Standard of the King of France.svg France
Royal Flag of France.svg Colony of Canada
[35] [36]
Battle of Taejon Korean War July 14 to July 21, 19501,128 killed Flag of North Korea.svg North Korea [37]
Operation Avalanche World War II September 9 to 17, 19431,084 killed [x] Flag of Germany (1935-1945).svg Germany [38]
Battle of Savo Island (part of the Guadalcanal Campaign) World War II August 8, 1942 to August 9, 19421,077 killed Merchant flag of Japan (1870).svg Japan[ citation needed ]
Battle of Belleau Wood World War I June 1 to June 26, 19181,062 killed Flag of the German Empire.svg Germany [39]
Battle of Masan (part of the Battle of Pusan Perimeter) Korean War August 5 to September 19, 19501,057 killed Flag of North Korea.svg North Korea [40]
Battle of Manila (part of the Battle of Luzon) World War II February 3 to March 3, 19451,010 killed Merchant flag of Japan (1870).svg Japan [41]
Battle of Gaines' Mill (part of the Seven Days Battles) American Civil War June 27, 18621,005 killed [y] Flag of the Confederate States of America (1861-1863).svg Confederate States of America [42] [43]

Campaigns

CampaignConflictDateEstimated number killedOpposing forceReferences
Siegfried Line campaign World War II August 28 1944 to March 21, 194550,410 killed [z] Flag of Germany (1935-1945).svg Germany [1]
Italian campaign July 9, 1943 to May 2, 194529,560 killed Flag of Germany (1935-1945).svg Germany
War flag of the Italian Social Republic.svg Italian Social Republic
[44]
Battle of Normandy June 6 to August 25, 194429,204 killed Flag of Germany (1935-1945).svg Germany [aa] [45] [46]
Meuse–Argonne Offensive World War I September 26 to November 11, 191826,277 killed Flag of the German Empire.svg Germany [47]
Philippines campaign (1944–1945) World War II October 20, 1944 to August 15, 194520,712 killed Merchant flag of Japan (1870).svg Japan [48] [49] [50]
Battle of the Bulge December 16, 1944 to January 28, 194519,276 killed Flag of Germany (1935-1945).svg Germany [51]
Battle of the Atlantic September 3, 1939 to May 8, 1945 [ab] ~18,000 killed Flag of Germany (1935-1945).svg Germany
Flag of Italy (1861-1946) crowned.svg Italy
[53] [54]
Central Europe Campaign March 22 to May 8, 194515,009 killed Flag of Germany (1935-1945).svg Germany
Flag of Hungary (1915-1918, 1919-1946).svg Hungary
[45]
38th Parallel Static Warfare Campaign Korean War July 11, 1951 to July 27, 1953~13,800 killed Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China [55]
Philippines Campaign (1941-1942) World War II December 8, 1941 to May 6, 1942~13,000 killed Merchant flag of Japan (1870).svg Japan [ac]
Battle of Okinawa April 1 to June 22, 1945~12,500 killed [56]
Battle of Hürtgen Forest September 19, 1944 to February 17, 1945~12,000 killed Flag of Germany (1935-1945).svg Germany [ad]
Battle of Luzon January 9 to August 15, 194510,310 killed Merchant flag of Japan (1870).svg Japan [58]
North Apennines Campaign September 10, 1944 to April 4, 19458,486 killed Flag of Germany (1935-1945).svg Germany [45]
Mariana and Palau Islands campaign June 1944 to November 19448,125 killed Merchant flag of Japan (1870).svg Japan [59]
Invasion of Lingayen Gulf January 3 to 13, 19458,000 killed Merchant flag of Japan (1870).svg Japan [60]
Chinese Invasion of South Korea Korean War December 31, 1950 to July 10, 1951~8,000 killed Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China [61]
Overland Campaign American Civil War May 4 to June 24, 18647,621 killed [ae] Flag of the Confederate States of America (1863-1865).svg Confederate States of America [62]
Operation Dragoon World War II August 15 to September 14, 19447,301 killed Flag of Germany (1935-1945).svg Germany [57]
Guadalcanal Campaign August 7, 1942, to February 9, 19437,100 killed Merchant flag of Japan (1870).svg Japan [63]
Alsace Campaign November 13, 1944 to February 19, 19457,000 killed Flag of Germany (1935-1945).svg Germany [64]
Battle of Iwo Jima February 19 to March 26, 19456,821 killed Merchant flag of Japan (1870).svg Japan [65]
Lorraine Campaign September 1 to December 18, 19446,657 killed Flag of Germany (1935-1945).svg Germany [66]
Naples–Foggia Campaign September 9, 1943 to January 21, 19446,266 killed [45]
Battle of Anzio January 22 to June 5, 19445,538 killed Flag of Germany (1935-1945).svg Germany
War flag of the Italian Social Republic.svg Italian Social Republic
[45]
New Guinea campaign January 23 1942 to 15 August, 19454,684 killed Merchant flag of Japan (1870).svg Japan [67]
Battle of Pusan Perimeter Korean War August 4 to September 18, 19504,599 killed Flag of North Korea (1948-1992).svg North Korea [68]
Chinese Second Phase Offensive in North Korea November 25 to December 15, 19504,538 killed [af] Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China [69]
Atlanta campaign American Civil War May 7 to September 2, 18644,423 killed [ag] Flag of the Confederate States of America (1863-1865).svg Confederate States of America [70] [71]
Gettysburg campaign June 3 to July 24, 18633,642 killed [ah] Flag of the Confederate States of America (1863-1865).svg Confederate States of America [72] [73] [74] [75] [76] [77]
Chinese Spring Offensive and UN Counteroffensive (part of the Chinese Invasion of South Korea) Korean War April 22 to July 1, 1951~3,600 killed Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China
Flag of North Korea.svg North Korea
[78]
Battle of Leyte World War II October 17 to December 26, 19443,593 killed Merchant flag of Japan (1870).svg Japan [ai]
Saar-Palatinate Offensive March 8 to March 24, 19453,540 killed Flag of Germany (1935-1945).svg Germany [80]
Battle of Saipan June 15 to July 9, 19443,426 killed Merchant flag of Japan (1870).svg Japan [81]
Peninsula campaign American Civil War March 8 to July 1, 1862Over 3,311 killed Flag of the Confederate States of America (1861-1863).svg Confederate States of America [aj]


Tet Offensive Vietnam War January 30 to September 23, 19683,178 Killed Flag of North Vietnam (1955-1975).svg North Vietnam
FNL Flag.svg Viet Cong
[ak]
North Korean Invasion of South Korea Korean War June 25 to August 3, 19503,108 killed Flag of North Korea.svg North Korea [30]
Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign World War II August 1942 to February 19443,070 killed [al] Merchant flag of Japan (1870).svg Japan [87]
Operation Northwind January 1 to 25, 19453,000 killed Flag of Germany (1935-1945).svg Germany [88]
Battle of Chosin Reservoir Korean War November 27 to December 13, 1950~2,840 killed [am] Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China [89]
Tunisian Campaign World War II November 12, 1942 to May 13, 19432,838 killed Flag of Germany (1935-1945).svg Germany
Flag of Italy (1861-1946) crowned.svg Italy
[57]
Battle of Sicily July 9 to August 17, 19432,811 killed Flag of Italy (1861-1946) crowned.svg Italy
Flag of Germany (1935-1945).svg Germany
[90]
Maryland campaign American Civil War September 4 to 20, 18622,783 killed [an] Flag of the Confederate States of America (1861-1863).svg Confederate States of America [91] [92]
Operation Enduring Freedom War in Afghanistan October 7, 2001 to December 28, 20142,380 killedFlag of the Taliban.svg Taliban
Flag of Jihad.svg al-Qaeda
[93]
May Offensive Vietnam War April 29 to May 30, 19682,169 killed Flag of North Vietnam (1955-1975).svg North Vietnam
FNL Flag.svg Viet Cong
[94]
Northern Virginia campaign American Civil War July 19 to September 1, 18622,061 killed [ao] Flag of the Confederate States of America (1861-1863).svg Confederate States of America [95]
Dutch East Indies Campaign World War II December 8, 1941 to March 9, 1942~2,000 killed Merchant flag of Japan (1870).svg Japan [ap]
Second Battle of the Marne World War I July 15 to August 6, 19181,926 killed [aq] Flag of the German Empire.svg Germany [97]
Po Valley Offensive World War II April 5 to May 8, 19451,914 killed Flag of Germany (1935-1945).svg Germany [57]
Operation Toan Thang II Vietnam War June 1 1968 to February 16 19691,798 killed Flag of North Vietnam (1955-1975).svg North Vietnam
FNL Flag.svg Viet Cong
[98] :31
Battle of Guam World War II July 21 to August 10, 19441,783 killed Merchant flag of Japan (1870).svg Japan [99] :163
UN Invasion of North Korea Korean War September 30 to November 25, 19501,732 killed Flag of North Korea.svg North Korea
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China
[30]
Operation Lumberjack World War II March 1 to 25, 19451,700 killed Flag of Germany (1935-1945).svg Germany [100]
Vicksburg campaign American Civil War December 29 1862, to July 4, 18631,581 killed [ar] Flag of the Confederate States of America (1863-1865).svg Confederate States of America [102]
Operation Toan Thang III Vietnam War February 17 to October 31, 19691,533 killed Flag of North Vietnam (1955-1975).svg North Vietnam
FNL Flag.svg Viet Cong
[103] :A-17
Battle of the Ch'ongch'on River Korean War November 25 to December 2, 19501,489 killed [as] Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China [104]
Anbar campaign Iraq War March 20, 2003 to December 7, 2011 [at] 1,335 killedFlag of Iraq (1991-2004).svg  Iraq (until 9 April 2003)
Iraqi insurgency (2003–2011)
[105]
Operation Grenade World War II February 23 to March 10, 19451,330 killed Flag of Germany (1935-1945).svg Germany [106]
Operation Grapeshot April 6 to May 2, 19451,288 killed Flag of Germany (1935-1945).svg Germany
War flag of the Italian Social Republic.svg Italian Social Republic
[107]
New Georgia campaign June 30 to October 7, 19431,195 killed Merchant flag of Japan (1870).svg Japan [108]
Battle of Mindanao March 10 to August 15, 19451,041 killed [au] [109] [110]
Burma campaign December 14, 1941 to September 13, 19451,021 killed Merchant flag of Japan (1870).svg Japan
Flag of Thailand.svg Thailand
[111]

See also

Notes

  1. Between 15 September 1944 – 21 March 1945 only
  2. 1 2 Union and Confederate numbers added together
  3. Of the Union soldiers who died during the siege, 707 were killed in combat while 5,000 died from disease. On the Confederate side, 750 were killed or wounded in action while 250 died from disease.
  4. Estimates range from 1,000 to 3,500 killed
  5. 7,058 Americans (North & South)
  6. Estimates range from 2,000 to 3,000 killed
  7. 2,725 Union [17] and 1,515 Confederacy
  8. 2,008 Navy KIA + 109 Marines + 218 Army (not included: 68 civilian deaths) [19]
  9. 2,246 Union [17] and 1,495 Confederacy
  10. 1,252–1,336 US Marines, [21] 542–612 US Army, [22] 195 US Navy, [23] unknown US Army Air Force
  11. 2,108 Union and 1,567 Confederate
  12. 1,844 Union [17] and 788 Confederacy
  13. 984 Marines + 88 MIA + 687 Navy
    984+ 88+ 687 [27]
  14. 1,754 Union [17] and 1,728 Confederacy
  15. 1,747 Union [17] and 1,305 Confederacy
  16. 1,734 Union and 3,494 Confederacy [4]
  17. 1,730 Union [17] and 1,294 Confederate
  18. 1,688 Union and 200 Confederate
  19. 1,656 Union [17] and 2,312 Confederate
  20. 1,606 Union [17] and 1,724 Confederacy
  21. Of the 2,500 soldiers in Task Force Faith only 1,050 made it back. Of those only 385 were able-bodied [31]
  22. 1,284 Union and 608 Confederacy [34]
  23. 150 during combat and 1,000 during the return voyage
  24. 788 from the US 5th Army and 296 from the US Navy
  25. 1,005 Union and 1,483 Confederate
  26. Between 15 September 1944 – 21 March 1945 only
  27. 20,668 among ground forces and 8,536 among the USAAF
  28. The Battle of the Atlantic began on September 3, 1939. American involvement in the Battle of the Atlantic began on September 13, 1941. [52]
  29. Hard to get exact numbers because post-World War II history books about the 1941-42 Philippines campaign focus mostly on the Bataan Death March and brutality in POW camps and don't give exact numbers on the KIA during the actual Battle of Bataan. Usually ~10,000 U.S. forces killed is given for the KIA in the actual Battle of Bataan. On Corregidor there were ~1,000 KIA. There were thousands more sailors and airmen killed in action during the 1941-42 Philippines Campaign on sunken U.S. Navy ships and hundreds of destroyed USAAF airplanes from December 1941 to May 1942.
  30. 50,410 Americans died in the Rhineland from September 1944 - March 21, 1945 [57]
  31. 7,621 Union and 4,206-4,352 Confederacy
  32. U.S. Army KIA+Army POW died+Army MIA died+Marine KIA+Navy KIA
    1183+1167+1410+763+15 = 4,538
  33. 4,423 Union and 3,044 Confederate
  34. 3,642 Union and an unknown amount of Confederate
  35. 16,233 died in Leyte, Luson, and Southern Philippines during October 17, 1944 - July 4, 1945 [79]
  36. Union fatalities: 261 during the Battle of Hampton Roads (also known as the Battle of the Monitor and Merrimack and as the Battle of Ironclads), unknown during the Siege of Yorktown (1862), over 450 during the Battle of Williamsburg (also known as the Battle of Fort Magruder), [82] unknown during the Battle of Eltham's Landing (also known as the Battle of Barhamsville), 14 during the Battle of Drewry's Bluff (also known as the Battle of Fort Darling), [83] 62 at the Battle of Hanover Court House (also known as the Battle of Slash Church), [84] 790 during the Battle of Seven Pines (also known as the Battle of Fair Oaks and as the Battle of Fair Oaks Station), [85] and 1,734 during the Seven Days Battles (sometimes erroneously known as the Seven Days Campaign) [4]
  37. 16,592 American died in 1968 [86]
  38. 2,459 on the Gilbert Islands and 611 on the Marshall Islands
  39. 836 Marines killed + 2,000 US Army killed [89]
  40. 2,783 Union and 3,812 Confederate
  41. 2,061 Union and 1,481 Confederate
  42. 10 U.S. Navy ships were sunk, resulting in 1,973 killed in action. 24 U.S. Army soldiers of the Lost Battalion were killed in action. Unknown number of USAAF airmen flying P-40 fighters were also killed during this campaign.
  43. 12,000 casualties including KIA, WIA, POW [96]
  44. 1,581 Union and 1,413 Confederate [101]
  45. 676 killed + 813 Missing presumed dead
  46. The majority of the fighting and counterinsurgency campaign in Anbar took place between April 2004 and September 2007
  47. Operation VICTOR IV, the seizure of Mindanao's Zamboanga Peninsula occurred at the same time as Battle of Mindanao.
    221 killed and 665 wounded on Zamboanga Peninsula [109]
    820 killed and 2,880 wounded on E. Mindanao [110]

References

  1. 1 2 MacDonald 1963.
  2. Tucker 2013 , p. 903
  3. History.com 2017
  4. 1 2 3 4 Tucker 2013 , p. 892
  5. Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed gives a 1513 reference for military casualty, and an 1844 reference for civilian use
  6. "The Philippines (Bataan) (1942)". The War. WETA. 2005. Archived from the original on 2020-11-30. Retrieved 2017-08-24. The 76,000 prisoners of war of the battle for Bataan – some 64,000 Filipino soldiers and 12,000 U.S. soldiers – then were forced to endure what came to be known as the Bataan Death March as they were moved into captivity.
    Elizabeth M. Norman; Michael Norman (March 6, 2017). "Bataan Death March". Encyclopædia Britannica. Bataan Death March, march in the Philippines of some 66 miles (106 km) that 76,000 prisoners of war (66,000 Filipinos, 10,000 U.S.) were forced by the Japanese military to endure in April 1942, during the early stages of World War II.
    Roy C. Mabasa (April 9, 2017). "U.S. salutes Filipino vets". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on February 24, 2019. Retrieved April 9, 2017.
    Eric Morris (2000). Corregidor: The American Alamo of World War II. Cooper Square Press. p. 405. ISBN   978-1-4616-6092-7.
    Oliver L. North (2012). War Stories II: Heroism in the Pacific. Regnery Publishing. p. 326. ISBN   978-1-59698-305-2.
  7. Kennedy, pp. 183–184.
  8. “A Time for Trumpets: The Untold Story of the Battle of the Bulge“, p. 410
  9. "About St. Mihiel American Cemetery".
  10. Brimelow, Benjamin. "50 years ago, US troops bunkered down for the Vietnam War's most infamous siege — here's how the Battle of Khe Sanh unfolded". Business Insider. Retrieved 2025-07-29.
  11. Burke & Roth 2014 , p. 7
  12. "Normandie-1944, L'été de la Liberté - La Campagne 7 juin/25 août - La Bataille de Saint-Lô". 12 April 2014. Archived from the original on 2015-11-19. Retrieved 2015-11-17.
  13. Cawthorne 2005, p. 126.
  14. "I caduti". Del Volturno a Cassino (in Italian). Retrieved 15 June 2025.
  15. Tucker 2013 , p. 1668
  16. https://warfarehistorynetwork.com/article/d-day12-assault-on-cherbourg/#:~:text=In%20the%20fight%20for%20Cherbourg,killed%2C%20wounded%2C%20and%20missing.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Allen 2017
  18. D-Day Museum and Overlord Embroidery 2017
  19. 1 2 Alison 2016
  20. Ecker 2005, p. 83.
  21. "History of the USMC in World War II vol. IV: Western Pacific Operations p. 285, 797. Retrieved 2/10/23. Total for Peleliu island is 1,252 killed, DOW, MIAPD, and 5,274 wounded. Appendix H lists 1,050 killed, 250 died of wounds, 36 missing presumed dead, and 5,450 wounded, including many of those who later died.
  22. "Casualty Report Number II" 8 May 1945, p. 65. Retrieved 2/10/23. 424 killed, 179 died of wounds, 9 missing in action, 2,313 wounded and injured in action
  23. Naval History and Heritage Command, "World War II casualties," citing "The Statistics of Diseases and Injuries. vol.3. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1950." Retrieved 2/10/23. "Invasion of Palau Islands, 185 killed, 10 died of wounds.
  24. Eggenberger, D. "An Encyclopedia of Battles: Accounts of Over 1,560 Battles from 1479 B.C. to the Present". Courier Corporation. 2012. ISBN   978-0-4861-4201-2
  25. A Fismes en 1918, j'étais là avec les Yanks , Tome 1, Cyrille Delozanne ( ISBN   978-1-304-36393-0). Ville de Fismes. Service Culturel. www.fismes.fr
  26. Peters 2017
  27. 1 2 Tucker 2013, p. 1605
  28. Frank, Guadalcanal, p. 490; and Lundstrom, Guadalcanal Campaign, p. 523.
  29. Further information: Official Records, Series I, Volume XL, Part 1, pages 218-238.
  30. 1 2 3 Sobieski, Anthony J. 1127 Days of Death – a Korean War Chronology – Part I, 1950. https://www.militaryhistoryonline.com/Korea/KoreanWarPartI . Retrieved 13 May 2021.
  31. 1 2 Daily 1999, p. 68
  32. "Opinion | A Little Piece of Hell (Published 2017)". 2017-07-04. Retrieved 2025-07-28.
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