List of fastest computers

Last updated

This is a historical list of fastest computers and includes computers and supercomputers which were considered the fastest in the world at the time they were built.

YearCountry of siteSiteVendor / builderComputerPerformance [a] R
1938Flag of Germany (1935-1945).svg  Germany Personal research and development
Berlin, Germany		 Konrad Zuse Z1 1.00 IPS [1]
1940 Z2 1.25IPS [2]
1941 Z3 20.00IPS [3]
1944Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom Bletchley Park Tommy Flowers and his team,
Post Office Research Station 		Colossus 5.00 kIPS [4]
1945Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg  United States University of Pennsylvania Moore School of Electrical Engineering ENIAC 5.00 kIPS [5]
1951 Massachusetts Institute of Technology MIT Servomechanisms Laboratory Whirlwind I 20.00kIPS [6]
1958 McGuire Air Force Base IBM AN/FSQ-7 75.00kIPS [7]
1960Flag of the United States (1959-1960).svg  United States Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory 7090 229.00kIPS [8]
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Remington Rand's UNIVAC LARC 250.00kIPS [9]
1961Flag of the United States.svg  United States Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory IBM 7030 Stretch 1.20 MIPS [10]
1962Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom University of Manchester University of Manchester,
Ferranti International, and Plessey Co. 		Atlas 1.00 M FLOPS [11]
1964Flag of the United States (23px).png  United States Lawrence Livermore and Los Alamos CDC 6600 3.00MFLOPS [12]
1969 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 7600 36.00MFLOPS [13]
1974 STAR-100 100.00MFLOPS [14]
1976 Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory Cray Cray-1 160.00MFLOPS [15]
1980Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom Meteorological Office, Bracknell CDC Cyber 205 400.00MFLOPS [16]
1983Flag of the United States (23px).png  United States National Security Agency Cray X-MP/4 713.00MFLOPS* [17]
1985Flag of the United States (23px).png  United States Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Cray Cray-2 1.41 GFLOPS* [18]
1988 NASA Ames Research Center Y-MP/832 2.14GFLOPS* [17]
1990Flag of Japan.svg  Japan Fuji Heavy Industries Fujitsu VP2600/10 4.00GFLOPS* [19]
1992Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg  Canada Atmospheric Environment Service NEC SX-3/44 20.00GFLOPS* [20]
1993Flag of the United States (23px).png  United States Los Alamos National Laboratory Thinking Machines CM-5/1024 59.70GFLOPS* [21]
Flag of Japan.svg  Japan National Aerospace Laboratory of Japan Fujitsu Numerical Wind Tunnel 124.20GFLOPS* [22]
1994Flag of the United States (23px).png  United States Sandia National Laboratories Intel Paragon XP/S 140 143.40GFLOPS* [23]
Flag of Japan.svg  Japan National Aerospace Laboratory of Japan Fujitsu Numerical Wind Tunnel 170.00GFLOPS* [22]
1996 University of Tokyo Hitachi SR2201 232.40GFLOPS* [24]
University of Tsukuba CP-PACS 368.20GFLOPS* [25]
1997Flag of the United States (23px).png  United States Sandia National Laboratories Intel ASCI Red 1.06 TFLOPS* [26]
2000 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory IBM ASCI White 4.93TFLOPS* [27]
20017.20TFLOPS*
2002Flag of Japan.svg  Japan JAMSTEC Earth Simulator Center NEC Earth Simulator 35.86TFLOPS* [28]
2004Flag of the United States (23px).png  United States Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory IBM Blue Gene/L 70.72TFLOPS* [29]
2005136.80TFLOPS*
280.60TFLOPS*
2007478.20TFLOPS*
2008Flag of the United States (23px).png  United States Los Alamos National Laboratory IBM Roadrunner 1.02 PFLOPS* [30]
1.10PFLOPS*
2009 Oak Ridge National Laboratory Cray Jaguar 1.75PFLOPS* [31]
2010Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China National Supercomputing Center of Tianjin National University of Defense Technology Tianhe-1A 2.57PFLOPS* [32]
2011Flag of Japan.svg  Japan RIKEN Advanced Institute for Computational Science Fujitsu K computer 10.51PFLOPS* [33]
2012Flag of the United States (23px).png  United States Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory IBM Sequoia (Blue Gene/Q)16.32PFLOPS* [34]
Oak Ridge National Laboratory Cray Titan 17.59PFLOPS* [35]
2013Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China National Supercomputing Center of Guangzhou National University of Defense Technology Tianhe-2 33.86PFLOPS* [36]
2016 National Supercomputing Center of Wuxi NRCPC Sunway TaihuLight 93.01PFLOPS* [37]
2018Flag of the United States (23px).png  United States Oak Ridge National Laboratory IBM Summit 122.30PFLOPS* [38]
2019148.60PFLOPS* [39]
2020Flag of Japan.svg  Japan RIKEN Center for Computational Science Fujitsu Fugaku 415.53PFLOPS* [40]
442.01PFLOPS*
2022Flag of the United States (23px).png  United States Oak Ridge National Laboratory HPE Cray Frontier 1.102 EFLOPS* [41]
20231.194EFLOPS*
20241.206EFLOPS*
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory El Capitan 1.742EFLOPS* [42]

a. ^ An asterisk (*) denotes Rmax –the highest score measured using the LINPACK benchmarks suite.

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Supercomputer</span> Type of extremely powerful computer

A supercomputer is a type of computer with a high level of performance as compared to a general-purpose computer. The performance of a supercomputer is commonly measured in floating-point operations per second (FLOPS) instead of million instructions per second (MIPS). Since 2022, supercomputers have existed which can perform over 1018 FLOPS, so called exascale supercomputers. For comparison, a desktop computer has performance in the range of hundreds of gigaFLOPS (1011) to tens of teraFLOPS (1013). Since November 2017, all of the world's fastest 500 supercomputers run on Linux-based operating systems. Additional research is being conducted in the United States, the European Union, Taiwan, Japan, and China to build faster, more powerful and technologically superior exascale supercomputers.

Floating point operations per second is a measure of computer performance in computing, useful in fields of scientific computations that require floating-point calculations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">IBM Blue Gene</span> Series of supercomputers by IBM

Blue Gene was an IBM project aimed at designing supercomputers that can reach operating speeds in the petaFLOPS (PFLOPS) range, with relatively low power consumption.

Cray Inc., a subsidiary of Hewlett Packard Enterprise, is an American supercomputer manufacturer headquartered in Seattle, Washington. It also manufactures systems for data storage and analytics. Several Cray supercomputer systems are listed in the TOP500, which ranks the most powerful supercomputers in the world.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">IBM Scalable POWERparallel</span> Series of supercomputers by IBM

Scalable POWERparallel (SP) is a series of supercomputers from IBM. SP systems were part of the IBM RISC System/6000 (RS/6000) family, and were also called the RS/6000 SP. The first model, the SP1, was introduced in February 1993, and new models were introduced throughout the 1990s until the RS/6000 was succeeded by eServer pSeries in October 2000. The SP is a distributed memory system, consisting of multiple RS/6000-based nodes interconnected by an IBM-proprietary switch called the High Performance Switch (HPS). The nodes are clustered using software called PSSP, which is mainly written in Perl.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center</span> Supercomputer facility operated by the US Department of Energy in Berkeley, California

The National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC), is a high-performance computing (supercomputer) research facility that was founded in 1974. The National User Facility is operated by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory for the United States Department of Energy Office of Science.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">TOP500</span> Database project devoted to the ranking of computers

The TOP500 project ranks and details the 500 most powerful non-distributed computer systems in the world. The project was started in 1993 and publishes an updated list of the supercomputers twice a year. The first of these updates always coincides with the International Supercomputing Conference in June, and the second is presented at the ACM/IEEE Supercomputing Conference in November. The project aims to provide a reliable basis for tracking and detecting trends in high-performance computing and bases rankings on HPL benchmarks, a portable implementation of the high-performance LINPACK benchmark written in Fortran for distributed-memory computers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cray XT5</span> Family of supercomputers

The Cray XT5 is an updated version of the Cray XT4 supercomputer, launched on November 6, 2007. It includes a faster version of the XT4's SeaStar2 interconnect router called SeaStar2+, and can be configured either with XT4 compute blades, which have four dual-core AMD Opteron processor sockets, or XT5 blades, with eight sockets supporting dual or quad-core Opterons. The XT5 uses a 3-dimensional torus network topology.

The Green500 is a biannual ranking of supercomputers, from the TOP500 list of supercomputers, in terms of energy efficiency. The list measures performance per watt using the TOP500 measure of high performance LINPACK benchmarks at double-precision floating-point format.

Petascale computing refers to computing systems capable of performing at least 1 quadrillion (10^15) floating-point operations per second (FLOPS). These systems are often called petaflops systems and represent a significant leap from traditional supercomputers in terms of raw performance, enabling them to handle vast datasets and complex computations.

Exascale computing refers to computing systems capable of calculating at least 1018 IEEE 754 Double Precision (64-bit) operations (multiplications and/or additions) per second (exaFLOPS)"; it is a measure of supercomputer performance.

This list compares various amounts of computing power in instructions per second organized by order of magnitude in FLOPS.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">K computer</span> Supercomputer in Kobe, Japan

The K computer – named for the Japanese word/numeral "kei" (京), meaning 10 quadrillion (1016) – was a supercomputer manufactured by Fujitsu, installed at the Riken Advanced Institute for Computational Science campus in Kobe, Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan. The K computer was based on a distributed memory architecture with over 80,000 compute nodes. It was used for a variety of applications, including climate research, disaster prevention and medical research. The K computer's operating system was based on the Linux kernel, with additional drivers designed to make use of the computer's hardware.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of supercomputing</span>

The history of supercomputing goes back to the 1960s when a series of computers at Control Data Corporation (CDC) were designed by Seymour Cray to use innovative designs and parallelism to achieve superior computational peak performance. The CDC 6600, released in 1964, is generally considered the first supercomputer. However, some earlier computers were considered supercomputers for their day such as the 1954 IBM NORC in the 1950s, and in the early 1960s, the UNIVAC LARC (1960), the IBM 7030 Stretch (1962), and the Manchester Atlas (1962), all of which were of comparable power.

The LINPACK Benchmarks are a measure of a system's floating-point computing power. Introduced by Jack Dongarra, they measure how fast a computer solves a dense n by n system of linear equations Ax = b, which is a common task in engineering.

XK7 is a supercomputing platform, produced by Cray, launched on October 29, 2012. XK7 is the second platform from Cray to use a combination of central processing units ("CPUs") and graphical processing units ("GPUs") for computing; the hybrid architecture requires a different approach to programming to that of CPU-only supercomputers. Laboratories that host XK7 machines host workshops to train researchers in the new programming languages needed for XK7 machines. The platform is used in Titan, the world's second fastest supercomputer in the November 2013 list as ranked by the TOP500 organization. Other customers include the Swiss National Supercomputing Centre which has a 272 node machine and Blue Waters has a machine that has Cray XE6 and XK7 nodes that performs at approximately 1 petaFLOPS (1015 floating-point operations per second).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Frontier (supercomputer)</span> American supercomputer

Hewlett Packard Enterprise Frontier, or OLCF-5, is the world's first exascale supercomputer. It is hosted at the Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility (OLCF) in Tennessee, United States and became operational in 2022. As of November 2024, Frontier is the second fastest supercomputer in the world. It is based on the Cray EX and is the successor to Summit (OLCF-4). Frontier achieved an Rmax of 1.102 exaFLOPS, which is 1.102 quintillion floating-point operations per second, using AMD CPUs and GPUs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fugaku (supercomputer)</span> Japanese supercomputer

Fugaku(Japanese: 富岳) is a petascale supercomputer at the Riken Center for Computational Science in Kobe, Japan. It started development in 2014 as the successor to the K computer and made its debut in 2020. It is named after an alternative name for Mount Fuji.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">JUWELS</span> Supercomputer in Germany

JUWELS is a supercomputer developed by Atos and hosted by the Jülich Supercomputing Centre (JSC) of the Forschungszentrum Jülich.

Hewlett Packard Enterprise El Capitan, is an exascale supercomputer, hosted at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in Livermore, United States and becoming operational in 2024. It is based on the Cray EX Shasta architecture. El Capitan displaced Frontier as the world's fastest supercomputer in the 64th edition of the Top500. El Capitan is the third exascale system deployed by the US.

References

  1. ↑ "History of Computers and Computing, Birth of the modern computer, Relays computer, Konrad Zuse". history-computer.com. Retrieved 2020-03-01.
  2. ↑ "Z2". horst-zuse.hier-im-netz.de. Retrieved 2024-11-20.
  3. ↑ Reinhardt, Helmut (1996). Automatisierungstechnik : theoretische und gerätetechnische Grundlagen, SPS (in German). Berlin: Springer. p. 241. ISBN   3-540-60626-2. OCLC   68764206.
  4. ↑ "The Colossus Machine". cs.stanford.edu. Retrieved 2024-11-20.
  5. ↑ Koerner, Brendan I. (2014-11-25). "How the World's First Computer Was Rescued From the Scrap Heap". Wired. Retrieved 2020-02-28.
  6. ↑ Everett, R. R. (1951). "The Whirlwind I computer". Papers and Discussions Presented at the December 10–12, 1951, Joint AIEE-IRE Computer Conference: Review of Electronic Digital Computers. ACM: 70–74. doi: 10.1145/1434770.1434781 . Retrieved 2020-02-29.
  7. ↑ "IBM AN/FSQ-7". old-computers.com. Retrieved 2020-02-29.
  8. ↑ "IBM Archives: 7090 Data Processing System". IBM. 2003-01-23. Retrieved 2020-02-28.
  9. ↑ "LARC Links". people.cs.clemson.edu. Retrieved 2020-03-01.
  10. ↑ Padua, David (2011). Encyclopedia of Parallel Computing. New York: Springer. p. 406. ISBN   978-0-387-09766-4. OCLC   772461594.
  11. ↑ Lavington, Simon Hugh (1975). A History of Manchester Computers (2nd ed.). Swindon: British Computer Society. ISBN   978-1-902505-01-5. OCLC   156380308.
  12. ↑ Anthony, Sebastian (2012-04-10). "The history of supercomputers". ExtremeTech. Retrieved 2020-02-29.
  13. ↑ Bell, Gordon (1998-01-25). "CDC 7600". Microsoft Research. Retrieved 2020-02-29.
  14. ↑ LARGE COMPUTER SYSTEMS AND NEW ARCHITECTURES, T. Bloch, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland, November 1978
  15. ↑ "Company History". Cray. Archived from the original on 2014-07-12. Retrieved 2020-02-29.
  16. ↑ "PDS: The Performance Database Server (Linpack)". performance.netlib.org. Retrieved 2020-09-13.
  17. 1 2 "Frequently Asked Questions". TOP500.org. Retrieved 2020-02-29.
  18. ↑ "CRAY-2/4-512". TOP500.org. Retrieved 2020-02-29.
  19. ↑ "VP2600/10". TOP500.org. Retrieved 2021-10-19.
  20. ↑ "AES Installs Worlds Fastest Supercomputer". Very Computer. 1991-10-09. Retrieved 2021-10-19.
  21. ↑ "CM-5: Los Alamos National Lab". TOP500.org. Retrieved 2020-03-01.
  22. 1 2 "Numerical Wind Tunnel: National Aerospace Laboratory of Japan". TOP500.org. Retrieved 2020-03-01.
  23. ↑ "Intel XP/S 140 Paragon: Sandia National Labs". TOP500.org. Retrieved 2020-03-01.
  24. ↑ "Hitachi SR2201: University of Tokyo". TOP500.org. Retrieved 2020-03-01.
  25. ↑ "CP-PACS: University of Tsukuba". TOP500.org. Retrieved 2020-03-01.
  26. ↑ "ASCI Red: Sandia National Laboratory". TOP500.org. Retrieved 2020-03-01.
  27. ↑ "ASCI White: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory". TOP500.org. Retrieved 2020-03-01.
  28. ↑ "The Earth Simulator: Earth Simulator Center". TOP500.org. Retrieved 2020-03-01.
  29. ↑ "BlueGene/L: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory". TOP500.org. Retrieved 2020-03-01.
  30. ↑ "Roadrunner: Los Alamos National Laboratory". TOP500.org. Retrieved 2020-03-01.
  31. ↑ "Jaguar: Oak ridge National Laboratory". TOP500.org. Retrieved 2020-03-01.
  32. ↑ "Tianhe-1A: National Supercomputing Center in Tianjin". TOP500.org. Retrieved 2020-03-01.
  33. ↑ "K Computer: RIKEN Advanced Institute for Computational Science". TOP500.org. Retrieved 2020-03-01.
  34. ↑ "Sequoia: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory". TOP500.org. Retrieved 2020-03-01.
  35. ↑ "Titan: Oak Ridge National Laboratory". TOP500.org. Retrieved 2020-03-01.
  36. ↑ "Tianhe-2 (MilkyWay-2) : National University of Defense Technology". TOP500.org. Retrieved 2020-03-01.
  37. ↑ "Sunway TaihuLight: National Supercomputing Center in Wuxi". TOP500.org. Retrieved 2020-03-01.
  38. ↑ "Summit: DOE/SC/Oak Ridge National Laboratory". TOP500.org. Retrieved 2020-03-01.
  39. ↑ "Summit - IBM Power System AC922, IBM POWER9 22C 3.07GHz, NVIDIA Volta GV100, Dual-rail Mellanox EDR Infiniband". TOP500.org. Retrieved 2020-02-29.
  40. ↑ "Supercomputer Fugaku - Supercomputer Fugaku, A64FX 48C 2.2GHz, Tofu interconnect D". TOP500.org. Retrieved 2020-11-16.
  41. ↑ "Frontier - HPE Cray EX235a, AMD Optimized 3rd Generation EPYC 64C 2GHz, AMD Instinct MI250X, Slingshot-11". TOP500.org. Retrieved 2024-01-07.
  42. ↑ "El Capitan - HPE Cray EX255a, AMD 4th Gen EPYC 24C 1.8GHz, AMD Instinct MI300A, Slingshot-11, TOSS". TOP500.org. Retrieved 2024-11-19.
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