Year | Country of site | Site | Vendor / builder | Computer | Performance [a] | R |
---|
1938 | Germany | Personal research and development Berlin, Germany | Konrad Zuse | Z1 | 1.00 | IPS | [1] |
1940 | Z2 | 1.25 | IPS | [2] |
1941 | Z3 | 20.00 | IPS | [3] |
1944 | United Kingdom | Bletchley Park | Tommy Flowers and his team, Post Office Research Station | Colossus | 5.00 | kIPS | [4] |
1945 | United States | University of Pennsylvania | Moore School of Electrical Engineering | ENIAC | 5.00 | kIPS | [5] |
1951 | Massachusetts Institute of Technology | MIT Servomechanisms Laboratory | Whirlwind I | 20.00 | kIPS | [6] |
1958 | McGuire Air Force Base | IBM | AN/FSQ-7 | 75.00 | kIPS | [7] |
1960 | United States | Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory | 7090 | 229.00 | kIPS | [8] |
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory | Remington Rand's UNIVAC | LARC | 250.00 | kIPS | [9] |
1961 | United States | Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory | IBM | 7030 Stretch | 1.20 | MIPS | [10] |
|
1962 | United Kingdom | University of Manchester | University of Manchester, Ferranti International, and Plessey Co. | Atlas | 1.00 | M FLOPS | [11] |
1964 | United States | Lawrence Livermore and Los Alamos | CDC | 6600 | 3.00 | MFLOPS | [12] |
1969 | Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory | 7600 | 36.00 | MFLOPS | [13] |
1974 | STAR-100 | 100.00 | MFLOPS | [14] |
1976 | Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory | Cray | Cray-1 | 160.00 | MFLOPS | [15] |
1980 | United Kingdom | Meteorological Office, Bracknell | CDC | Cyber 205 | 400.00 | MFLOPS | [16] |
1983 | United States | National Security Agency | Cray | X-MP/4 | 713.00 | MFLOPS* | [17] |
|
1985 | United States | Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory | Cray | Cray-2 | 1.41 | GFLOPS* | [18] |
1988 | NASA Ames Research Center | Y-MP/832 | 2.14 | GFLOPS* | [17] |
1990 | Japan | Fuji Heavy Industries | Fujitsu | VP2600/10 | 4.00 | GFLOPS* | [19] |
1992 | Canada | Atmospheric Environment Service | NEC | SX-3/44 | 20.00 | GFLOPS* | [20] |
1993 | United States | Los Alamos National Laboratory | Thinking Machines | CM-5/1024 | 59.70 | GFLOPS* | [21] |
Japan | National Aerospace Laboratory of Japan | Fujitsu | Numerical Wind Tunnel | 124.20 | GFLOPS* | [22] |
1994 | United States | Sandia National Laboratories | Intel | Paragon XP/S 140 | 143.40 | GFLOPS* | [23] |
Japan | National Aerospace Laboratory of Japan | Fujitsu | Numerical Wind Tunnel | 170.00 | GFLOPS* | [22] |
1996 | University of Tokyo | Hitachi | SR2201 | 232.40 | GFLOPS* | [24] |
University of Tsukuba | CP-PACS | 368.20 | GFLOPS* | [25] |
|
1997 | United States | Sandia National Laboratories | Intel | ASCI Red | 1.06 | TFLOPS* | [26] |
2000 | Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory | IBM | ASCI White | 4.93 | TFLOPS* | [27] |
2001 | 7.20 | TFLOPS* |
2002 | Japan | JAMSTEC Earth Simulator Center | NEC | Earth Simulator | 35.86 | TFLOPS* | [28] |
2004 | United States | Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory | IBM | Blue Gene/L | 70.72 | TFLOPS* | [29] |
2005 | 136.80 | TFLOPS* |
280.60 | TFLOPS* |
2007 | 478.20 | TFLOPS* |
|
2008 | United States | Los Alamos National Laboratory | IBM | Roadrunner | 1.02 | PFLOPS* | [30] |
1.10 | PFLOPS* |
2009 | Oak Ridge National Laboratory | Cray | Jaguar | 1.75 | PFLOPS* | [31] |
2010 | China | National Supercomputing Center of Tianjin | National University of Defense Technology | Tianhe-1A | 2.57 | PFLOPS* | [32] |
2011 | Japan | RIKEN Advanced Institute for Computational Science | Fujitsu | K computer | 10.51 | PFLOPS* | [33] |
2012 | United States | Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory | IBM | Sequoia (Blue Gene/Q) | 16.32 | PFLOPS* | [34] |
Oak Ridge National Laboratory | Cray | Titan | 17.59 | PFLOPS* | [35] |
2013 | China | National Supercomputing Center of Guangzhou | National University of Defense Technology | Tianhe-2 | 33.86 | PFLOPS* | [36] |
2016 | National Supercomputing Center of Wuxi | NRCPC | Sunway TaihuLight | 93.01 | PFLOPS* | [37] |
2018 | United States | Oak Ridge National Laboratory | IBM | Summit | 122.30 | PFLOPS* | [38] |
2019 | 148.60 | PFLOPS* | [39] |
2020 | Japan | RIKEN Center for Computational Science | Fujitsu | Fugaku | 415.53 | PFLOPS* | [40] |
442.01 | PFLOPS* |
|
2022 | United States | Oak Ridge National Laboratory | HPE Cray | Frontier | 1.102 | EFLOPS* | [41] |
2023 | 1.194 | EFLOPS* |
2024 | 1.206 | EFLOPS* |
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory | El Capitan | 1.742 | EFLOPS* | [42] |