List of fastest computers

This is a historical list of fastest computers and includes computers and supercomputers which were considered the fastest in the world at the time they were built.

Year	Country of site	Site	Vendor / builder	Computer	Performance [a]		Ref.
1938	Germany	Personal research and development Berlin, Germany	Konrad Zuse	Z1	1.00	IPS	[1]
1940				Z2	1.25	IPS	[2]
1941				Z3	20.00	IPS	[3]
1944	United Kingdom	Bletchley Park	Tommy Flowers and his team, Post Office Research Station	Colossus	5.00	kIPS	[4]
1945	United States	University of Pennsylvania	Moore School of Electrical Engineering	ENIAC	5.00	kIPS	[5]
1951		Massachusetts Institute of Technology	MIT Servomechanisms Laboratory	Whirlwind I	20.00	kIPS	[6]
1958		McGuire Air Force Base	IBM	AN/FSQ-7	75.00	kIPS	[7]
1960	United States	Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory		7090	229.00	kIPS	[8]
		Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory	Remington Rand's UNIVAC	LARC	250.00	kIPS	[9]
1961	United States	Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory	IBM	7030 Stretch	1.20	MIPS	[10]
1962	United Kingdom	University of Manchester	University of Manchester, Ferranti International, and Plessey Co.	Atlas	1.00	M FLOPS	[11]
1964	United States	Lawrence Livermore and Los Alamos	CDC	6600	3.00	MFLOPS	[12]
1969		Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory		7600	36.00	MFLOPS	[13]
1974				STAR-100	100.00	MFLOPS	[14]
1976		Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory	Cray	Cray-1	160.00	MFLOPS	[15]
1980	United Kingdom	Meteorological Office, Bracknell	CDC	Cyber 205	400.00	MFLOPS	[16]
1983	United States	National Security Agency	Cray	X-MP/4	713.00	MFLOPS*	[17]
1985	United States	Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory	Cray	Cray-2	1.41	GFLOPS*	[18]
1988		NASA Ames Research Center		Y-MP/832	2.14	GFLOPS*	[17]
1990	Japan	Fuji Heavy Industries	Fujitsu	VP2600/10	4.00	GFLOPS*	[19]
1992	Canada	Atmospheric Environment Service	NEC	SX-3/44	20.00	GFLOPS*	[20]
1993	United States	Los Alamos National Laboratory	Thinking Machines	CM-5/1024	59.70	GFLOPS*	[21]
	Japan	National Aerospace Laboratory of Japan	Fujitsu	Numerical Wind Tunnel	124.20	GFLOPS*	[22]
1994	United States	Sandia National Laboratories	Intel	Paragon XP/S 140	143.40	GFLOPS*	[23]
	Japan	National Aerospace Laboratory of Japan	Fujitsu	Numerical Wind Tunnel	170.00	GFLOPS*	[22]
1996		University of Tokyo	Hitachi	SR2201	232.40	GFLOPS*	[24]
		University of Tsukuba		CP-PACS	368.20	GFLOPS*	[25]
1997	United States	Sandia National Laboratories	Intel	ASCI Red	1.06	TFLOPS*	[26]
2000		Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory	IBM	ASCI White	4.93	TFLOPS*	[27]
2001					7.20	TFLOPS*
2002	Japan	JAMSTEC Earth Simulator Center	NEC	Earth Simulator	35.86	TFLOPS*	[28]
2004	United States	Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory	IBM	Blue Gene/L	70.72	TFLOPS*	[29]
2005					136.80	TFLOPS*
					280.60	TFLOPS*
2007					478.20	TFLOPS*
2008	United States	Los Alamos National Laboratory	IBM	Roadrunner	1.02	PFLOPS*	[30]
					1.10	PFLOPS*
2009		Oak Ridge National Laboratory	Cray	Jaguar	1.75	PFLOPS*	[31]
2010	China	National Supercomputing Center of Tianjin	National University of Defense Technology	Tianhe-1A	2.57	PFLOPS*	[32]
2011	Japan	RIKEN Advanced Institute for Computational Science	Fujitsu	K computer	10.51	PFLOPS*	[33]
2012	United States	Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory	IBM	Sequoia (Blue Gene/Q)	16.32	PFLOPS*	[34]
		Oak Ridge National Laboratory	Cray	Titan	17.59	PFLOPS*	[35]
2013	China	National Supercomputing Center of Guangzhou	National University of Defense Technology	Tianhe-2	33.86	PFLOPS*	[36]
2016		National Supercomputing Center of Wuxi	NRCPC	Sunway TaihuLight	93.01	PFLOPS*	[37]
2018	United States	Oak Ridge National Laboratory	IBM	Summit	122.30	PFLOPS*	[38]
2019					148.60	PFLOPS*	[39]
2020	Japan	RIKEN Center for Computational Science	Fujitsu	Fugaku	415.53	PFLOPS*	[40]
					442.01	PFLOPS*
2022	United States	Oak Ridge National Laboratory	HPE Cray	Frontier	1.102	EFLOPS*	[41]
2023					1.194	EFLOPS*
2024					1.206	EFLOPS*
		Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory		El Capitan	1.742	EFLOPS*	[42]
2025					1.809	EFLOPS*

a. ^{^} Performance figures for computers prior to 1983 represent nominal operation rates or peak instruction throughput.
An asterisk (*) denotes R_max –the highest sustained performance measured using the LINPACK benchmarks suite.

See also

• History of supercomputing
• List of the top supercomputers in the United States
• Timeline of instructions per second (IPS)
• TOP500 § Systems ranked No. 1 since 1976 (FLOPS)

References

1. "History of Computers and Computing, Birth of the modern computer, Relays computer, Konrad Zuse". history-computer.com. Retrieved 2020-03-01.
2. "Z2". horst-zuse.hier-im-netz.de. Retrieved 2024-11-20.
3. Reinhardt, Helmut (1996). Automatisierungstechnik : theoretische und gerätetechnische Grundlagen, SPS (in German). Berlin: Springer. p. 241. ISBN   3-540-60626-2. OCLC   68764206.
4. "The Colossus Machine". cs.stanford.edu. Retrieved 2024-11-20.
5. Koerner, Brendan I. (2014-11-25). "How the World's First Computer Was Rescued From the Scrap Heap". Wired. Retrieved 2020-02-28.
6. Everett, R. R. (1951). "The Whirlwind I computer". Papers and discussions presented at the Dec. 10-12, 1951, joint AIEE-IRE computer conference: Review of electronic digital computers on - AIEE-IRE '51. ACM. pp. 70–74. doi: 10.1145/1434770.1434781 . Retrieved 2020-02-29.
7. "IBM AN/FSQ-7". old-computers.com. Retrieved 2020-02-29.
8. "IBM Archives: 7090 Data Processing System". IBM. 2003-01-23. Retrieved 2020-02-28.
9. "LARC Links". people.cs.clemson.edu. Retrieved 2020-03-01.
10. Padua, David (2011). Encyclopedia of Parallel Computing. New York: Springer. p. 406. ISBN   978-0-387-09766-4. OCLC   772461594.
11. Lavington, Simon Hugh (1975). A History of Manchester Computers (2nd ed.). Swindon: British Computer Society. ISBN   978-1-902505-01-5. OCLC   156380308.
12. Anthony, Sebastian (2012-04-10). "The history of supercomputers". ExtremeTech. Retrieved 2020-02-29.
13. Bell, Gordon (1998-01-25). "CDC 7600". Microsoft Research. Retrieved 2020-02-29.
14. LARGE COMPUTER SYSTEMS AND NEW ARCHITECTURES, T. Bloch, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland, November 1978
15. "Company History". Cray. Archived from the original on 2014-07-12. Retrieved 2020-02-29.
16. "PDS: The Performance Database Server (Linpack)". performance.netlib.org. Retrieved 2020-09-13.
17. "Frequently Asked Questions". TOP500.org. Retrieved 2020-02-29.
18. "CRAY-2/4-512". TOP500.org. Retrieved 2020-02-29.
19. "VP2600/10". TOP500.org. Retrieved 2021-10-19.
20. "AES Installs Worlds Fastest Supercomputer". Very Computer. 1991-10-09. Retrieved 2021-10-19.
21. "CM-5: Los Alamos National Lab". TOP500.org. Retrieved 2020-03-01.
22. "Numerical Wind Tunnel: National Aerospace Laboratory of Japan". TOP500.org. Retrieved 2020-03-01.
23. "Intel XP/S 140 Paragon: Sandia National Labs". TOP500.org. Retrieved 2020-03-01.
24. "Hitachi SR2201: University of Tokyo". TOP500.org. Retrieved 2020-03-01.
25. "CP-PACS: University of Tsukuba". TOP500.org. Retrieved 2020-03-01.
26. "ASCI Red: Sandia National Laboratory". TOP500.org. Retrieved 2020-03-01.
27. "ASCI White: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory". TOP500.org. Retrieved 2020-03-01.
28. "The Earth Simulator: Earth Simulator Center". TOP500.org. Retrieved 2020-03-01.
29. "BlueGene/L: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory". TOP500.org. Retrieved 2020-03-01.
30. "Roadrunner: Los Alamos National Laboratory". TOP500.org. Retrieved 2020-03-01.
31. "Jaguar: Oak ridge National Laboratory". TOP500.org. Retrieved 2020-03-01.
32. "Tianhe-1A: National Supercomputing Center in Tianjin". TOP500.org. Retrieved 2020-03-01.
33. "K Computer: RIKEN Advanced Institute for Computational Science". TOP500.org. Retrieved 2020-03-01.
34. "Sequoia: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory". TOP500.org. Retrieved 2020-03-01.
35. "Titan: Oak Ridge National Laboratory". TOP500.org. Retrieved 2020-03-01.
36. "Tianhe-2 (MilkyWay-2) : National University of Defense Technology". TOP500.org. Retrieved 2020-03-01.
37. "Sunway TaihuLight: National Supercomputing Center in Wuxi". TOP500.org. Retrieved 2020-03-01.
38. "Summit: DOE/SC/Oak Ridge National Laboratory". TOP500.org. Retrieved 2020-03-01.
39. "Summit - IBM Power System AC922, IBM POWER9 22C 3.07GHz, NVIDIA Volta GV100, Dual-rail Mellanox EDR Infiniband". TOP500.org. Retrieved 2020-02-29.
40. "Supercomputer Fugaku - Supercomputer Fugaku, A64FX 48C 2.2GHz, Tofu interconnect D". TOP500.org. Retrieved 2020-11-16.
41. "Frontier - HPE Cray EX235a, AMD Optimized 3rd Generation EPYC 64C 2GHz, AMD Instinct MI250X, Slingshot-11". TOP500.org. Retrieved 2024-01-07.
42. "El Capitan - HPE Cray EX255a, AMD 4th Gen EPYC 24C 1.8GHz, AMD Instinct MI300A, Slingshot-11, TOSS". TOP500.org. Retrieved 2024-11-19.

• Computer Speeds From Instruction Mixes (pre-1960 to 1971)
• TOP500 #1 systems since 1993 – TOP500.org