List of genetically modified crops

Last updated

Genetically modified crops are plants used in agriculture, the DNA of which has been modified using genetic engineering techniques. In most cases, the aim is to introduce a new trait to the plant which does not occur naturally in the species. As of 2015, 26 plant species have been genetically modified and approved for commercial release in at least one country. The majority of these species contain genes that make them either tolerant to herbicides or resistant to insects. Other common traits include virus resistance, delayed ripening, modified flower colour or altered composition. In 2014, 28 countries grew GM crops, and 39 countries imported but did not grow them. [1]

Contents

Background

Regulations regarding the commercialisation of genetically modified crops are mostly conducted by individual countries. For cultivation, environmental approval determines whether a crop can be legally grown. Separate approval is generally required to use GM crops in food for human consumption or as animal feed. [2] [3]

GM crops were first planted commercially on a large scale in 1996, in the US, China, Argentina, Canada, Australia, and Mexico. [1] Some countries have approved but not actually cultivated GM crops, due to public uncertainty or further government restrictions, while at the same time, they may import GM foods for consumption. For example, Japan is a leading GM food importer, and permits but has not grown GM food crops. The European Union regulates importation of GM foods, while individual member states determine cultivation. [4] In the US, separate regulatory agencies handle approval for cultivation (USDA, EPA) and for human consumption (FDA). [5]

Two genetically modified crops have been approved for food use in some countries, but have not obtained approval for cultivation. A GM Melon engineered for delayed senescence was approved in 1999 and a herbicide tolerant GM wheat was approved in 2004.

Genetically modified crops cultivated in 2014

Distribution of GM crops planted in 2014
  1. GM soybean (50%)
  2. GM maize (30%)
  3. GM cotton (14%)
  4. GM canola (5%)
  5. Other (1.00%)

Genetically modified crops that are no longer cultivated

GMOUseTraitCountries approved inFirst approved [17] Notes
Potato Food [18] Insect resistanceCanada1995Withdrawn from market 2001 [36]
USA1994
Industrial [35] Modified starch European Union2010Development stopped 2012 [37]
Rice FoodInsect resistanceIran2004Grown on 4000 ha in 2005 [38]
Tobacco CigarettesHerbicide resistanceChina1992 [39] Not grown since 1995 due to strong opposition from tobacco importers. [39] [40]
Tomato FoodDelayed softeningUSA1992Production stopped 1997 [41]

First GM food (see Flavr Savr)

Approved genetically modified crops that have not yet been cultivated

GMOUseTraitCountries approved inFirst approved [17] Notes
AppleFood [18] Delayed browningCanada2015
USA2015
BeanViral disease resistanceBrazil2011
ChicoryAnimal feedHerbicide toleranceUSA1997
Eucalyptus TreeAltered growthBrazil2015
Flax Linseed Oil Herbicide toleranceUSA1999Canada gained approval in 1996, but it was rescinded in 2001 [42]
Grass Ornamental TurfgrassHerbicide toleranceUSA2003Rescinded approval in 2017 due to seed contamination in Oregon [43]
PlumFoodVirus resistanceUSA2007
Potato Food [18] Reduced acrylamide

Blackspot bruise tolerance

Late blight resistance

USA2015
Virus resistanceCanada1999
USA1997
Industrial [35] Modified starch USA2014
Sweet pepperFoodVirus resistanceChina1998

Genetically modified crops by country

CountryGM foodHa grown in 2014 [44]
ArgentinaCotton530 000
Maize3 000 000
Soybean20 800 000
AustraliaCanola342 000
Carnation
Cotton200 000
BangladeshEggplant12
BrazilCotton600 000
Maize12 500 000
Soybean29 100 000
BoliviaSoybean1 000 000
Burkina FasoCotton454,124 [N 3]
CanadaCanola8 000 000
Maize1 400 000
Soybean2 200 000
Sugar beet15 000
ChileCanola2 000
Maize7 000
Soybean1 000
ChinaCotton3 900 000
Papaya8 475
Poplar543
Sweet pepper
Tomato
ColombiaCotton18 000
Maize81 000
Costa RicaCotton36.3
Soybean1.7
CubaMaize3 000
Czech RepublicMaize1,754
HondurasMaize29 000
IndiaCotton11 600 000
MexicoCotton160 000
Soybean10 000
MyanmarCotton318,000
PakistanCotton2 850 000
ParaguayCotton36 000
Maize500 000
Soybean3 300 000
PhilippinesMaize831 000
PortugalMaize8 542
RomaniaMaize771
SlovakiaMaize441
South AfricaCotton9 000
Maize2 150 000
Soybean552 000
SpainMaize131,538
SudanCotton90 000
United States of AmericaAlfalfa862 000
Canola685 000
Cotton4 500 000
Maize34 500 000
Papaya1 000
Potato
Soybean32 300 000
Squash1 000
Sugar beet479 000
UruguayMaize90 000
Soybean1 550 000

The following graph shows the area planted in GM crops in the five largest GM crop producing countries. The area planted is presented along the y axis in thousands of hectares while the year is along the x axis. [N 4]

See also

References and notes

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 No official public documentation available
  2. No public documents
  3. GM cotton production was banned in 2016 due to economic and quality concerns. [45]
  4. The data for the graph is calculated from information found in ISAAA briefs. [46] [47] [48] [49] [50] [51] [52] [53] [54] The other values were found by adding up all the area for GM crop producing countries (excluding the top five).

References

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