List of insect-borne diseases

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This article contains a list of insect-borne diseases. They can take the form of parasitic worms, bacteria, protozoa, viruses, or the insects directly acting as a parasite.

Contents

Insect-borne diseases

Mosquitoes

Mosquitoes are vectors for a large number of diseases, the large majority being viral in nature. Mosquito-borne viruses fall into four major groups: Bunyavirales , Flaviviridae , Togaviridae , and Reoviridae . They can present as either arbovirus encephalitis or viral hemorrhagic fevers.

Viral diseases
GroupPresentationDiseasePrimary vector
BunyaviralesArbovirus encephalitis La Crosse encephalitis Aedes triseriatus (eastern tree hole mosquito) [1]
BunyaviralesArbovirus encephalitis Batai virus
BunyaviralesArbovirus encephalitis Bwamba Fever
BunyaviralesArbovirus encephalitis California encephalitis
BunyaviralesArbovirus encephalitis Jamestown Canyon encephalitis
BunyaviralesArbovirus encephalitis Oropouche fever
BunyaviralesArbovirus encephalitis Tahyna virus
BunyaviralesArbovirus encephalitis Tete virus
BunyaviralesViral hemorrhagic fever Bunyamwera fever
BunyaviralesViral hemorrhagic fever Rift Valley fever Culex spp [2]
FlaviviridaeArbovirus encephalitis Japanese encephalitis
FlaviviridaeArbovirus encephalitis Murray Valley encephalitis virus
FlaviviridaeArbovirus encephalitis Rocio viral encephalitis
FlaviviridaeArbovirus encephalitis Saint Louis encephalitis Culex pipiens (northern house mosquito), C. quinquefasciatus (southern house mosquito) [2]
FlaviviridaeArbovirus encephalitis Spondweni fever
FlaviviridaeArbovirus encephalitis Usutu virus
FlaviviridaeArbovirus encephalitis West Nile fever
FlaviviridaeViral hemorrhagic fever Dengue fever
FlaviviridaeViral hemorrhagic fever Yellow fever
FlaviviridaeViral hemorrhagic fever Zika fever
TogaviridaeArbovirus encephalitis Barmah Forest virus
TogaviridaeArbovirus encephalitis Chikungunya
TogaviridaeArbovirus encephalitis Eastern equine encephalitis Culiseta melanura (black-tailed mosquito) [2] [3]
TogaviridaeArbovirus encephalitis Mayaro virus disease
TogaviridaeArbovirus encephalitis O'nyong'nyong fever
TogaviridaeArbovirus encephalitis Pogosta disease
TogaviridaeArbovirus encephalitis Ross River fever
TogaviridaeArbovirus encephalitis Semliki Forest virus
TogaviridaeArbovirus encephalitis Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus
TogaviridaeArbovirus encephalitis Western equine encephalitis virus Culex tarsalis [4]
ReoviridaeArbovirus encephalitis Banna virus
Non-viral diseases
Disease typeDisease name
Parasitic fly Dermatobia hominis (Myiasis)
Parasitic worm Dirofilariasis
Parasitic worm Lymphatic filariasis
Protozoa Malaria
Virus ( Bunyavirales ) Lymphatic filariasis

Other insects

InsectDisease typeDisease name
Black fly ( Simulium )Parasitic worm Mansonelliasis
Black fly ( Simulium )Parasitic worm Onchocerciasis (river blindness)
Deer fly (Chrysopsinae)BacteriaTularemia
Deer fly (Chrysopsinae)Parasitic worm Loa loa filariasis
Flea Bacteria Murine typhus
Flea Bacteria Plague
Flour beetle Parasitic worm Hymenolepis nana (tapeworm)
Kissing bug Protozoa Chagas disease
Louse Bacteria Bacillary angiomatosis
Louse Bacteria Epidemic typhus
Louse Bacteria Relapsing fever
Louse Bacteria Trench fever
Midge ( Culicoides )Parasitic worm Mansonelliasis
Midge ( Culicoides )Virus Oropouche fever
Sandfly ( Phlebotominae )Bacteria Carrion's disease
Sandfly ( Phlebotominae )Protozoa Leishmaniasis
Sandfly ( Phlebotominae )Virus Adria virus (ADRV)
Sandfly ( Phlebotominae )Virus Chandipura vesiculovirus
Sandfly ( Phlebotominae )Virus Pappataci fever
Tsetse fly Protozoa African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness)

Direct parasites

TypeName
Flea Human flea
Flea Tungiasis
Fly (myiasis) Cochliomyia hominivorax (screw-worm)
Fly (myiasis) Cordylobia anthropophaga (blow-fly)
Fly (myiasis) Dermatobia hominis (botfly)
Hemiptera Bed bug
Louse Pediculosis capitis (Head louse)
Louse Pediculosis corporis (Body louse)
Louse Pediculosis pubis (Crab louse)

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chikungunya</span> Infection caused by the Chikungunya virus

Chikungunya is an infection caused by the Chikungunya virus (CHIKV). The disease was first identified in 1952 in Tanzania and named based on the Kimakonde words for "to become contorted".

<i>Flavivirus</i> Genus of viruses

Flavivirus, renamed Orthoflavivirus in 2023, is a genus of positive-strand RNA viruses in the family Flaviviridae. The genus includes the West Nile virus, dengue virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, yellow fever virus, Zika virus and several other viruses which may cause encephalitis, as well as insect-specific flaviviruses (ISFs) such as cell fusing agent virus (CFAV), Palm Creek virus (PCV), and Parramatta River virus (PaRV). While dual-host flaviviruses can infect vertebrates as well as arthropods, insect-specific flaviviruses are restricted to their competent arthropods. The means by which flaviviruses establish persistent infection in their competent vectors and cause disease in humans depends upon several virus-host interactions, including the intricate interplay between flavivirus-encoded immune antagonists and the host antiviral innate immune effector molecules.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arbovirus</span> Class of viruses which are transmitted by arthropods

Arbovirus is an informal name for any virus that is transmitted by arthropod vectors. The term arbovirus is a portmanteau word. Tibovirus is sometimes used to more specifically describe viruses transmitted by ticks, a superorder within the arthropods. Arboviruses can affect both animals and plants. In humans, symptoms of arbovirus infection generally occur 3–15 days after exposure to the virus and last three or four days. The most common clinical features of infection are fever, headache, and malaise, but encephalitis and viral hemorrhagic fever may also occur.

Ross River virus (RRV) is a small encapsulated single-strand RNA Alphavirus endemic to Australia, Papua New Guinea and other islands in the South Pacific. It is responsible for a type of mosquito-borne, non-lethal but extremely debilitating tropical disease known as Ross River fever, previously termed "epidemic polyarthritis". There is no known cure, and it can last in the host's system for up to 20 years. The virus is suspected to be enzootic in populations of various native Australian mammals, and has been found on occasion in horses.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Oropouche fever</span> Medical condition

Oropouche fever is a tropical viral infection transmitted by biting midges and mosquitoes from the blood of sloths to humans. This disease is named after the region where it was first discovered and isolated at the Trinidad Regional Virus Laboratory in 1955 by the Oropouche River in Trinidad and Tobago. Oropouche fever is caused by a specific arbovirus, the Oropouche virus (OROV), of the Bunyaviridae family.

<i>Alphavirus</i> Genus of viruses

Alphavirus is a genus of RNA viruses, the sole genus in the Togaviridae family. Alphaviruses belong to group IV of the Baltimore classification of viruses, with a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome. There are 32 alphaviruses, which infect various vertebrates such as humans, rodents, fish, birds, and larger mammals such as horses, as well as invertebrates. Alphaviruses that could infect both vertebrates and arthropods are referred dual-host alphaviruses, while insect-specific alphaviruses such as Eilat virus and Yada yada virus are restricted to their competent arthropod vector. Transmission between species and individuals occurs mainly via mosquitoes, making the alphaviruses a member of the collection of arboviruses – or arthropod-borne viruses. Alphavirus particles are enveloped, have a 70 nm diameter, tend to be spherical, and have a 40 nm isometric nucleocapsid.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Viral encephalitis</span> Medical condition

Viral encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, called encephalitis, by a virus. The different forms of viral encephalitis are called viral encephalitides. It is the most common type of encephalitis and often occurs with viral meningitis. Encephalitic viruses first cause infection and replicate outside of the central nervous system (CNS), most reaching the CNS through the circulatory system and a minority from nerve endings toward the CNS. Once in the brain, the virus and the host's inflammatory response disrupt neural function, leading to illness and complications, many of which frequently are neurological in nature, such as impaired motor skills and altered behavior.

<i>Western equine encephalitis virus</i> Species of virus

The Western equine encephalomyelitis virus is the causative agent of relatively uncommon viral disease Western equine encephalomyelitis (WEE). An alphavirus of the family Togaviridae, the WEE virus is an arbovirus transmitted by mosquitoes of the genera Culex and Culiseta. WEE is a recombinant virus between two other alphaviruses, an ancestral Sindbis virus-like virus, and an ancestral Eastern equine encephalitis virus-like virus. There have been under 700 confirmed cases in the U.S. since 1964. This virus contains an envelope that is made up of glycoproteins and nucleic acids. The virus is transmitted to people and horses by bites from infected mosquitoes and birds during wet, summer months.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Medical entomology</span> Study of insect impacts on human health

The discipline of medical entomology, or public health entomology, and also veterinary entomology is focused upon insects and arthropods that impact human health. Veterinary entomology is included in this category, because many animal diseases can "jump species" and become a human health threat, for example, bovine encephalitis. Medical entomology also includes scientific research on the behavior, ecology, and epidemiology of arthropod disease vectors, and involves a tremendous outreach to the public, including local and state officials and other stake holders in the interest of public safety.

<i>Sindbis virus</i> Species of virus

Sindbis virus (SINV) is a member of the Togaviridae family, in the Alphavirus genus. The virus was first isolated in 1952 in Cairo, Egypt. The virus is transmitted by mosquitoes. SINV is linked to Pogosta disease (Finland), Ockelbo disease (Sweden) and Karelian fever (Russia). In humans, the symptoms include arthralgia, rash and malaise. Sindbis virus is widely and continuously found in insects and vertebrates in Eurasia, Africa, and Oceania. Clinical infection and disease in humans however has almost only been reported from Northern Europe, where SINV is endemic and where large outbreaks occur intermittently. Cases are occasionally reported in Australia, China, and South Africa.

Babanki virus (BBKV) is a member of the virus family Togaviridae of Class IV of the Baltimore classification system and the genus Alphavirus.

The National Institute of Virology in Pune, India is an Indian virology research institute and part of the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR). It was previously known as 'Virus Research Centre' and was founded in collaboration with the Rockefeller Foundation. It has been designated as a WHO H5 reference laboratory for SE Asia region.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Disease vector</span> Agent that carries and transmits an infectious pathogen into another living organism

In epidemiology, a disease vector is any living agent that carries and transmits an infectious pathogen such as a parasite or microbe, to another living organism. Agents regarded as vectors are mostly blood-sucking insects such as mosquitoes. The first major discovery of a disease vector came from Ronald Ross in 1897, who discovered the malaria pathogen when he dissected the stomach tissue of a mosquito.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mosquito-borne disease</span> Diseases caused by bacteria, viruses or parasites transmitted by mosquitoes

Mosquito-borne diseases or mosquito-borne illnesses are diseases caused by bacteria, viruses or parasites transmitted by mosquitoes. Nearly 700 million people contract mosquito-borne illnesses each year, resulting in more than a million deaths.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kunjin virus</span> Subtype of West Nile virus

Kunjin virus (KUNV) is a zoonotic virus of the family Flaviviridae and the genus Flavivirus. It is a subtype of West Nile virus endemic to Oceania.

Hart Park virus, or HP virus, is a single-stranded RNA arbovirus that is primarily transmitted through mosquitoes. The HP virus is classified in the Rhabdoviridae family and is related to the viral agents that cause rabies and vesicular stomatitis. The exact date of discovery of this virus is uncertain, but its presence in the entomological community dates back as far as 1964. Because of its relatively recent discovery, its exact effect on hosts is uncertain. Currently, there is no known disease affiliated with the Hart Park virus.

Spondweni virus is an arbovirus, or arthropod-borne virus, which is a member of the family Flaviviridae and the genus Flavivirus. It is part of the Spondweni serogroup which consists of the Sponweni virus and the Zika virus (ZIKV). The Spondweni virus was first isolated in Nigeria in 1952, and ever since, SPONV transmission and activity have been reported throughout Africa. Its primary vector of transmission is the sylvatic mosquito Aedes circumluteolus, though it has been isolated from several different types of mosquito. Transmission of the virus into humans can lead to a viral infection known as Spondweni fever, with symptoms that include headache, nausea, myalgia and arthralgia. However, as SPONV is phylogenetically close to the ZIKV, it is commonly misdiagnosed as ZIKV along with other viral illnesses.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Robert Shope</span> American virologist and epidemiologist

Robert Ellis Shope was an American virologist, epidemiologist and public health expert, particularly known for his work on arthropod-borne viruses and emerging infectious diseases. He discovered more novel viruses than any person previously, including members of the Arenavirus, Hantavirus, Lyssavirus and Orbivirus genera of RNA viruses. He researched significant human diseases, including dengue, Lassa fever, Rift Valley fever, yellow fever, viral hemorrhagic fevers and Lyme disease. He had an encyclopedic knowledge of viruses, and curated a global reference collection of over 5,000 viral strains. He was the lead author of a groundbreaking report on the threat posed by emerging infectious diseases, and also advised on climate change and bioterrorism.

Keystone virus is a mosquito-borne virus which can infect mammals. It was first discovered in animals in the Florida area, where it is spread in part by local species of Aedes mosquitoes. In 1964, a case of human infection, producing minor symptoms of a rash and fever, was circumstantially diagnosed. Conclusive laboratory demonstration of the virus in humans was first obtained and reported in 2018.

References

  1. Goddard, J (2008). Infectious Diseases and Arthropods. Humana Press. p. 21. ISBN   978-1-60327-400-5 . Retrieved 19 February 2024.
  2. 1 2 3 Goddard 2008, p. 21.
  3. Contigiani, MS; Diaz, LA (2017). "Togaviridae". In Marcondes, C (ed.). Arthropod Borne Diseases. Cham: Springer. pp. 115–135. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
  4. Goddard 2008, p. 54.