List of military equipment used by mujahideen during Soviet–Afghan War

Last updated August 04, 2023 • 1 min readFrom Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

This list shows military equipment used by the mujahideen during the Soviet–Afghan War. The Mujahideen obtained weapons from many sources, mostly supplied by foreign sources, such as the Central Intelligence Agency’s Operation Cyclone, China, Egypt, Iran, Israel and the United Kingdom, and channeled through Pakistan. Many weapons were also captured from the Soviet Army or the Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan.

Small arms

Weapon	Type	Origin	Notes
Webley Revolver	Revolver	British Empire
Enfield	Revolver	British Empire
TT-33 ^[1]	Semi-automatic pistol	Soviet Union	Captured from Soviet and DRA troops. Khyber Pass copies were also used.^[2]
Makarov PM ^[3]^[4]	Semi-automatic pistol	Soviet Union	Captured from the Soviet Army ^[3] and DRA Army.^[4] Khyber Pass copies were also used.^[2]
Type 54	Semi-automatic pistol	People's Republic of China	Obtained from China and Pakistan
Stechkin APS	Machine pistol	Soviet Union	Captured from Soviet forces.^[2]
PPSh-41 ^[5]	Submachine gun	Soviet Union
Sten ^[6]	Submachine gun	British Empire
Heckler & Koch MP5	Submachine gun	West Germany	Documented as used by at least one Mujahideen commander^[7]
L1A1 Self-Loading Rifle	Battle rifle	India	Indian variants acquired by Pakistan; almost all were not used eventually due to concerns of ammo supplies.^[8]
AK-47	Assault rifle	Soviet Union	Obtained from DRA Army deserters, or captured.^[9]^[10]
AKS-47	Assault rifle	Soviet Union
AKM ^[11]	Assault rifle	Soviet Union	Captured from Afghan Army.
AKMS	Assault rifle	Soviet Union
Type 56 ^[12]	Assault rifle	People's Republic of China
AK-74 ^[3]^[13]	Assault rifle	Soviet Union	Captured from the Soviet Army and Afghan Army.^[3]^[13]
AKS-74U	Assault rifle	Soviet Union
Norinco CQ ^{[ citation needed ]}	Assault rifle	People's Republic of China
Heckler & Koch G3	Battle rifle	West Germany	License built version obtained from Iran^[14]
Jezail	Musket	Emirate of Afghanistan	Limited use.^[10]
Martini–Henry	Single-shot rifle	British Empire	Limited use.^[10]
Mosin–Nagant ^[15]	Bolt-action rifle	Soviet Union	Delivered to Afghanistan in 1919 on Lenin's orders.^[10]
Lebel ^[14]	Bolt-action rifle	French Third Republic
Lee–Enfield ^[16]	Bolt-action rifle	British Empire
M1917 Springfield	Bolt-action rifle	United States of America	Called G3 by the Mujahideen^[17]
Hanyang 88 ^[18]	Bolt-action rifle	People's Republic of China
SKS ^[19]	Semi-automatic rifle	Soviet Union
M1 Garand ^[14]	Semi-automatic rifle	United States
RPD	Light machine gun	Soviet Union	Most commonly used machine gun.^[10]
RPK ^[20]	Light machine gun	Soviet Union	Most commonly used machine gun.^[10]
Degtyaryov	Light machine gun	Soviet Union
Bren	Light machine gun	British Empire
ZB vz. 26 ^[21]	Light machine gun	Czechoslovakia	Limited use.^[10]
PKM	General-purpose machine gun	Soviet Union	Limited use.^[10]
Type 67 ^[22]	General-purpose machine gun	China

Heavy weapons

This includes anti-air and anti-tank weapons used by the Mujahideen, also artillery.

Weapon	Type	Origin	Notes
DShK ^[14]	Heavy machine gun	Soviet Union
Type 54 HMG ^[23]	Heavy machine gun	People's Republic of China
SG-43 Goryunov ^[13]	Medium machine gun	Soviet Union
KVP ^[10]	Heavy machine gun	Soviet Union
ZU-23-2 ^[24]^[25]	Anti-aircraft gun	Soviet Union	Some mounted on trucks and armored vehicles.
ZPU	Anti-aircraft gun	Soviet Union	ZPU-1, ZPU-2 and ZPU-4 versions used.
Oerlikon 20mm cannon	Anti-aircraft gun	Switzerland	40 delivered in 1984.^[26]
RPG-2 ^[14]^[27]	Rocket-propelled grenade	Soviet Union
RPG-7 ^[10]	Rocket-propelled grenade	Soviet Union
RPG-18	Disposable rocket launcher	Soviet Union	Captured from Soviet forces
RPG-22	Disposable rocket launcher	Soviet Union	Captured from Soviet forces^[28]
Type 69 RPG ^[29]	Rocket-propelled grenade	People's Republic of China
B-10 recoilless rifle	82mm recoilless rifle	Soviet Union	Chinese Type 65 variant also used.
SPG-9	73mm recoilless rifle	Soviet Union
Type 56	75mm recoilless rifle	People's Republic of China
82-BM-37	82mm mortar	Soviet Union	Most widely used artillery piece^[28]
M1938 ^[30]	107mm mortar	Soviet Union
Type 63	60mm mortar	China
M1942 (ZiS-3)	76mm field gun	Soviet Union	Captured from DRA forces^[28]
2A18 (D-30)	122mm howitzer	Soviet Union	Captured from DRA forces^[28]
M1938 (M-30)	122mm howitzer	Soviet Union	Captured from DRA forces^[28]
Type 63	107mm multiple rocket launcher	People's Republic of China	About 500 launchers supplied.^[31]
Saqar	Multiple rocket launcher	Egypt	Egyptian variant of BM-21 Grad. Delivered in several variants with varying range and caliber.^[30]
9K32 Strela-2 (SA-7 Grail)	Man-portable air-defense system	Soviet Union	Captured from DRA forces.^[10] Egyptian Sakr-eye version also used.^{[ citation needed ]}
9K34 Strela-3 (SA-14 Gremlin) ^[32]	Man-portable air-defense system	Soviet Union
FIM-43 Redeye	Man-portable air-defense system	United States	50 launchers delivered.^[31]
FIM-92 Stinger	Man-portable air-defense system	United States	800 missiles delivered overall, deliveries began in 1986.^[31]
HN-5	Man-portable air-defense system	People's Republic of China	HN-5A and HN-5B versions delivered, about 400 missiles supplied.^[31]
Blowpipe	Man-portable air-defense system	United Kingdom	50 launchers and 300 missiles delivered.^[31]
BGM-71 TOW	Anti-tank guided missile	United States	80 launchers delivered in 1988^[31]
MILAN	Anti-tank guided missile	France	160 launchers delivered in 1988^[28]
PMN mine	Anti-personnel mine	Soviet Union	^[33]
M18 Claymore mine	Anti-personnel mine	United States	^[33]
A.P. Mine No.5	Anti-personnel mine	United Kingdom	^[33]
TS-50 mine	Anti-personnel mine	Italy	^[33]
TM-46 mine	Anti-tank mine	Soviet Union	^[33]
M19 mine	Anti-tank mine	United States	^[33]
A.T. Mine G.S. Mark V	Anti-tank mine	United Kingdom	^[33]
Mk 7 mine	Anti-tank mine	United Kingdom	^[33]
TC-2.5 mine	Anti-tank mine	Italy	^[33]
TC-6.1 mine	Anti-tank mine	Italy	^[33]
PRB M3 mine	Anti-tank mine	Belgium	^[33]

Vehicles

The Mujahideen acquired substantial amounts of armoured vehicles from the DRA, both captured during combat and brought over by defectors but the lack of trained personnel, spare parts and the prevalence of Soviet airpower meant that they were seldom used.^[28]

Weapon	Type	Origin	Notes
T-55	Main battle tank	Soviet Union	Captured from the DRA, limited use^[28]
BMP-1	Infantry fighting vehicle	Soviet Union	Captured from the DRA, limited use^[28]
BTR-60	Armoured personnel carrier	Soviet Union	Captured from the DRA, limited use^[28]
BTR-152	Armoured personnel carrier	Soviet Union	Captured from the DRA, limited use^[28]
M113	Armoured personnel carrier	United States	~5 given by United States^[34]
GAZ-66	Transport truck	Soviet Union	Captured from the DRA^[35]
ZIL-130 ^[36]	Transport truck	Soviet Union
Toyota Land Cruiser	Pickup truck	Japan	Bought in Pakistan^[35]
KrAZ-255 ^[37]	Transport truck	Soviet Union

Gallery

Jamiat-e-Islami Mujahideen manning a DShK.
9K32 Strela-2 missile.
Hezb-i Islami Khalis fighters with a mix of AK-47 and Lee–Enfield rifles
Captured field guns
Mujahideen weaponry seized by the Soviets: rocket-propelled grenades, light machine guns, submachine guns, shotguns
Mujahideen weaponry seized by the Soviets: mortars, recoilless rifles

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References

↑ Jalali, Ali Ahmad (1998). The Other Side of the Mountain: Mujahideen Tactics in the Soviet-Afghan War. p. 291. Malek took his American G3 [bolt-action] rifle and his Soviet TT pistol and walked out of the depot cave.
1 2 3 Thompson, Leroy (27 October 2022). Soviet Pistols: Tokarev, Makarov, Stechkin and others. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 69. ISBN 978-1-4728-5349-3 . Retrieved 8 July 2023.
1 2 3 4 Jalali, Ali Ahmad (1998). The Other Side of the Mountain: Mujahideen Tactics in the Soviet-Afghan War. p. 6. The Soviet officer dropped his AK-74 and took out his pistol. Doctor Khayat threw a hand grenade at the officer and killed him. Then he crossed the road and took his AK-74 and his Makarov pistol.
1 2 Jalali, Ali Ahmad (1998). The Other Side of the Mountain: Mujahideen Tactics in the Soviet-Afghan War. p. 387. We captured 16 Kalashnikovs and I got their commander's Makarov pistol.
↑ Jalali, Ali Ahmad (1998). The Other Side of the Mountain: Mujahideen Tactics in the Soviet-Afghan War. p. 120. Dr. Qudus group had one Soviet PPSH submachine gun, some bolt-action rifles and some other weapons.
↑ Jalali, Ali Ahmad; Grau Lester (1989). Afghan Guerrilla Warfare, in the Words of the Mujahideen Fighters. MBI Publishing. p. 379. ISBN 0-7603-1322-9. The HIH group were armed with AK-47 Kalashnikovs, while the Mohseni group had British Sten guns and other weapons.
↑ McCurry, Steve (September 1979). "Steve McCurry and Commander Abdul Raluf". Archived from the original on February 11, 2014. Abdul Raluf, standing to my left, was the commander of the Asmir Garrison in Afghanistan's Kunar province. In September 1979, Commander Raluf and his 300 soldiers at a strategic outpost on the border with Pakistan, switched sides, killing the provincial governor, stripping the garrison of weapons and supplies, and joined forces with the Mujahideen. It took another ten years for the Afghan government to fall.
↑ Isby (1990), p. 7.
↑ Urban 1987, p. 69.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Isby, David (20 February 2013). Russia's War in Afghanistan. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 81−84. ISBN 978-1-4728-0179-1 . Retrieved 25 July 2023.
↑ Grau, Lester W. (1998). The bear went over the mountain – Soviet combat tactics in Afghanistan . Frank Cass. pp. 42. ISBN 0-7146-4413-7.
↑ "Rifle - Chinese Type 56 Assault, circa 1960s". Archived from the original on May 19, 2023.
1 2 3 Jalali, Ali Ahmad (1998). The Other Side of the Mountain: Mujahideen Tactics in the Soviet-Afghan War. p. 8. The Soviets captured the weapons of the dead Mujahideen including some AK-47s, a Goryunov machine gun, an RPG-7 and a few AK-74s captured from the Soviets in the past.
1 2 3 4 5 Roy, Olivier (1990). Islam and resistance in Afghanistan . Cambridge University Press. pp. 184–186. ISBN 0-521-39700-6.
↑ Jalali, Ali Ahmad (1998). The Other Side of the Mountain: Mujahideen Tactics in the Soviet-Afghan War. p. 411. The Model M1891/30 is a Russian/Soviet bolt-action rifle or carbine which fires the 7.62x54 cartridge…The Mujahideen called them five-shooters.
↑ Jalali, Ali Ahmad (1998). The Other Side of the Mountain: Mujahideen Tactics in the Soviet-Afghan War. p. 409. British-manufactured .303 bolt-action rifle which was the standard British infantry weapon from 1895 through the Korean War… It has a 10-round magazine and can carry an additional round in the chamber, so the Mujahideen called them 11-shooters.
↑ Jalali, Ali Ahmad (1998). The Other Side of the Mountain: Mujahideen Tactics in the Soviet-Afghan War. p. 251. We had Enfield and G3 bolt-action rifles and a few Kalashnikovs. We lacked the capability to launch major attacks, but conducted hit and run actions. We did not have a base in the mountains, but lived in the village.
↑ Jalali, Ali Ahmad; Grau Lester (1989). Afghan Guerrilla Warfare, in the Words of the Mujahideen Fighters. MBI Publishing. pp. 253. ISBN 0-7603-1322-9. We had one RPG-7 with three rounds, two Kalashnikovs, and some Marko Chinese bolt-action rifles. [Footnote:] Marko is the Chinese copy of the German M-88 Mauser.
↑ Jalali, Ali Ahmad (1998). The Other Side of the Mountain: Mujahideen Tactics in the Soviet-Afghan War. p. 413. Gas-operated semi-automatic Soviet carbine with a folding bayonet…The Mujahideen simply called them carbines.
↑ Jalali, Ali Ahmad (1998). The Other Side of the Mountain: Mujahideen Tactics in the Soviet-Afghan War. p. 177. My force was armed with individual automatic rifles (AK-47), light machine guns (RPK), heavy machine guns (PK), light anti-tank grenade launchers (RPG-7), Milan anti-tank missile launchers, 82mm recoilless rifles, 75mm recoilless rifles, 82mm mortars, 107mm Multiple Barrel (twelve barrel) rocket launchers (BM12), Saqar Rocket Launchers, and Stinger shoulder-fired air defense missiles.
↑ Jalali, Ali Ahmad (1998). The Other Side of the Mountain: Mujahideen Tactics in the Soviet-Afghan War. p. 407. Czechoslovak M26 light machine gun which fires from a top-loading 20-round magazine…The Mujahideen called them 20-shooters.
↑ "Type 67 GPMG". Modern Firearms. 2010-11-10. Archived from the original on March 21, 2023. Retrieved 2022-01-18.
↑ Urban 1987, p. 123.
↑ "The Taliban acquisition of anti-aircraft platforms - FDD's Long War Journal". 2 November 2010. Archived from the original on September 27, 2022.
↑ Jalali, Ali Ahmad; Grau Lester (1989). Afghan Guerrilla Warfare, in the Words of the Mujahideen Fighters. MBI Publishing. p. 135. ISBN 0-7603-1322-9. Mujahideen armaments included one Saqar, one BM12, one 122mm howitzer, six 82mm mortars, eight 82mm recoilless rifles and approximately 40 RPG-7s. We also had some ZSU-23-2 antiaircraft guns and some Stinger antiaircraft missiles.
↑ "Stinger missiles in Afghanistan". Archived from the original on March 31, 2022.
↑ Grau, Lester W. (1996). The Bear Went Over the Mountain: Soviet Combat Tactics in Afghanistan. DIANE Publishing. p. 121. ISBN 978-0-7881-4665-7. This force had 15 men armed with 2 RPG-2 antitank grenade launchers, a DShK heavy machine gun, a sniper rifle and several AKM assault rifles.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Isby, David (1989). War in a distant country, Afghanistan: invasion and resistance. Arms and Armour Press. pp. 42. ISBN 0-85368-769-2.
↑ Urban 1987, p. 126.
1 2 "The Other Side of the Mountain: Mujahideen Tactics in the Soviet-Afghan War". 1998. p. 412. Egyptian 107mm or 122mm MRL. It has one, two, three and four-barrel light-weight launchers. The 107mm (Saqar 20) has a maximum range of 8000 meters and the 122mm (Saqar 30) has a maximum range of 10,800 meters. The 107mm model was more common in Afghanistan. Some Mujahideen state that they had special rounds which enabled the Saqar to reach 20 kilometers and the Saqar 30 to reach 30 kilometers. Saqar means "eagle" in Egyptian
1 2 3 4 5 6 "Trade Registers". armstrade.sipri.org.
↑ Afghanistan, 1979-2001; Part 2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 shtab, Russia (Federation) Generalʹnyĭ (2002). The Soviet-Afghan War: How a Superpower Fought and Lost. University Press of Kansas. p. 243. ISBN 978-0-7006-1185-0 . Retrieved 23 July 2023.
↑ "AFGHANISTAN: MUJAHIDEEN DEMONSTRATE CAPTURED SOVIET ARMY VEHICLE AND PRISONERS". British Pathe. (1982).
1 2 Urban 1987, p. 96.
↑ Grau, Lester W. (1998). The bear went over the mountain - Soviet combat tactics in Afghanistan . Frank Cass. pp. 169. ISBN 0-7146-4413-7.
↑ "Kraz 255B : where has it been used". Armorama.

Urban, Mark L. (18 December 1987). War in Afghanistan. Springer. ISBN 978-1-349-18975-5 . Retrieved 29 July 2023.
Isby, David C. (1990). The War in Afghanistan 1979-1989: The Soviet Empire at High Tide. Concord Publications. ISBN 978-9623610094.

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[1] Jalali, Ali Ahmad (1998). The Other Side of the Mountain: Mujahideen Tactics in the Soviet-Afghan War. p. 291. Malek took his American G3 [bolt-action] rifle and his Soviet TT pistol and walked out of the depot cave.

[Thompson-2] 1 2 3 Thompson, Leroy (27 October 2022). Soviet Pistols: Tokarev, Makarov, Stechkin and others. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 69. ISBN 978-1-4728-5349-3 . Retrieved 8 July 2023.

[:0-3] 1 2 3 4 Jalali, Ali Ahmad (1998). The Other Side of the Mountain: Mujahideen Tactics in the Soviet-Afghan War. p. 6. The Soviet officer dropped his AK-74 and took out his pistol. Doctor Khayat threw a hand grenade at the officer and killed him. Then he crossed the road and took his AK-74 and his Makarov pistol.

[:1-4] 1 2 Jalali, Ali Ahmad (1998). The Other Side of the Mountain: Mujahideen Tactics in the Soviet-Afghan War. p. 387. We captured 16 Kalashnikovs and I got their commander's Makarov pistol.

[5] Jalali, Ali Ahmad (1998). The Other Side of the Mountain: Mujahideen Tactics in the Soviet-Afghan War. p. 120. Dr. Qudus group had one Soviet PPSH submachine gun, some bolt-action rifles and some other weapons.

[6] Jalali, Ali Ahmad; Grau Lester (1989). Afghan Guerrilla Warfare, in the Words of the Mujahideen Fighters. MBI Publishing. p. 379. ISBN 0-7603-1322-9. The HIH group were armed with AK-47 Kalashnikovs, while the Mohseni group had British Sten guns and other weapons.

[7] McCurry, Steve (September 1979). "Steve McCurry and Commander Abdul Raluf". Archived from the original on February 11, 2014. Abdul Raluf, standing to my left, was the commander of the Asmir Garrison in Afghanistan's Kunar province. In September 1979, Commander Raluf and his 300 soldiers at a strategic outpost on the border with Pakistan, switched sides, killing the provincial governor, stripping the garrison of weapons and supplies, and joined forces with the Mujahideen. It took another ten years for the Afghan government to fall.

[FOOTNOTEIsby19907-8] Isby (1990), p. 7.

[FOOTNOTEUrban198769-9] Urban 1987, p. 69.

[Isby2-10] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Isby, David (20 February 2013). Russia's War in Afghanistan. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 81−84. ISBN 978-1-4728-0179-1 . Retrieved 25 July 2023.

[GRAU_1998_42-11] Grau, Lester W. (1998). The bear went over the mountain – Soviet combat tactics in Afghanistan . Frank Cass. pp. 42. ISBN 0-7146-4413-7.

[12] "Rifle - Chinese Type 56 Assault, circa 1960s". Archived from the original on May 19, 2023.

[:2-13] 1 2 3 Jalali, Ali Ahmad (1998). The Other Side of the Mountain: Mujahideen Tactics in the Soviet-Afghan War. p. 8. The Soviets captured the weapons of the dead Mujahideen including some AK-47s, a Goryunov machine gun, an RPG-7 and a few AK-74s captured from the Soviets in the past.

[Roy_1990_185-14] 1 2 3 4 5 Roy, Olivier (1990). Islam and resistance in Afghanistan . Cambridge University Press. pp. 184–186. ISBN 0-521-39700-6.

[15] Jalali, Ali Ahmad (1998). The Other Side of the Mountain: Mujahideen Tactics in the Soviet-Afghan War. p. 411. The Model M1891/30 is a Russian/Soviet bolt-action rifle or carbine which fires the 7.62x54 cartridge…The Mujahideen called them five-shooters.

[16] Jalali, Ali Ahmad (1998). The Other Side of the Mountain: Mujahideen Tactics in the Soviet-Afghan War. p. 409. British-manufactured .303 bolt-action rifle which was the standard British infantry weapon from 1895 through the Korean War… It has a 10-round magazine and can carry an additional round in the chamber, so the Mujahideen called them 11-shooters.

[17] Jalali, Ali Ahmad (1998). The Other Side of the Mountain: Mujahideen Tactics in the Soviet-Afghan War. p. 251. We had Enfield and G3 bolt-action rifles and a few Kalashnikovs. We lacked the capability to launch major attacks, but conducted hit and run actions. We did not have a base in the mountains, but lived in the village.

[18] Jalali, Ali Ahmad; Grau Lester (1989). Afghan Guerrilla Warfare, in the Words of the Mujahideen Fighters. MBI Publishing. pp. 253. ISBN 0-7603-1322-9. We had one RPG-7 with three rounds, two Kalashnikovs, and some Marko Chinese bolt-action rifles. [Footnote:] Marko is the Chinese copy of the German M-88 Mauser.

[19] Jalali, Ali Ahmad (1998). The Other Side of the Mountain: Mujahideen Tactics in the Soviet-Afghan War. p. 413. Gas-operated semi-automatic Soviet carbine with a folding bayonet…The Mujahideen simply called them carbines.

[20] Jalali, Ali Ahmad (1998). The Other Side of the Mountain: Mujahideen Tactics in the Soviet-Afghan War. p. 177. My force was armed with individual automatic rifles (AK-47), light machine guns (RPK), heavy machine guns (PK), light anti-tank grenade launchers (RPG-7), Milan anti-tank missile launchers, 82mm recoilless rifles, 75mm recoilless rifles, 82mm mortars, 107mm Multiple Barrel (twelve barrel) rocket launchers (BM12), Saqar Rocket Launchers, and Stinger shoulder-fired air defense missiles.

[21] Jalali, Ali Ahmad (1998). The Other Side of the Mountain: Mujahideen Tactics in the Soviet-Afghan War. p. 407. Czechoslovak M26 light machine gun which fires from a top-loading 20-round magazine…The Mujahideen called them 20-shooters.

[22] "Type 67 GPMG". Modern Firearms. 2010-11-10. Archived from the original on March 21, 2023. Retrieved 2022-01-18.

[FOOTNOTEUrban1987123-23] Urban 1987, p. 123.

[24] "The Taliban acquisition of anti-aircraft platforms - FDD's Long War Journal". 2 November 2010. Archived from the original on September 27, 2022.

[25] Jalali, Ali Ahmad; Grau Lester (1989). Afghan Guerrilla Warfare, in the Words of the Mujahideen Fighters. MBI Publishing. p. 135. ISBN 0-7603-1322-9. Mujahideen armaments included one Saqar, one BM12, one 122mm howitzer, six 82mm mortars, eight 82mm recoilless rifles and approximately 40 RPG-7s. We also had some ZSU-23-2 antiaircraft guns and some Stinger antiaircraft missiles.

[26] "Stinger missiles in Afghanistan". Archived from the original on March 31, 2022.

[27] Grau, Lester W. (1996). The Bear Went Over the Mountain: Soviet Combat Tactics in Afghanistan. DIANE Publishing. p. 121. ISBN 978-0-7881-4665-7. This force had 15 men armed with 2 RPG-2 antitank grenade launchers, a DShK heavy machine gun, a sniper rifle and several AKM assault rifles.

[Isby-28] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Isby, David (1989). War in a distant country, Afghanistan: invasion and resistance. Arms and Armour Press. pp. 42. ISBN 0-85368-769-2.

[FOOTNOTEUrban1987126-29] Urban 1987, p. 126.

[Jalali-30] 1 2 "The Other Side of the Mountain: Mujahideen Tactics in the Soviet-Afghan War". 1998. p. 412. Egyptian 107mm or 122mm MRL. It has one, two, three and four-barrel light-weight launchers. The 107mm (Saqar 20) has a maximum range of 8000 meters and the 122mm (Saqar 30) has a maximum range of 10,800 meters. The 107mm model was more common in Afghanistan. Some Mujahideen state that they had special rounds which enabled the Saqar to reach 20 kilometers and the Saqar 30 to reach 30 kilometers. Saqar means "eagle" in Egyptian

[sipri.org-31] 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Trade Registers". armstrade.sipri.org.

[32] Afghanistan, 1979-2001; Part 2

[Shtab-33] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 shtab, Russia (Federation) Generalʹnyĭ (2002). The Soviet-Afghan War: How a Superpower Fought and Lost. University Press of Kansas. p. 243. ISBN 978-0-7006-1185-0 . Retrieved 23 July 2023.

[M113-34] "AFGHANISTAN: MUJAHIDEEN DEMONSTRATE CAPTURED SOVIET ARMY VEHICLE AND PRISONERS". British Pathe. (1982).

[FOOTNOTEUrban198796-35] 1 2 Urban 1987, p. 96.

[GRAU_1998_169-36] Grau, Lester W. (1998). The bear went over the mountain - Soviet combat tactics in Afghanistan . Frank Cass. pp. 169. ISBN 0-7146-4413-7.

[37] "Kraz 255B : where has it been used". Armorama.

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