TT pistol

Last updated
TT (Tula Tokarev)
Tokarev TT33 (6825679152).jpg
TT-33
Type Semi-automatic pistol
Place of origin Soviet Union
Service history
In service1930–present
Used bySee Users
WarsSee Conflicts
Production history
Designer Fedor Tokarev
Designed1930
Manufacturer Tula Arms Plant, Izhevsk Arsenal, Norinco, Femaru, FB Radom, Cugir Arsenal, Zastava Arms, FÉG
Produced1930–1955 (in Soviet Union) [1]
No. built1,330,000
VariantsTT-30, TT-33, TTC, M48, M48 Tokagypt, M57, M70, M70, R-3, Type 51, Type 54, Type 68, K-14
Specifications
Mass854 g (30.1 oz) [2]
Length195 mm (7.7 in) [2]
Barrel  length116 mm (4.6 in) [2]
Height134 mm (5.3 in)
Cartridge 7.62×25mm Tokarev
9×19mm Parabellum
Action Short recoil actuated, locked breech, single action
Muzzle velocity 420 m/s (1,378 ft/s) [2]
Effective firing range50 m
Feed system8-round detachable box magazine or 9-round detachable box magazine compatible with Zastava M57
SightsFront blade, rear notch
156 mm (6.1 in) sight radius

The TT-30, [a] commonly known simply as the Tokarev, is a Soviet semi-automatic pistol. It was developed during the late 1920s by Fedor Tokarev as a service pistol for the Soviet Armed Forces and was based on the earlier pistol designs of John Moses Browning, albeit with detail modifications to simplify production and maintenance. [2] The Soviet Union ceased production of the TT in 1954, although derivatives of the pistol continued to be manufactured for many years in the People's Republic of China and nations aligned with the Soviet bloc. [2]

Contents

Development

A Soviet junior political officer armed with a Tokarev TT-33 Service Pistol. USSROfficerTT33.JPG
A Soviet junior political officer armed with a Tokarev TT-33 Service Pistol.
Soviet Tokarev TT-33, made in 1937 TT-33 2.JPG
Soviet Tokarev TT-33, made in 1937
Romanian TTC, made in 1953 1953 TTC.jpg
Romanian TTC, made in 1953

In 1930, the Revolutionary Military Council approved a resolution to test new small arms to replace its aging Nagant M1895 revolvers.[ citation needed ] During these tests, on 7 January 1931, the potential of a pistol designed by Fedor Tokarev was noted. A few weeks later, 1,000 TT-30s were ordered for troop trials, and the pistol was adopted for service in the (USSR) Red Army. [3] The TT-30 was manufactured between 1930 and 1936, with about 93,000 being produced.

Even as the TT-30 was being put into production, design changes were made to simplify manufacturing. Minor changes to the barrel, disconnector, [4] trigger and frame were implemented, the most notable ones being the omission of the removable hammer assembly and changes to the full-circumference locking lugs. This redesigned pistol was the TT-33. [3] Most TT-33s were issued to commanding officers. The TT-33 was widely used by Soviet troops during World War II, but did not completely replace the Nagant. From 1931 to 1945, a total of 1,330,000 Tokarevs were produced in the Soviet Union. [5]

Design details

Externally, the TT-33 is very similar to John Browning's blowback operated FN Model 1903 semiautomatic pistol, and internally it uses Browning's short recoil tilting-barrel system from the M1911 pistol. In other areas the TT-33 differs more from Browning's designs—it employs a much simpler hammer/sear assembly than the M1911. This assembly is removable from the pistol as a modular unit and includes machined magazine feed lips, preventing misfeeds when a damaged magazine is loaded into the magazine well. [6] Soviet engineers made several alterations to make the mechanism easier to produce and maintain, most notably the simplifications of the barrel's locking lugs, allowing fewer machining steps. Some models use a captive recoil spring secured to the guide rod, which depends on the barrel bushing to hold it under tension.

The TT-33 is chambered for the 7.62×25mm Tokarev cartridge, which was itself based on the similar 7.63×25mm Mauser cartridge used in the Mauser C96 pistol. The 7.62×25mm cartridge is powerful, has an extremely flat trajectory, and is capable of penetrating thick clothing and soft body armor. [7]

Variants

Due to their reliability, large numbers of TT-33s were produced during World War II and well into the 1950s. The TT-33 was eventually replaced by the 8-round, 9×18mm Makarov PM pistol in 1952.

The Wehrmacht captured TT-33s and issued them to units under the Pistole 615(r) designation. This was made possible by the fact that Russian 7.62 mm Model 1930 Type P cartridges were nearly identical to the German 7.63×25mm Mauser cartridge, although in German service the 9×19mm Parabellum round was more common. Russian cartridges are loaded to much higher pressures, so using them in German Mauser pistols can cause damage, and is advised against. [6]

In 1949, a silenced variant was produced. Uniquely, the silencer is attached to the barrel bushing rather than the barrel itself. The combined weight of the suppressor with the slide prevents semi-auto cycling of the action, forcing the user to manually cycle it in the same manner as pump action firearms. It would later be replaced by the PB pistol in 1967.

Interarms marketed World War II–surplus Russian-made Tokarevs in Europe and the United States as the Phoenix. They had new wooden grips with a phoenix design on them and were overstamped INTERARMS on the barrel. Later gun laws banned their sale due to their lack of a safety.[ citation needed ]

In modern times, the robust TT-33 has been converted to many powerful cartridges including .38 Super and 9×23mm Winchester. The TT-33 omitted a safety catch other than the half cock notch, which rendered the trigger inoperable until the hammer was pulled back to full cock and then lowered manually to the half cock position. Many variants imported into the US have had manual safeties added, which vary greatly in placement and function.

Foreign production

Production of the TT-33 in Russia ended in 1954, but copies (licensed or otherwise) were also made by other countries. At one time or another, most communist or Soviet bloc countries created a variation of the TT-33 pistol.

China

Type 54 with manual safety Chinese Tok.jpg
Type 54 with manual safety

The TT pistol was copied in China as the Type 51, Type 54 , M20, and TU-90. [8]

Norinco, the People's Liberation Army's state armaments manufacturer in China, manufactured a commercial variant of the Tokarev pistol chambered in the more common 9×19mm Parabellum round, known as the Tokarev Model 213, as well as in the original 7.62×25mm caliber.

The 9mm model features a safety catch, which was absent on Russian-produced TT-33 handguns. Furthermore, the Model 213 features the thin slide grip grooves, as opposed to the original Russian wide-types. The 9mm model is featured with a magazine well block mounted in the rear of the magazine well to accept 9mm type magazines without frame modification.

The Norinco model in current production is not available for sale in the United States due to import prohibitions on Chinese firearms, although older handguns of the Model 213 type imported in the 1980s and 1990s are common. Norinco now makes the NP-17, a modernized, two-tone variant on the Model 213.

7.62×25mm ammo is also rather inexpensive and locally produced or imported from China, also made by Norinco. The Type-54 was replaced in the mid to late 1990s by the QSZ-92 in PLA service.

Hungary

The Hungarian 'Tokagypt-58' - is a 9 mm variant of the Soviet TT pistol Tokagypt 58.jpg
The Hungarian 'Tokagypt-58' - is a 9 mm variant of the Soviet TT pistol

Hungary produced licensed copies of the TT-33 as the Pisztoly 48 Minta commonly referred to as the M48 or 48M, [9] as well as an export version for Egypt known as the Tokagypt 58 chambered for the 9×19mm Parabellum round which was widely used by police forces there. [6] Tokagypts differ from the M48 by an external thumb safety, an ergonomic wraparound grip, and a magazine with a finger rest. [10]

Egypt, however, cancelled its order after less than half of the 30,000 pistols ordered were delivered. [b] The remaining pistols were sold commercially by FÉG. [11]

North Korea

North Korea manufactured them as the Type 68 or M68. [6]

Pakistan

A crude Pakistani-made knockoff copy of the TT-33 Pistol. TT Pakistan.jpg
A crude Pakistani-made knockoff copy of the TT-33 Pistol.

Both legal and illegal TT pistols are still manufactured in various Pakistani Khyber Pass factories. [12]

Poland

Polish licensed copy P-33 - Pistolet Wojskowy wzor 1933 PW-33 1.jpg
Polish licensed copy P-33 - Pistolet Wojskowy wzór 1933

Poland produced their own copies as the Pistolet wzór 1933 (P-33), [13] manufactured from 1947 to 1959. [6] In mid-50s a training version of P-33 was created, chambered in .22lr called TT Sportowy . All of those pistols were converted between 1954 and 1958 from the 7.62mm variant by changing the barrel and removing the locking lugs from slide.

Additionally, the Radom M48 was created in Radom, Poland as another slightly modified copy of the TT-33.

Romania

Romania produced a TT-33 copy as the TTC, or Tokarev Cugir well into the 1950s. These have been made available for commercial sale in great numbers in recent years. However, to be importable into the United States, a trigger blocking safety was added. [14]

Vietnam

The K54 is a copy of the TT-33.[ citation needed ] An updated version known as the K14-VN is made by Factory Z111, and has an increased capacity of 13 rounds, with a wider grip to incorporate a double stack magazine. [15] Research and development started in 2001. [16] The K14-VN began to see service with PAVN forces on May 10, 2014. [17]

The industry name for the regular K54 and the K14-VN is known as SN7M and the SN7TD. [18]

Yugoslavia / Serbia

The Yugoslavian M57 variant with loaded 9-round magazine. Yugo Tokarev M57.jpg
The Yugoslavian M57 variant with loaded 9-round magazine.

Zastava produces an improved version of the TT-33 designated M57 . [19]

The M57 has a longer grip and longer 9-round magazine (versus 8 rounds in TT). [20] A 9×19mm version is also made by Zastava designated M70A as well as a compact version M88.

Zastava manufactures a sub compact pistol M70 (a.k.a. Pčelica ("little bee")) roughly based on TT design in 7,65mm Browning (.32 ACP) or 9mm Kratak (.380 ACP). [ citation needed ]

Prior to 2012, the M57A, M70A and M88A were formerly imported into the U.S. by Century International Arms, but have since been replaced by Zastava USA. [21] [22]

Conflicts

Users

Map of TT operators during the Cold War Tokarev Pistol historical usage map.jpg
Map of TT operators during the Cold War

Former users

standard caliber. [23]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Russian: 7,62-мм самозарядный пистолет Токарева образца 1930 года, romanized: 7,62 mm Samozaryadny Pistolet Tokareva obraztsa 1930 goda, "7.62 mm Tokarev self-loading pistol model 1930", TT stands for Tula-Tokarev)
  2. ↑ Between 13,000 and 14,000 pistols according to Thompson, while George Layman gives a total of 13,250 pistols. (Thompson 2022, p. 64)

    Related Research Articles

    The 7.62 mm caliber is a nominal caliber used for a number of different cartridges. Historically, this class of cartridge was commonly known as .30 caliber, the equivalent in Imperial and United States Customary measures. It is most commonly used in hunting cartridges. The measurement equals 0.30 inches or three decimal lines, written .3″ and read as three-line.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Karabiner 98k</span> German bolt-action rifle

    The Karabiner 98 kurz, often abbreviated Karabiner 98k, Kar98k or K98k and also sometimes incorrectly referred to as a K98, is a bolt-action rifle chambered for the 7.92×57mm Mauser cartridge. It was adopted on 21 June 1935 as the standard service rifle by the German Wehrmacht. It was one of the final developments in the long line of Mauser military rifles.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">SKS</span> Autoloading rifle

    The SKS is a semi-automatic rifle designed by Soviet small arms designer Sergei Gavrilovich Simonov in 1945.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Mauser C96</span> German semi-automatic pistol

    The Mauser C96 is a semi-automatic pistol that was originally produced by German arms manufacturer Mauser from 1896 to 1937. Unlicensed copies of the gun were also manufactured in Spain and China in the first half of the 20th century.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Makarov pistol</span> Semi-automatic pistol

    The Makarov pistol or PM is a Soviet semi-automatic pistol. Under the project leadership of Nikolay Fyodorovich Makarov, it became the Soviet Union's standard military and Militsiya side arm in 1951.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">7.62×25mm Tokarev</span> Pistol cartridge

    The 7.62×25mm Tokarev cartridge is a Soviet rimless bottleneck pistol cartridge widely used in former Soviet states and in China, among other countries. The cartridge has since been replaced in most capacities by the 9×18mm Makarov in Russian service.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Nagant M1895</span> Revolver used in the Russian Empire

    The Nagant M1895 is a seven-shot, gas-seal revolver designed and produced by Belgian industrialist Léon Nagant for the Russian Empire.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">PPD-40</span> Submachine gun

    The PPD is a submachine gun originally designed in 1934 by Vasily Degtyaryov. The PPD had a conventional wooden stock, fired from an open bolt, and was capable of selective fire. It was replaced by the PPSh-41.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">PPSh-41</span> Submachine gun

    The PPSh-41 is a selective-fire, open-bolt, blowback submachine gun that fires the 7.62×25mm Tokarev round. It was designed by Georgy Shpagin of the Soviet Union to be a cheaper and simplified alternative to the PPD-40.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Zastava M76</span> Designated marksman rifle

    The Zastava M76 is a military semi-automatic designated marksman rifle developed and manufactured by Zastava Arms.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Type 54 pistol</span> Semi-automatic pistol

    The Type 54 and its variants are Chinese copies of the Soviet type Tokarev TT-33.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Stechkin automatic pistol</span> Type of Soviet machine pistol

    The Stechkin or APS is a Soviet selective fire machine pistol that is chambered in 9×18mm Makarov and 9×19mm Parabellum. It was introduced into service in 1951 for use by artillery and mortar crews, tank crews and aircraft personnel, for whom a cumbersome assault rifle was deemed unnecessary, and saw service in a number of wars including the Vietnam War, Russo-Ukrainian War and Syrian Civil War. The APS was praised for its innovative concept and good controllability for its size. However, the high cost of the weapon, complex and time-consuming machining, combined with a limited effective range, large size and weight for a pistol, and fragile buttstock have been mentioned as a reason to phase it out of active service in favour of assault rifles such as the AKS-74U. The pistol bears the name of its developer, Igor Stechkin.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Zastava M93 Black Arrow</span> Anti-materiel rifle

    The M93 Black Arrow is a Serbian bolt-action 12.7×108mm anti-materiel rifle, developed and manufactured by Zastava Arms.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Khyber Pass copy</span> Afghan-Pakistani tribal firearm replicas

    A Khyber Pass copy is a firearm manufactured by cottage gunsmiths in the Khyber Pass region in Pakistan.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">7.65×25mm Borchardt</span> Pistol cartridge

    The 7.65×25mm Borchardt cartridge was designed by Georg Johann Luger for use in Hugo Borchardt's Borchardt C-93 pistol. It was the first successful rimless pistol cartridge.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">9×25mm Mauser</span> Pistol cartridge

    The 9×25mm Mauser is a cartridge developed for the Mauser C96 service pistol around 1904 by DWM. Mauser pistols in this relatively powerful caliber were primarily intended for export to Africa, Asia, and South America. The 9mm Mauser Export cartridge was produced specifically for Mauser pistols and carbines made from 1904 to 1914 and then later from approximately 1930 to 1945 for submachine guns chambered for this caliber.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Tokarev Model 1927</span> Assault rifle

    The Tokarev Model 1927 submachine gun was an experimental firearm developed in the Soviet Union under the leadership of Fedor Vasilievich Tokarev as part of the Soviet Union's drive to be self sufficient in armaments. It was a blowback-operated, two trigger weapon which fired a 7.62 mm round originally intended as a revolver round.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Zastava M57</span> Semi-automatic pistol

    The Zastava M57 is a Yugoslavian and Serbian semi-automatic pistol produced by Zastava Arms. It was the standard service pistol of the Yugoslav People's Army from 1961 until the early 1990s. The M57 was an unlicensed derivative of the Soviet TT pistol, but incorporated a number of detail modifications, namely a longer grip and a slightly larger magazine. Zastava reverse engineered the Soviet TT in 1954, and began serial production of the weapon type as the M57 in 1963.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">PPS submachine gun</span> Submachine gun

    The PPS is a family of Soviet submachine guns chambered in 7.62×25mm Tokarev, developed by Alexei Sudayev as a low-cost personal defense weapon for reconnaissance units, vehicle crews and support service personnel.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">7.63×25mm Mauser</span> Pistol cartridge

    The 7.63×25mm Mauser round is a bottleneck, rimless, centerfire cartridge, originally developed for the Mauser C96 service pistol. This cartridge headspaces on the shoulder of the case. It later served as the basis for the 7.62mm Tokarev cartridge commonly used in Soviet and Eastern Bloc weapons.

    References

    1. ↑ Monetchikov, S. (December 2007). "АРСЕНАЛ: ТТ: МАЛЕНЬКОЕ РУССКОЕ ЧУДО" [TT: Small Russian miracle]. "Bratishka" magazine. Archived from the original on 15 January 2015.
    2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 Gander, Terry (1997). Jane's Infantry Weapons, 1997-98. Surrey: Jane's Information Group. pp. 45, 731–741. ISBN   0-7106-1548-5.
    3. 1 2 Cruffler.com (March 2001). "Polish M48 (Tokarev TT-33) Pistols". Archived from the original on 2008-01-31. Retrieved 2008-01-29.
    4. ↑ Tokarev, Vladimir (2000). "Fedor V. Tokarev". Archived from the original on 2008-01-31. Retrieved 2008-01-29.
    5. ↑ Henrotin, Gerard (2002). Soviet Military Pistols - Tokarev & Makarov. p. 9.
    6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Bishop, Chris (2006). The Encyclopedia of Small Arms and Artillery. Grange Books. pp. 13–14. ISBN   978-1-84013-910-5.
    7. ↑ PSM Shooting: 5.45x18mm vs 7.62x25mm on Soft Armor. Forgotten Weapons. July 1, 2017. Archived from the original on July 13, 2023. Retrieved June 6, 2023– via YouTube.{{cite AV media}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
    8. ↑ Kokalis, Peter (January 2001). Weapons Tests And Evaluations: The Best Of Soldier Of Fortune. Boulder, Colorado, US: Paladin Press. p. 96. ISBN   978-1-58160-122-0.
    9. ↑ Thompson 2022, pp. 62−63.
    10. ↑ Thompson 2022, p. 64.
    11. ↑ Thompson 2022, pp. 63−64.
    12. ↑ "The Way of the Gun: The legendary gunsmiths of Darra Adam Khel". Riaz Ahmed. Express Tribune. 4 November 2012. Archived from the original on 2016-11-16. Retrieved 2016-11-16.
    13. ↑ Instrukcja Piechoty Pistolet wz. 1933 (wydanie drugie) Piech. 38/48[Infantry Manual Pistol pattern. 1933 (second edition) Piech. 38/48] (in Polish) (2nd ed.). Warsaw, Poland: Wydawnictwo Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej. 18 October 1961.
    14. ↑ Lawrence, Erik (2015-03-13). Practical Guide to the Operational Use of the TT-33 Tokarev Pistol. Erik Lawrence Publications. ISBN   9781941998267.
    15. ↑ "Sức mạnh dàn súng Việt Nam tự sản xuất". baodatviet.vn. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 1 April 2018.
    16. ↑ "Sức mạnh dàn súng Việt Nam tự sản xuất". baodatviet.vn. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 1 April 2018.
    17. ↑ "Súng ngắn K14 Việt Nam được phát triển thế nào?". 18 March 2015. Archived from the original on 2016-11-04. Retrieved 2016-11-03.
    18. ↑ "[Indo Defense 2018] Vietnamese Small Arms Part Two: Grenade Launcher's, Galil ACE's, and OSV-96's -The Firearm Blog". 29 November 2018. Archived from the original on 2018-12-01. Retrieved 2018-12-01.
    19. ↑ Thompson 2022, p. 66.
    20. ↑ Thompson 2022, pp. 65−67.
    21. ↑ "BREAKING: Zastava Arms USA to Become the Exclusive Zastava Firearms Importer -The Firearm Blog". 2 January 2019. Archived from the original on 2019-04-20. Retrieved 2019-03-19.
    22. ↑ "PAPs, Toks and Mausers for the masses: Zastava launches U.S-based operation". Archived from the original on 2019-04-20. Retrieved 2019-03-19.
    23. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Finnish Army 1918 - 1945: Revolvers & Pistols Part 2". www.jaegerplatoon.net. Archived from the original on 23 April 2018. Retrieved 1 April 2018.
    24. ↑ Rottman, Gordon L. (December 2002). Korean War Order of Battle: United States, United Nations, and Communist Ground, Naval, and Air Forces, 1950-1953. Praeger. p. 198. ISBN   978-0-275-97835-8. Archived from the original on 2018-12-09. Retrieved 2018-12-07.
    25. ↑ Katz, Sam (24 Mar 1988). Arab Armies of the Middle East Wars (2) . Men-at-Arms 128. Osprey Publishing. p.  39. ISBN   9780850458008.
    26. ↑ "Arms for freedom". 29 December 2017. Archived from the original on April 7, 2018. Retrieved 2019-08-31.
    27. ↑ Schmidl, Erwin; Ritter, László (10 Nov 2006). The Hungarian Revolution 1956 . Elite 148. Osprey Publishing. p.  45. ISBN   9781846030796.
    28. ↑ Small Arms Survey (2012). "Surveying the Battlefield: Illicit Arms In Afghanistan, Iraq, and Somalia". Small Arms Survey 2012: Moving Targets. Cambridge University Press. p. 332. ISBN   978-0-521-19714-4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-08-31. Retrieved 2018-08-30.
    29. 1 2 Lord, Dick (2012). From Fledgling to Eagle: The South African Air Force during the Border War. Solihull: Helion & Company. pp. 42–53. ISBN   978-1-908916-62-4.
    30. 1 2 Namakalu, Oswin Onesmus (2004). Armed Liberation Struggle: Some Accounts of PLAN's Combat Operations. Windhoek: Gamsberg Macmillan. p. 22. ISBN   978-99916-0-505-0.
    31. 1 2 3 Ferguson, Jonathan; Jenzen-Jones, N.R. (2014). "Raising Red Flags: An Examination of Arms & Munitions in the Ongoing Conflict in Ukraine. (Research Report No. 3)" (PDF). ARES. p. 86. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 December 2014. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
    32. 1 2 "Vintage Weapons In a Modern War: The TT-33 Pistol In Ukraine". The Armourer's Bench. Beaverton. 26 March 2023. Archived from the original on 19 October 2023. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
    33. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 Jones, Richard D. Jane's Infantry Weapons 2009/2010. Jane's Information Group; 35 edition (January 27, 2009). ISBN   978-0-7106-2869-5.
    34. ↑ "It Became Known What the belarusian Territorial Defense is Armed With, Which the Wagnerians Will Train | Defense Express". en.defence-ua.com. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
    35. ↑ Small Arms Survey (2007). "Armed Violence in Burundi: Conflict and Post-Conflict Bujumbura" (PDF). The Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City. Cambridge University Press. p. 204. ISBN   978-0-521-88039-8. Archived from the original on 2018-08-27. Retrieved 2018-08-29.
    36. 1 2 3 Marchington, James (2004). The Encyclopedia of Handheld Weapons. Lewis International, Inc. ISBN   1-930983-14-X.
    37. ↑ Hogg, Ian (2002). Jane's Guns Recognition Guide. Jane's Information Group. ISBN   0-00-712760-X.
    38. ↑ "40 Prajurit Korem Bhaskara Jaya Diminta Tingkatkan Kemampuan Menembak". timesindonesia.co.id (in Indonesian). 17 March 2020. Retrieved 10 November 2021.
    39. ↑ Anders, Holger (June 2014). Identifier les sources d'approvisionnement: Les munitions de petit calibre en Côte d'Ivoire (PDF) (in French). Small Arms Survey and United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire. p. 15. ISBN   978-2-940-548-05-7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-10-09. Retrieved 2018-09-05.
    40. ↑ Small Arms Survey (2012). "Blue Skies and Dark Clouds: Kazakhstan and Small Arms". Small Arms Survey 2012: Moving Targets. Cambridge University Press. p. 131. ISBN   978-0-521-19714-4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-08-31. Retrieved 2018-08-30.
    41. ↑ "Vintage Weapons in a Modern War: The TT-33 Pistol in Ukraine". 26 March 2023.
    42. ↑ Small Arms Survey (2005). "Sourcing the Tools of War: Small Arms Supplies to Conflict Zones". Small Arms Survey 2005: Weapons at War. Oxford University Press. p. 166. ISBN   978-0-19-928085-8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-08-30. Retrieved 2018-08-29.
    43. ↑ "Weapon". Archived from the original on 21 December 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
    44. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-04-04.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
    45. ↑ //silahreport.com/2017/12/31/tokarev-7-62-x-25-local-made/
    46. ↑ Smith, Chris (October 2003). In the Shadow of a Cease-fire: The Impacts of Small Arms Availability and Misuse in Sri Lanka (PDF). Small Arms Survey. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-07-05. Retrieved 2017-11-07.
    47. ↑ "Vintage Weapons in a Modern War: The TT-33 Pistol in Ukraine". 26 March 2023.
    48. ↑ Rubenzer, Trevor (2007). Heo, Uk; DeRouen, Karl (eds.). Civil Wars of the World: Major Conflicts Since World War II. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. p. 702. ISBN   978-1851099207.
    49. ↑ "Modern Firearms". 23 October 2010. Archived from the original on 1 December 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2014.

    Bibliography

    This page is based on this Wikipedia article
    Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
    Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.