List of petawatt lasers

A laser bay of the National Ignition Facility. Inertial confinement fusion is one of the major applications of high peak power lasers in the petawatt scale.

This page contains a list of petawatt-level lasers in operation, under construction, or proposed. The list is compiled from existing academic reviews. ^{[1] [2]}

A petawatt laser is typically defined as a laser system whose pulse energy divided by its pulse duration reaches an order of magnitude of 10¹⁵ W, or 1 petawatt. These high-power laser pulses are capable of driving a strong electromagnetic field, giving rise to a number of novel applications. For instance, focusing large numbers of petawatt level lasers on a target containing deuterium and tritium creates enough energy density to drive inertial confinement fusion. Another potential application is using strong electric fields from petawatt laser pulses to drive steep density gradient structures in a plasma, which then creates field gradients capable of accelerating particles in a much shorter distance than linac; such concept is known as laser wakefield acceleration. In addition, as the laser pulse itself reaches extremely high field intensity, interaction of the high-energy particle beam with a petawatt laser pulse can achieve interactions with intensity beyond the Schwinger limit, enabling possible observation of effects such as vacuum polarization and Breit-Wheeler process ^[3] .

Generation of a petawatt laser pulse requires the pulse duration to be extremely short: to reach 1 petawatt of power, a 1 joule laser pulse will require a duration of <1 fs (< 10⁻¹⁵ seconds). All petawatt systems (with the exception of the National Ignition Facility) use the technique of chirped pulse amplification, which amplifies chirped, temporally stretched laser pulses before compressing them into femtosecond, ultra-high intensity pulses. For laser systems with large pulse energies, Nd:glass is typically used as a gain medium, as they can be grown into very large crystals. For laser pulses with duration near the femtosecond range, Ti:Sapphire is widely used to take advantage of its wide lasing spectrum; only such lasers can be compressed into ultrashort pulses, due to Fourier relations between the temporal and spectral widths of the pulse signal.

Petawatt lasers

The following list contains laser systems with petawatt-class peak power. Although there is not a precise definition for "petawatt-class" lasers, the list include all systems with peak power >=0.5 PW.

Facility	Institution	Location	Classification	Pulse energy (J)	Pulse duration (fs)	Peak power (PW)	Status
Nova	Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory	United States	Nd:glass	660	440	1.5	Decommissioned
NIF-ARC	Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory	United States	Nd:glass	400–1700	1300–38 000	1.5	Operation
Texas Petawatt Laser [4] [5]	University of Texas, Austin	United States	Nd:glass	186	167	1.1	Operation
Z-PW	Sandia National Laboratories	United States	Nd:glass	500	500	1	Operation
SG-II-PW [6]	Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, The Chinese Academy of Sciences (SIOM)	China	Nd:glass	1000	1000	1	Operation
Vulcan	Central Laser Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory	United Kingdom	Nd:glass	500	500	1	Operation
			Optical Parametric Chirped Pulse Amplification (OPCPA)	400	20	20	Design
Orion	Atomic Weapons Establishment	United Kingdom	Nd:glass	500	500	1	Operation
PHELIX	GSI Helmholtz	Germany	Nd:glass	250	400	0.625	Operation
LMJ-PETAL	CEA Cesta	France	Nd:glass	850	700	1.15	Operation
GEKKO XII-LFEX	Osaka University	Japan	Nd:glass	3000	1500	2	Operation
ELI-B L4 [7]	Extreme Light Infrastructure	Czech Republic	Nd:glass	1500	150	10	Commission
ELI-NP [8]	Extreme Light Infrastructure	Romania	OPCPA Ti:sapphire	242	22.3	10.9	Operation
ELI-B L3 HAPLS [7]	Extreme Light Infrastructure Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory	Czech Republic United States	Ti:sapphire	30	30	1 at 10 Hz	Commission
ELI-ALPS HF [9]	Extreme Light Infrastructure	Hungary	OPCPA	34	17	2 at 10 Hz	Commission
Apollon [10]	CNRS École polytechnique	France	OPCPA Ti:sapphire	150	15	10	Commission
DRACO [11]	Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf	Germany	Ti:sapphire	30	30	1	Operation
ATLAS [12]	Technical University of Munich Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich	Germany	Ti:sapphire	60	25	2.4	Operation
PENELOPE [13]	GSI Helmholtz	Germany	Yb:glass/CaF2	150	150	1 at 1 Hz	Construction
CETAL [14]	INFLPR	Romania	Ti:sapphire	25	25	1	Operation
PEARL [15]	Institute of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences	Russia	Ti:sapphire	24	43	0.56	Operation
			OPCPA			4 - 5	Construction
VEGA-3 [16]	University of Salamanca	Spain	Ti:sapphire	30	30	1 at 1 Hz	Operation
Gemini [17]	Central Laser Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory	United Kingdom	Ti:sapphire	15	30	0.5	Operation
EPAC [18]				30	30	1 at 10 Hz	Construction
ALEPH [19]	Colorado State University	United States	Ti:sapphire	26	30	0.87 at 3.3 Hz	Operation
BELLA [20]	Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory	United States	Ti:sapphire	40	30	1.3	Operation
DIOCLES [21]	University of Nebraska-Lincoln	United States	Ti:sapphire	20	30	0.7	Operation
ZEUS [22]	University of Michigan	United States	Ti:sapphire	75	25	3	Commission
				12.5	25	0.5
NSF OPAL [23]	Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester	United States	OPCPA	550	20	25	Design
XL-III [24]	Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Science	China	Ti:sapphire	32	28	1.16	Operation
Huairou PW [25]				25	25	1	Operation
CLAPA-II [25]	Peking University	China	OPCPA Ti:Sapphire	60	30	2	Commission
BAQIS PW [25]	Tsinghua University	China	Ti:sapphire	30	30	1 at 1 Hz	Commission
CAEP-PW [26]	China Academy of Engineering Physics	China	OPCPA	91.1	18.6	4.9	Operation
SULF [27]	SIOM ShanghaiTech University	China	Ti:sapphire	216	21	10.3	Operation
TDLI LAP [25]	Shanghai Jiao Tong University	China	Ti:sapphire	80	22	2.5	Construction
SG-II-5 PW [28]	SIOM	China	OPCPA	150	30	5	Construction
SEL-100 PW [29]	Shanghai High Repetition Rate XEFL and Extreme Light Facility	China	OPCPA	1500	15	100	Construction
CoReLS [30]	Centre for Relativistic Laser Science, Institute for Basic Science	South Korea	Ti:sapphire	83	19.4	4.2	Operation
J-KAREN [31]	National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology	Japan	OPCPA Ti:sapphire	28/30	33/30	0.85/1	Operation
RRCAT	Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology	India	Ti:sapphire	25	25	1 at 0.1Hz	Operation
TRISHUL [32]	Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad	India	Ti:sapphire	25	25	1 at 1Hz	Construction

High average power lasers

A number of petawatt or sub-petawatt laser systems are notable for being capable of operating at high repetition rates (HRR). These laser systems are high average power (HAP) lasers, delivering high power when averaging over macroscopic time scale, yet still maintaining terawatt or petawatt peak power. HAP petawatt lasers are crucial for any future application of petawatt laser systems such as compact light sources, next-generation accelerators, or proton source for radiotherapy; in scientific research facilities, they also enable collection of a much large set of experimental data within the same amount of beam time. On the other hand, operating petawatt laser systems at high repetition rate presents an immense engineering challenge, as the laser system must handle large amounts of excessive heat when pumped at a much higher frequency as well as thermal effects that degrades beam quality. In recent years, advances in high-power laser technology ^[2] , such as pumping schemes, pump light sources, and cyrogenic cooling, led to the emergence of a new class of HAP laser systems.

Addressing the important of high average power lasers as the future development of petawatt lasers, the following list contains a list of laser systems with peak power >=100 TW and average power >=100 W. Note that some lasers in the list are already petawatt-class lasers.

Facility	Institution	Location	Classification	Pulse energy (J)	Pulse duration (fs)	Peak power (PW)	Repetition rate (Hz)	Average power (kW)	Status
ELI-B L2 DUHA [33]	Extreme Light Infrastructure	Czech Republic	OPCPA	3	25	0.12	50	0.15	Commission
ELI-B L3 HAPLS	Extreme Light Infrastructure Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory	Czech Republic United States	Ti:sapphire	30	30	1	10	0.3	Commission
ELI-ALPS HF	Extreme Light Infrastructure	Hungary	OPCPA	34	17	2	10	0.34	Commission
LAPLACE-HC [34]	Laboratoire d'optique appliquée	France	Ti:Sapphire	1	25	0.04	100	0.1	Construction
PENELOPE	GSI Helmholtz	Germany	Yb:glass/CaF2	150	150	1	1	0.15	Construction
KALDERA [35]	DESY	Germany	Ti:sapphire	3	30	0.1	1000	3	Construction
EPAC	Central Laser Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory	United Kingdom	Ti:sapphire	30	30	1	10	0.3	Construction
k-BELLA [20]	Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory	United States	Ti:sapphire	3	30	0.1	1000	3	Design
SHARC [36]	LCLS-II Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory	United States	Nd:glass	150	150	1	10	1.5	Design
BAT [37]	Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory	United States	Tm:YLF	30	100	0.3	10000	300	Construction

Gallery

• 
  NOVA, the first petawatt class laser, at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, USA
• 
  The GEKKO XII laser at Osaka University, Japan
• 
  The L3 HAPLS system at ELI Beamline, Czech Republic
• 
  Diffraction grating of the OMEGA EP laser, showing colors reflected from multilayer dielectric coating (MLD)
• 
  A picture showing the interaction chamber of the Apollon laser during commission
• 
  A multi-pass amplifier of the DRACO laser at Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Germany

See also

• Thales Group
• Amplitude Lasers

References

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