List of tallest buildings in Frankfurt

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Frankfurt in 2020 Frankfurt Main August 2020 1.jpg
Frankfurt in 2020
Frankfurt with the new Seat of the European Central Bank in April 2015 Seat of the European Central Bank and Frankfurt Skyline at dawn 20150422 1.jpg
Frankfurt with the new Seat of the European Central Bank in April 2015

Frankfurt, Germany, is one of the few European cities with a large cluster of high rise buildings in its downtown area. In many other European cities, skyscraper construction was not well received in the past due to the historical value of existing buildings. For this reason, Frankfurt is sometimes referred to as "Mainhattan" (a portmanteau of the local Main river and Manhattan), and Chicago am Main. [1] [2] [3] The 15 tallest buildings in Germany are located in Frankfurt.

Contents

The tallest structure in Frankfurt is the Europaturm, which rises 337 metres (1,106 ft). [4] However, the tower is not generally considered a high-rise building as it does not have successive floors that can be occupied. The tallest habitable building in Frankfurt is the Commerzbank Tower, which rises 259 metres (850 ft) and has 56 floors. [5] As of December 2024, it is the 22nd-tallest building in Europe and the second tallest building in the European Union.

Most of Frankfurt's downtown area was destroyed by Allied air bombardment during World War II, and only a small number of the city's landmarks were rebuilt. [6] This left ample room for and little opposition against the construction of modern high-rises in the city. Frankfurt went through a first high-rise building boom in the 1970s; during this time, the city saw the construction of nine buildings over 100 metres (330 ft). In the 1990s, Frankfurt went through another building boom, with eight buildings over 100 metres (330 ft) completed, including four of five 200 metres (660 ft) skyscrapers. Since 2000, Frankfurt has been experiencing a continuous building boom, starting with 5 (2000-2009), 7 (2010-2019) and probably 13 (2020-2029). As of 2024, the city has 20 buildings which rise at least 150 metres (490 ft) in height, more than any other city in Germany.

The increasing demand for real estate, the exit of Great Britain from the European Union and the favorable economic development in Germany led to a new "boom" in high-rise construction from 2015 onwards. In addition to the 185-meter-high new building of the European Central Bank, high-rise projects such as the Omniturm, the Maintor site and the development of the former Deutsche Bank site with four high-rises between 120 and 228 meters embody this development. With the 180-meter-high Grand Tower, Germany's tallest residential high-rise has been located in Frankfurt am Main since its completion in 2020. [7] [8]

There are several proposed and approved plans for new skyscrapers, including Millennium Tower I, 288 metres (945 ft), Das Präsidium, 175 metres (574 ft), Millennium Tower II, 157 metres (515 ft).

Tallest buildings

This lists ranks the tallest buildings in Frankfurt that stand at least 100 metres (328 ft) tall. Only habitable building are ranked which excludes radio masts and towers, observation towers, steeples, chimneys and other tall architectural structures. These buildings are included for comparison.

Frankfurt Am Main-Mainkai und Untermainkai mit Dom und Sykline-Ansicht von der Alten Bruecke-20100417.jpg
Frankfurt riverfront in 2010
RankNameImageHeight (m)
Height (ft)
FloorsLocationYearNotes
Europaturm Europaturm am Abend.jpg 337.51,107.3Ginnheimer Stadtweg 90, Bockenheim 1979 Television tower. Second-tallest structure in Germany after the Fernsehturm Berlin. Nickname is Ginnheimer Spargel (Ginnheim Asparagus).
1 Commerzbank Tower Frankfurt Am Main-Commerzbank Tower-Ansicht vom Eisernen Steg.jpg 258.7849.756Große Gallusstraße 17–19, Innenstadt 1997Tallest building in Europe from 1997 to 2003. Tallest building in the European Union from 1997 to 2011. Tallest building in Germany since 1997. Tallest building completed in the 1990s. [5] [9] Height including the antenna is 300 metres. Headquarters of Commerzbank.
2 Messeturm 01-01-2014 - Messeturm - trade fair tower - Frankfurt- Germany - 05.jpg 256.5841.563Friedrich-Ebert-Anlage 49, Westend-Süd 1990Tallest building in Europe from 1990 to 1997. [10] [11] Main tenants are Goldman Sachs and Thomson Reuters.
3 Four I [A] Four I.jpg 233.0 [12] 764.459Große Gallusstraße 10-14, Innenstadt 2023 Topped out has the highest habitable floor of any building in Frankfurt, ignoring mechanical floors. [13]
4 Westendstraße 1 Frankfurt Westend Tower.Sud.20130616.jpg 208.0682.453Westendstraße 1, Westend-Süd 1993Headquarters of DZ Bank. [14] [15]
5= Main Tower Maintower Frankfurt.jpg 200.0656.255Neue Mainzer Straße 52–58, Innenstadt 1999Height including the antenna is 240 metres. Main tenants are Landesbank Hessen-Thüringen and Standard & Poor's. [16] [17]
5= Tower 185 Tower 185.jpg 200.0656.255Friedrich-Ebert-Anlage 35–37, Gallus 2011Main tenant is PricewaterhouseCoopers.
7 ONE One Frankfurt 08-21.jpg 190.962649Osloer Straße2022Mixed use with Hotel (NH Hotel Group) & Office. At a height of 185 meters, there is a public bar with a surrounding roof terrace.
8 Omniturm Omniturm Frankfurt 09-19.jpg 189.962345Große Gallusstraße 16–182020Mixed use tower.
9 Trianon Frankfurt Trianon.Sud.20130618.jpg 186.0610.245Mainzer Landstraße 16–24, Westend-Süd 1993Main tenant is DekaBank. [18] [19]
10 Seat of the European Central Bank EZB-Neubau-2014-Ffm-Ostend-736.jpg 185.0607.045Sonnemannstraße/Rückertstraße, Ostend 2014New seat of the European Central Bank. Height including the antenna is 201 metres. [20]
11 Grand Tower Frankfurt.Grand Tower.20200207.jpg 179.9 [21] 590.251Osloer Straße/Europa-Allee, Gallus 2020Tallest residential building in Germany
12 Four II Four II.jpg 178.0583.947Große Gallusstraße, Innenstadt 2025 Topped out. Second tallest residential building in Germany.
13= Opernturm Frankfurter-Opernturm-2012-Ffm-916.jpg 170.0557.742Bockenheimer Landstraße 2–4, Westend-Süd 2009Main tenant is UBS.
13= Taunusturm Frankfurt Taunusturm.20140417.jpg 170.0557.740Taunustor 1-3, Innenstadt 2014The project developer is real estate building and operating company Tishman Speyer.
15 Silberturm Silver Tower.jpg 166.3545.632Jürgen-Ponto-Platz 1, Bahnhofsviertel 1978Tallest building in Germany from 1978 to 1991. [22] [23] Former headquarters of Dresdner Bank which merged with Commerzbank in 2009. Main tenant is now Deutsche Bahn .
16 Westend Gate Westend Gate Frankfurt 2011-07.jpg 159.3522.647Hamburger Allee 2–4, Westend-Süd 1976Tallest building in Germany from 1976 to 1978. Main tenant is Marriott Frankfurt Hotel. [24] [25]
17= Deutsche Bank I Deutsche-bank-ffm001.jpg 155.0508.540Taunusanlage 12, Westend-Süd 1984Tallest twin towers in Frankfurt, also tallest building completed in the 1980s. [26] [27] Headquarters of Deutsche Bank. Their nicknames are Soll und Haben (Asset and Liability).
17= Deutsche Bank II Deutsche-bank-ffm001.jpg 155.0508.538Taunusanlage 12, Westend-Süd 1984Tallest twin towers in Frankfurt, also tallest building completed in the 1980s. [27] [28] Headquarters of Deutsche Bank. Their nicknames are Soll und Haben (Asset and Liability).
17= Marienturm Marienturm Frankfurt 05-19.jpg 155.0508.537Taunusanlage 9–10, Bahnhofsviertel 2019Main tenant is Goldman Sachs
20 Skyper Frankfurt Am Main-Skyper von Suedosten-20120309.jpg 153.8504.638Taunusanlage 1, Bahnhofsviertel 2004Main tenant is DekaBank. [29] [30]
21 Eurotower Frankfurt Eurotower.20130603.jpg 148.0485.639Willy-Brandt-Platz 2, Innenstadt 1977Headquarters of the European Central Bank. The ECB is currently building new and larger headquarters (Seat of the European Central Bank). [31] [32]
22 One Forty West One Forty West Frankfurt 03-21.jpg 145.0 [33] 475.741Senckenberganlage 15, Westend-Süd 2020Mixed use (Hotel, Residential)
23 Frankfurter Büro Center Frankfurt FBC.20121012.jpg 142.4467.240Mainzer Landstraße 46, Westend-Süd 1980Main tenant is Clifford Chance. [34] [35]
24 City-Haus City-Haus-2008.jpg 142.1466.242Platz der Republik 6, Westend-Süd 1974Main tenant is DZ Bank. [36] [37]
25 Henninger Turm Neuer-henningerturm-2017-ffm-2936.jpg 140.0459.340 Sachsenhausen 2017
26= Gallileo Gallileo-2012-Ffm-517-9.jpg 136.0446.238Gallusanlage 7, Bahnhofsviertel 2003Main tenant is Commerzbank. [38] [39]
26= Nextower Frankfurt Nextower.20130514.jpg 136.0446.234Thurn-und-Taxis-Platz 6, Innenstadt 2010
28 Pollux Frankfurt am Main Kastor & Pollux 2007-08.jpg 130.0426.533Platz der Einheit 1, Gallus 1997 [40] [41]
29 The Spin Spin Tower.jpg 128.0420.031 Gallus, Güterplatz2022
30 Four III [A] FOUR 3 Frankfurt.jpg 128.0420.030Junghofstraße, Innenstadt 2023 Topped out [13]
31 Garden Tower Frankfurt Am Main-Garden Towers von Sueden-20120312.jpg 127.0416.725Neue Mainzer Straße 46-50, Innenstadt 1976 [42] [43]
32 Messe Torhaus Messe-Torhaus, Frankfurt.jpg 117.0383.930Ludwig-Erhard-Anlage 1, Bockenheim 1985 [44] [45]
33= Japan Center Frankfurt.Japan-Center.Taunustor 2-4.20150909.jpg 115.0377.327Taunustor 2, Innenstadt 1996 [46] [47]
33= Park Tower Frankfurt Park Tower.20131019.jpg 115.0377.329Bockenheimer Anlage 46, Westend-Süd 1972Main tenant is Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer. [48] [49]
35 Westhafen Tower Westhafen Tower 2009 1.jpg 112.3368.431Westhafenplatz 1, Gutleutviertel 2003Main tenant is the European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority (EIOPA) [50] [51]
36 IBC Tower Frankfurt IBC.20130423.jpg 112.0367.530Theodor-Heuss-Allee 70, Bockenheim 2003 [52] [53]
37= Büro Center Nibelungenplatz Frankfurt Nibelungenplatz 3.Shell-Hochhaus.20130811.jpg 110.0360.927Nibelungenplatz 3, Nordend-West 1966 [54] [55]
37= Eurotheum Eurotheum-1.jpg 110.0360.931Neue Mainzer Straße 66–68, Innenstadt 1999 [56] [57]
37= WinX WinX Frankfurt 05-19.jpg 110.0360.930Neue Mainzer Straße 6–12, Innenstadt 2019Part of the Maintor area which includes several buildings and two smaller highrises. [58]
40 Neue Mainzer Straße 32-36 Frankfurt Neue Mainzer Strasse 32-36.20120525.jpg 108.6356.328Neue Mainzer Straße 32-36, Innenstadt 1973Main tenant is the European Central Bank due to lack of space in the bank's headquarters Eurotower.
41 Senckenberg Turm Frankfurt am Main, Senckenberg-Turm.jpg 106.034826Robert Mayer Straße 52022
42= Four IV FOUR 4 Frankfurt Juni 2024 (cropped).jpg 104.0341.225Junghofstraße, Innenstadt 2023 [13]
42= Leonardo Royal Hotel Frankfurt Leonardo Royal Hotel Frankfurt.20130901.jpg 100.0328.125Mailänder Straße 1, Sachsenhausen-Süd 1972
44 Eden Frankfurt Eden Tower Frankfurt am Main 24 Oktober 2021.jpg 96.531729Europa Allee 11, Gallus 2022
MainTor Porta Frankfurt.Maintor Porta.20150605.jpg 7023018Neue Mainzer Straße 20, Innenstadt2014
MainTor Panorama Frankfurt.Maintor Panorama.20150909.jpg 6421017Neue Mainzer Straße 20, Innenstadt2015

Under construction or proposed

Under construction

NameHeight (m)
Height (ft)
FloorsLocationYear (est.)
Central Business Tower205.0672.552Neue Mainzer Straße 57-59, Innenstadt 2028
Sparda-Bank Tower124.0407.035Robert-Mayer-Straße2025

Proposed

NameHeight (m)
Height (ft)
FloorsLocationYear (est.)Notes
Millennium Tower 1 288.0944.969Osloer Straße2030
Kaiserkarree [59] [60] 195.0639.7Kaiserstraße/Neuer Mainzer Straße2029The skyscraper is to grow out of an existing listed building at Kaiserstrasse 30.
Das Präsidium [61] 175.0574.148Friedrich-Ebert-Anlage 5-11, Gallus 2030
Millennium Tower 2 157.0515.043Osloer Straße2030
Icoon [62] [63] 140.0459.341Hafenstraße/Adam-Riese-Straße, Gallus Planned as an addition to the neighbouring Commerzbank Trading Center Tower (93 metres).
Matthäuskirche Tower130.0426.5Friedrich-Ebert Anlage 33, Gallus The tower is planned on a property behind a church, the Matthäuskirche, because the owning church wants to sell the whole site. The church can be partly integrated into the new building. The plans were approved in 2008 by the city.
NION [64] [65] 106.0347.8Europa-Allee, Gallus Architect: UNStudio

Timeline of tallest buildings

This lists buildings that once held the title of tallest building in Frankfurt.

Years as tallestNameImageHeight (m)
Height (ft)
FloorsLocationNotes
1997–present Commerzbank Tower Frankfurt Am Main-Commerzbank Tower vom Rathenauplatz-20100808.jpg 259.0849.756Große Gallusstraße 17–19, Innenstadt Tallest building in Europe from 1997 to 2003. Tallest building in the European Union from 1997 to 2011 and again since 2020. Tallest building in Germany since 1997. Tallest building completed in the 1990s. [5] [9] Height including the antenna is 300 metres. Headquarters of Commerzbank.
1990–1997 Messeturm Messeturm ffm.jpg 256.5841.563Friedrich-Ebert-Anlage 49, Westend-Süd Tallest building in Europe from 1990 to 1997. [10] [11] Main tenants are Goldman Sachs and Thomson Reuters.
1978–1990 Silberturm Silver Tower.jpg 166.3545.632Jürgen-Ponto-Platz 1, Bahnhofsviertel Tallest building in Germany from 1978 to 1990. [22] [23] Former headquarters of Dresdner Bank which merged with Commerzbank in 2009. Main tenant is now Deutsche Bahn .
1976–1978 Westend Gate Westend Gate Frankfurt 2011-07.jpg 159.3522.647Hamburger Allee 2–4, Westend-Süd Tallest building in Germany from 1976 to 1978. Main tenant is Marriott Frankfurt Hotel. [24] [25]
1974–1976 City-Haus City-Haus-2008.jpg 142.1466.242Platz der Republik 6, Westend-Süd Main tenant is DZ Bank. [36] [37]
1972–1974 AfE-Turm Afe-Tower-University-Frankfurt.jpg 116.0380.632Robert-Mayer-Straße 5-7, Westend-Süd Demolished in 2014. [66] [67] [68]

See also

Notes

A. ^ Topped out but not completed.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Commerzbank Tower</span> Skyscraper in Frankfurt, Germany

Commerzbank Tower is a 56-story, 259 m (850 ft) skyscraper in the banking district of Frankfurt, Germany. An antenna spire with a signal light on top gives the tower a total height of 300.1 m (985 ft). It is the tallest building in Frankfurt and the tallest building in Germany. It had been the tallest building in Europe from its completion in 1997 until 2003, when it was surpassed by the Triumph-Palace in Moscow. Since the departure of the United Kingdom from the European Union, the tower had briefly reclaimed its position as the tallest building in the European Union only to lose the title again in 2021 when Poland's Varso Tower topped out. The Commerzbank Tower is only two metres taller than the Messeturm, which is also located in Frankfurt and was the tallest building in Europe before the construction of the Commerzbank Tower.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Henninger Turm</span> Skyscraper in Frankfurt

Henninger Turm was a grain storage silo located in the Sachsenhausen-Süd district of Frankfurt, Germany. It was built by Henninger Brewery and had a storage capacity of 16,000 tons of barley. The 120-metre (390 ft), 33-storey, reinforced concrete tower was designed by Karl Lieser and was built from 1959 to 1961. It was inaugurated on 18 May 1961. It was demolished in 2013. Until 1974 it was the tallest building in Frankfurt, and it remained the tallest storage silo in the world until its demolition.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Messeturm</span> Skyscraper in Frankfurt, Germany

The Messeturm, or Trade Fair Tower, is a 63-storey, 257 m (843 ft) skyscraper in the Westend-Süd district of Frankfurt, Germany. It is the second tallest building in Frankfurt, the second tallest building in Germany and the third tallest building in the European Union. It was the tallest building in Europe from its completion in 1990 until 1997 when it was surpassed by the Commerzbank Tower, which is also located in Frankfurt.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gallileo (skyscraper)</span> 38-storey 136 m (446 ft) skyscraper in the Bahnhofsviertel district of Frankfurt, Germany

Gallileo is a 38-storey 136 m (446 ft) skyscraper in the Bahnhofsviertel district of Frankfurt, Germany. It was built from 1999 to 2003.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Opernturm</span> 43-storey 170 m (560 ft) skyscraper in the Westend-Süd district of Frankfurt, Germany

OpernTurm is a 43-storey 170 m (560 ft) skyscraper in the Westend-Süd district of Frankfurt, Germany. The property is situated opposite Alte Oper on the corner of Bockenheimer Landstraße and Bockenheimer Anlage. The building was designed by Christoph Mäckler. The project developer was Tishman Speyer, a US firm that previously built the Sony Center in Berlin and the Messeturm in Frankfurt.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Frankfurter Büro Center</span> 40-storey, 142 m (466 ft) skyscraper in the Westend-Süd district of Frankfurt, Germany

Frankfurter Büro Center, also known as FBC, is a 40-storey, 142 m (466 ft) skyscraper in the Westend-Süd district of Frankfurt, Germany. It was designed by architect Richard Heil from Frankfurt. The building's anchor tenant is the international law firm Clifford Chance.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">AfE-Turm</span> University in Hesse, Germany

AfE-Turm was a 38-storey, 116 m (381 ft) skyscraper in the Westend district of Frankfurt, Germany. It was the tallest building in Frankfurt from 1972-1974.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Taunusturm</span> Residential skyscraper in Frankfurt, Germany

TaunusTurm is the project name for a complex of two buildings, a 170 m (560 ft) skyscraper and a 63 m (207 ft) high-rise residential building, in Frankfurt, Germany. The site is located in Frankfurt's financial district, the Bankenviertel, at the corner of Neue Mainzer Straße and Taunustor. The site borders a park named Taunusanlage, which gave the tower its name. The buildings were designed by architecture firm Gruber + Kleine-Kraneburg. The project developer is real estate building and operating company Tishman Speyer which also built the Messeturm and the Opernturm in Frankfurt. The start of construction was in April 2011 and the first tenants moved in February 2014.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">One Frankfurt</span> Skyscraper in Frankfurt, Germany

ONE also known as Skyline Plaza 1 is a mixed-use skyscraper in the Gallus district of Frankfurt, Germany. Built between 2017 and 2022, the tower stands at 190.9 m (626 ft) tall with 49 floors and is the current 7th tallest building in Frankfurt and Germany. It is also part of the Skyline Plaza project.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">The Spin Frankfurt</span> Skyscraper in Frankfurt, Germany

The Spin is a mixed-use high-rise building in the Gallus district of Frankfurt, Germany. Built between 2018 and 2023, the tower stands at 128 m (420 ft) tall with 31 floors and is the current 29th tallest building in Frankfurt.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Global Tower</span> Skyscraper in Frankfurt, Germany

The Global Tower also known as the Commerzbank AG is a high-rise office building in the Innenstadt district of Frankfurt, Germany. Built between 1970 and 1973, the tower stands at 108.6 m (356 ft) tall with 29 floors and is the current 40th tallest building in Frankfurt.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eden Frankfurt</span> Skyscraper in Frankfurt, Germany

Eden Frankfurt is a high-rise residential building in the Gallus district of Frankfurt, Germany. Built between 2018 and 2022, the tower stands at 96.5 m (317 ft) with 29 floors and is the current 44th tallest building in Frankfurt.

References

General
Specific
  1. ↑ "Mainhattan: Trade show, convention epicenter of Europe". USA Today. 2004-04-10. Retrieved 2008-05-27.
  2. ↑ "Frankfurt: The Mainhattan of Germany". Der Spiegel Online International. 2006-06-26. Retrieved 2008-05-27.
  3. ↑ "skyscrapers frankfurt". 2004-04-10. Retrieved 2008-05-27.
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  8. ↑ Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung GmbH (2017-08-29). "Luxuswohnungen: Frankfurt im Höhenrausch" . Retrieved 2017-10-10.
  9. 1 2 "Commerzbank Tower". SkyscraperPage.com. Retrieved 2008-05-26.
  10. 1 2 "MesseTurm". Emporis.com. Archived from the original on February 6, 2007. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
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  13. 1 2 3 Teutsch, Oliver (2023-09-28). "Frankfurter Skyline: Der höchste Turm im "Four"-Areal feiert Richtfest". Frankfurter Rundschau . Retrieved 2023-10-13.
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  16. ↑ "Maintower". Emporis.com. Archived from the original on November 23, 2006. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
  17. ↑ "Main Tower". SkyscraperPage.com. Retrieved 2008-05-26.
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  20. ↑ "ECB newsletter 5/2013" (PDF). European Central Bank. Retrieved 2013-06-02.
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  22. 1 2 "Silver Tower". Emporis.com. Archived from the original on November 15, 2006. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
  23. 1 2 "Silver Tower". SkyscraperPage.com. Retrieved 2008-05-26.
  24. 1 2 "Plaza Büro Center". Emporis.com. Archived from the original on February 18, 2007. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
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  27. 1 2 "Deutsche Bank". SkyscraperPage.com. Retrieved 2008-05-26.
  28. ↑ "Deutsche Bank II". Emporis.com. Archived from the original on February 8, 2007. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
  29. ↑ "Skyper". Emporis.com. Archived from the original on February 26, 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
  30. ↑ "Skyper". SkyscraperPage.com. Retrieved 2008-05-26.
  31. ↑ "Eurotower". Emporis.com. Archived from the original on February 8, 2007. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
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  33. ↑ "Wie hoch ist eigentlich das Hochhaus ONE FORTY WEST?". September 9, 2019.
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  35. ↑ "Frankfurter Büro Center". SkyscraperPage.com. Retrieved 2008-05-26.
  36. 1 2 "City-Haus". Emporis.com. Archived from the original on June 16, 2004. Retrieved 2008-05-25.
  37. 1 2 "City-Haus". SkyscraperPage.com. Retrieved 2008-05-26.
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  40. ↑ "Pollux". Emporis.com. Archived from the original on March 12, 2007. Retrieved 2008-05-25.
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  46. ↑ "Japan Center". Emporis.com. Archived from the original on November 15, 2006. Retrieved 2008-05-25.
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  50. ↑ "Westhafen Tower". Emporis.com. Archived from the original on September 3, 2012. Retrieved 2008-05-25.
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  58. ↑ "MAINTOR | Home". www.maintor-frankfurt.de.
  59. ↑ "Frankfurter Rundschau: Wie ein umgedrehter Bleistift: Neues Hochhaus in Frankfurt geplant". 31 August 2024.
  60. ↑ "Skylineatlas: Hochhaus in Form eines umgedrehten Bleistifts könnte bis 2029 in der Kaiserstraße entstehen". 18 July 2024.
  61. ↑ "Skyline Atlas: Das Präsidium".
  62. ↑ "Mecanoo:ICOON Residential Tower".
  63. ↑ "Stylepark: Building community".
  64. ↑ "Groß & Partner:NION – Groß & Partner entwickelt nachhaltiges Büroprojekt".
  65. ↑ "Skylineatlas:NION".
  66. ↑ Schulze, Rainer; Iskandar, Katharina. "AfE-Turm". faz.net. Retrieved 2014-02-21.
  67. ↑ "AfE-Turm". Emporis.com. Archived from the original on March 6, 2007. Retrieved 2008-05-25.
  68. ↑ "AfE-Turm". SkyscraperPage.com. Retrieved 2008-05-26.
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