List of types of tinea

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Tinea
Other namesRingworm
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Tinea in various locations
Specialty Infectious disease, dermatology

Tinea or ringworm is any of a variety of skin mycoses. [1] Tinea is a very common fungal infection of the skin. Tinea is often called "ringworm" because the rash is circular, with a ring-like appearance.

Contents

It is sometimes equated with dermatophytosis, and, while most conditions identified as "tinea" are members of the imperfect fungi that make up the dermatophytes, conditions such as tinea nigra and tinea versicolor are not caused by dermatophytes.

Tinea pedis (foot)

Athlete's foot (also known as "ringworm of the foot", [2] tinea pedum, [3] and "moccasin foot" [4] ) is a common and contagious skin disease that causes itching, scaling, flaking, and sometimes blistering of the affected areas. Its medical name is tinea pedis, a member of the group of diseases or conditions known as tinea, most of which are dermatophytoses (fungal infections of the skin), which in turn are mycoses (broad category of fungal infections). Globally, athlete's foot affects about 15% of the population. [4]

Tinea pedis is caused by fungi such as Epidermophyton floccosum or fungi of the genus Trichophyton including T. rubrum [5] and T. mentagrophytes . [6] These fungi are typically transmitted in moist communal areas where people go barefoot, such as around swimming pools or in showers, and require a warm moist environment like the inside of a shoe to incubate. Fungal infection of the foot may be acquired (or reacquired) in many ways, such as by walking in an infected locker room, by using an infested bathtub, by sharing a towel used by someone with the disease, by touching the feet with infected fingers (such as after scratching another infected area of the body), or by wearing fungi-contaminated socks or shoes.

Infection can often be prevented by keeping the feet dry by limiting the use of footwear that enclose the feet, or by remaining barefoot. [7]

The fungi may infect or spread to other areas of the body (such as by scratching one's feet and then touching one's groin). For each location on the body, the name of the condition changes. A fungal infection of the groin is called Tinea cruris, or commonly "jock itch". The fungi tend to spread to areas of skin that are kept warm and moist, such as with insulation (clothes), body heat, and sweat.

However, the spread of the infection is not limited to skin. Toe nails become infected with fungi in the same way as the rest of the foot, typically by being trapped with fungi in the warm, dark, moist inside of a shoe. Fungal infection of the nails is called tinea unguium, and is not included in the medical definition of "athlete's foot", even though toe nails are part of the foot. Fungi are more difficult to kill inside and underneath a nail than on and in the skin. But if the nail infection is not cured, then the fungi can readily spread back to the rest of the foot. The fungi can also spread to hair, grow inside hair strands, and feed on the keratin within hair, including the hair on the feet, the hair of one's beard, and the hair on one's head. From hair, the fungi can spread back to skin.

To effectively treat athlete's foot, it is necessary to treat the entire infection, wherever it is on the body, until the fungi are dead and the skin has fully healed. There is a wide array of over the counter and prescription topical medications in the form of liquids, sprays, powders, ointments, and creams for killing fungi that have infected the feet or the body in general. For persistent conditions, oral medications are available by prescription.

Tinea unguium (nails)

Onychomycosis (also known as "dermatophytic onychomycosis", or "tinea unguium" [2] is a fungal infection of the nail. [8] It is the most common disease of the nails and constitutes about half of all nail abnormalities. [9]

This condition may affect toenails or fingernails, but toenail infections are particularly common. It occurs in about 10% of the adult population. [10]

Tinea manuum (hand)

Tinea manuum (or tinea manus [3] ) is a fungal infection of the hand. [2] It is typically more aggressive than tinea pedis but similar in look. Itching, burning, cracking, and scaling are observable and may be transmitted sexually or otherwise, whether or not symptoms are present.

Tinea cruris (groin)

Tinea cruris , also known as "crotch itch", "crotch rot", "Dhobie itch", "eczema marginatum", [2] "gym itch", "jock itch", "jock rot", "scrot rot" and "ringworm of the groin" [11] : 303  is a dermatophyte fungal infection of the groin region in any sex, [12] though more often seen in males. In the German sprachraum this condition is called tinea inguinalis (from Latin inguen = groin) whereas tinea cruris is used for a dermatophytosis of the lower leg (Latin crus). [13]

Tinea cruris is similar to Candidal intertrigo, which is an infection of the skin by Candida albicans . It is more specifically located between intertriginous folds of adjacent skin, which can be present in the groin or scrotum, and be indistinguishable from fungal infections caused by tinia. However, candidal infections tend to both appear and disappear with treatment more quickly. [11] : 309  It may also affect the scrotum.

Tinea corporis (body)

Tinea corporis (also known as "ringworm", [2] tinea circinata, [11] and tinea glabrosa [2] ) is a superficial fungal infection (dermatophytosis) of the arms and legs, especially on glabrous skin; however, it may occur on any part of the body, it present as annular, marginated plaque with thin scale and clear center. Common organism are Trichophytonmentagrophytes and Micosporum canis. Treatments include grisofluvine, itraconazole and clotrimazole cream.

Tinea capitis (scalp)

Tinea capitis (also known as "Herpes tonsurans", [2] "Ringworm of the hair", [2] "Ringworm of the scalp", [2] "Scalp ringworm", [11] and "Tinea tonsurans" [2] ) is a superficial fungal infection (dermatophytosis) of the scalp. [14] The disease is primarily caused by dermatophytes of the genera Trichophyton and Microsporum that invade the hair shaft. The clinical presentation is typically single or multiple patches of hair loss, sometimes with a 'black dot' pattern (often with broken-off hairs), that may be accompanied by inflammation, scaling, pustules, and itching. Uncommon in adults, tinea capitis is predominantly seen in pre-pubertal children, more often boys than girls.

At least eight species of dermatophytes are associated with tinea capitis. Cases of Trichophyton infection predominate from Central America to the United States and in parts of Western Europe. Infections from Microsporum species are mainly in South America, Southern and Central Europe, Africa and the Middle East. The disease is infectious and can be transmitted by humans, animals, or objects that harbor the fungus. The fungus can also exist in a carrier state on the scalp, without clinical symptomatology. Treatment of tinea capitis requires an oral antifungal agent; griseofulvin is the most commonly used drug, but other newer antimycotic drugs, such as terbinafine, itraconazole, and fluconazole have started to gain acceptance, topical treatment include selenium sulfide shampoo.

Tinea faciei (face)

Tinea faciei is a fungal infection of the face.

It generally appears as a red rash on the face, followed by patches of small, raised bumps. The skin may peel while it is being treated.

Tinea faciei is contagious just by touch and can spread easily to all regions of skin.

Tinea barbae (beard)

Tinea barbæ (also known as "Barber's itch", [11] "Ringworm of the beard", [15] and "Tinea sycosis" [11] : 301 ) is a fungal infection of the hair. Tinea barbae is due to a dermatophytic infection around the bearded area of men. Generally, the infection occurs as a follicular inflammation, or as a cutaneous granulomatous lesion, i.e. a chronic inflammatory reaction. It is one of the causes of folliculitis. It is most common among agricultural workers, as the transmission is more common from animal-to-human than human-to-human. The most common causes are Trichophyton mentagrophytes and T. verrucosum.

Tinea imbricata (overlapping pattern)

Tinea imbricata (also known as "Tokelau" [11] ) is a superficial fungal infection of the skin limited to southwest Polynesia, Melanesia, Southeast Asia, India, and Central America. [11] : 303  [16]

It is associated with Trichophyton concentricum . [17]

Tinea nigra (black)

Tinea nigra (also known as "superficial phaeohyphomycosis", [2] and "Tinea nigra palmaris et plantaris" [18] ) is a superficial fungal infection that causes dark brown to black painless patches on the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet. [11]

Tinea versicolor (various colors)

Tinea versicolor (also known as dermatomycosis furfuracea, pityriasis versicolor, and tinea flava) [2] is a condition characterized by a skin eruption on the trunk and proximal extremities, hypopigmentation macule in area of sun induced pigmentation. During the winter the pigment becomes reddish brown. Recent research has shown that the majority of tinea versicolor is caused by the Malassezia globosa fungus, although Malassezia furfur is responsible for a small number of cases. [19] [20] These yeasts are normally found on the human skin and only become troublesome under certain circumstances, such as a warm and humid environment, although the exact conditions that cause initiation of the disease process are poorly understood. [19] [21] Treatment include [griseofulivin], topical selenium shampoo and topical ketoconazole.

The condition pityriasis versicolor was first identified in 1846. [22] Versicolor comes from the Latin, from versāre to turn + color. [23]

Tinea incognito (disguised)

Tinea incognito is a fungal infection (mycosis) of the skin caused by the presence of a topical immunosuppressive agent. The usual agent is a topical corticosteroid (topical steroid). As the skin fungal infection has lost some of the characteristic features due to suppression of inflammation, it may have a poorly defined border, skin atrophy, telangiectasia, and florid growth. Occasionally, secondary infection with bacteria occurs with concurrent pustules and impetigo. [24]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tinea cruris</span> Fungal infection

Tinea cruris, also known as jock itch, is a common type of contagious, superficial fungal infection of the groin and buttocks region, which occurs predominantly but not exclusively in men and in hot-humid climates.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Athlete's foot</span> Skin infection caused by fungus

Athlete's foot, known medically as tinea pedis, is a common skin infection of the feet caused by a fungus. Signs and symptoms often include itching, scaling, cracking and redness. In rare cases the skin may blister. Athlete's foot fungus may infect any part of the foot, but most often grows between the toes. The next most common area is the bottom of the foot. The same fungus may also affect the nails or the hands. It is a member of the group of diseases known as tinea.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Terbinafine</span> Antifungal medication

Terbinafine, sold under the brand name Lamisil among others, is an antifungal medication used to treat pityriasis versicolor, fungal nail infections, and ringworm including jock itch and athlete's foot. It is either taken by mouth or applied to the skin as a cream or ointment. The cream and ointment are not effective for nail infections.

Dermatophyte is a common label for a group of fungus of Arthrodermataceae that commonly causes skin disease in animals and humans. Traditionally, these anamorphic mold genera are: Microsporum, Epidermophyton and Trichophyton. There are about 40 species in these three genera. Species capable of reproducing sexually belong in the teleomorphic genus Arthroderma, of the Ascomycota. As of 2019 a total of nine genera are identified and new phylogenetic taxonomy has been proposed.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tinea corporis</span> Medical condition

Tinea corporis is a fungal infection of the body, similar to other forms of tinea. Specifically, it is a type of dermatophytosis that appears on the arms and legs, especially on glabrous skin; however, it may occur on any superficial part of the body.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tinea capitis</span> Cutaneous fungal infection of the scalp

Tinea capitis is a cutaneous fungal infection (dermatophytosis) of the scalp. The disease is primarily caused by dermatophytes in the genera Trichophyton and Microsporum that invade the hair shaft. The clinical presentation is typically single or multiple patches of hair loss, sometimes with a 'black dot' pattern, that may be accompanied by inflammation, scaling, pustules, and itching. Uncommon in adults, tinea capitis is predominantly seen in pre-pubertal children, more often boys than girls.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fungal infection</span> Disease caused by fungi to animals or humans

Fungal infection, also known as mycosis, is a disease caused by fungi. Different types are traditionally divided according to the part of the body affected; superficial, subcutaneous, and systemic. Superficial fungal infections include common tinea of the skin, such as tinea of the body, groin, hands, feet and beard, and yeast infections such as pityriasis versicolor. Subcutaneous types include eumycetoma and chromoblastomycosis, which generally affect tissues in and beneath the skin. Systemic fungal infections are more serious and include cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, pneumocystis pneumonia, aspergillosis and mucormycosis. Signs and symptoms range widely. There is usually a rash with superficial infection. Fungal infection within the skin or under the skin may present with a lump and skin changes. Pneumonia-like symptoms or meningitis may occur with a deeper or systemic infection.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dermatophytosis</span> Fungal infection of the skin

Dermatophytosis, also known as ringworm, is a fungal infection of the skin (Dermatomycosis). Typically it results in a red, itchy, scaly, circular rash. Hair loss may occur in the area affected. Symptoms begin four to fourteen days after exposure. Multiple areas can be affected at a given time.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Onychomycosis</span> Medical condition

Onychomycosis, also known as tinea unguium, is a fungal infection of the nail. Symptoms may include white or yellow nail discoloration, thickening of the nail, and separation of the nail from the nail bed. Fingernails may be affected, but it is more common for toenails. Complications may include cellulitis of the lower leg. A number of different types of fungus can cause onychomycosis, including dermatophytes and Fusarium. Risk factors include athlete's foot, other nail diseases, exposure to someone with the condition, peripheral vascular disease, and poor immune function. The diagnosis is generally suspected based on the appearance and confirmed by laboratory testing.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tinea manuum</span> Medical condition

Tinea manuum is a fungal infection of the hand, mostly a type of dermatophytosis, often part of two feet-one hand syndrome. There is diffuse scaling on the palms or back of usually one hand and the palmer creases appear more prominent. When both hands are affected, the rash looks different on each hand, with palmer creases appearing whitish if the infection has been present for a long time. It can be itchy and look slightly raised. Nails may also be affected.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Butenafine</span> Chemical compound

Butenafine, sold under the brand names Lotrimin Ultra, Mentax, and Butop (India), is a synthetic benzylamine antifungal. It is structurally related to synthetic allylamine antifungals such as terbinafine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">KOH test</span> Test to differentiate between skin fungi

The KOH Test for Candida albicans, also known as a potassium hydroxide preparation or KOH prep, is a quick, inexpensive fungal test to differentiate dermatophytes and Candida albicans symptoms from other skin disorders like psoriasis and eczema.

<i>Trichophyton rubrum</i> Species of fungus

Trichophyton rubrum is a dermatophytic fungus in the phylum Ascomycota. It is an exclusively clonal, anthropophilic saprotroph that colonizes the upper layers of dead skin, and is the most common cause of athlete's foot, fungal infection of nail, jock itch, and ringworm worldwide. Trichophyton rubrum was first described by Malmsten in 1845 and is currently considered to be a complex of species that comprises multiple, geographically patterned morphotypes, several of which have been formally described as distinct taxa, including T. raubitschekii, T. gourvilii, T. megninii and T. soudanense.

<i>Trichophyton</i> Genus of Fungi

Trichophyton is a genus of fungi, which includes the parasitic varieties that cause tinea, including athlete's foot, ringworm, jock itch, and similar infections of the nail, beard, skin and scalp. Trichophyton fungi are molds characterized by the development of both smooth-walled macro- and microconidia. Macroconidia are mostly borne laterally directly on the hyphae or on short pedicels, and are thin- or thick-walled, clavate to fusiform, and range from 4 to 8 by 8 to 50 μm in size. Macroconidia are few or absent in many species. Microconidia are spherical, pyriform to clavate or of irregular shape, and range from 2 to 3 by 2 to 4 μm in size.

Whitfield's ointment is an acidic ointment used for the topical treatment of dermatophytosis, such as athlete's foot. It can have a slight burning effect that goes away after a few minutes. It is named after Arthur Whitfield (1868–1947), a British dermatologist.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fungal folliculitis</span> Inflammation of hair follicles due to fungal infection

Majocchi's granuloma is a skin condition characterized by deep, pustular plaques, and is a form of tinea corporis. It is a localized form of fungal folliculitis. Lesions often have a pink and scaly central component with pustules or folliculocentric papules at the periphery. The name comes from Domenico Majocchi, who discovered the disorder in 1883. Majocchi was a professor of dermatology at the University of Parma and later the University of Bologna. The most common dermatophyte is called Trichophyton rubrum.

<i>Microsporum gypseum</i> Species of fungus

Microsporum gypseum is a soil-associated dermatophyte that occasionally is known to colonise and infect the upper dead layers of the skin of mammals. The name refers to an asexual "form-taxon" that has been associated with four related biological species of fungi: the pathogenic taxa Arthroderma incurvatum, A. gypsea, A. fulva and the non-pathogenic saprotroph A. corniculata. More recent studies have restricted M. gypseum to two teleomorphic species A. gypseum and A. incurvatum. The conidial states of A. fulva and A. corniculata have been assigned to M. fulvum and M. boullardii. Because the anamorphic states of these fungi are so similar, they can be identified reliably only by mating. Two mating strains have been discovered, "+" and "–". The classification of this species has been based on the characteristically rough-walled, blunt, club-shaped, multicelled macroconidia. Synonyms include Achorion gypseum, Microsporum flavescens, M. scorteum, and M. xanthodes. There has been past nomenclatural confusion in the usage of the generic names Microsporum and Microsporon.

<i>Microsporum gallinae</i> Species of fungus

Microsporum gallinae is a fungus of the genus Microsporum that causes dermatophytosis, commonly known as ringworm. Chickens represent the host population of Microsporum gallinae but its opportunistic nature allows it to enter other populations of fowl, mice, squirrels, cats, dogs and monkeys. Human cases of M. gallinae are rare, and usually mild, non-life-threatening superficial infections.

<i>Epidermophyton floccosum</i> Species of fungus

Epidermophyton floccosum is a filamentous fungus that causes skin and nail infections in humans. This anthropophilic dermatophyte can lead to diseases such as tinea pedis, tinea cruris, tinea corporis and onychomycosis. Diagnostic approaches of the fungal infection include physical examination, culture testing, and molecular detection. Topical antifungal treatment, such as the use of terbinafine, itraconazole, voriconazole, and ketoconazole, is often effective.

Topical antifungaldrugs are used to treat fungal infections on the skin, scalp, nails, vagina or inside the mouth. These medications come as creams, gels, lotions, ointments, powders, shampoos, tinctures and sprays. Most antifungal drugs induce fungal cell death by destroying the cell wall of the fungus. These drugs inhibit the production of ergosterol, which is a fundamental component of the fungal cell membrane and wall.

References

  1. ↑ "tinea". medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com. Retrieved 2012-07-25.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007). Dermatology: 2-Volume Set. St. Louis: Mosby. p. 1135. ISBN   978-1-4160-2999-1.
  3. 1 2 Braun-Falco, Otto et al. 2000. Dermatology. Berlin: Springer, p. 323.
  4. 1 2 Bell-Syer, SE; Khan, SM; Torgerson, DJ (17 October 2012). Bell-Syer, Sally EM (ed.). "Oral treatments for fungal infections of the skin of the foot" (PDF). The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 10 (10): CD003584. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003584.pub2. PMC   7144818 . PMID   23076898.
  5. ↑ Rivera, ZS; Losada, L; Nierman, WC (October 2012). "Back to the future for dermatophyte genomics". mBio. 3 (6): e00381–12. doi:10.1128/mBio.00381-12. PMC   3487774 . PMID   23111872.
  6. ↑ Andrews, MD; Burns, M (May 2008). "Common tinea infections in children". American Family Physician. 77 (10): 1415–1420. PMID   18533375.
  7. ↑ Howell, PhD, Dr Daniel (2010). The Barefoot Book. Hunter House.
  8. ↑ "onychomycosis" "at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
  9. ↑ Szepietowski JC, Salomon J (2007). "Do fungi play a role in psoriatic nails?". Mycoses. 50 (6): 437–42. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0507.2007.01405.x. PMID   17944702. S2CID   37127086.
  10. ↑ Westerberg, DP; Voyack, MJ (Dec 1, 2013). "Onychomycosis: current trends in diagnosis and treatment". American Family Physician. 88 (11): 762–70. PMID   24364524.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 James, W. D.; Berger, T. G.; et al. (2006). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology. Saunders Elsevier. ISBN   0-7216-2921-0.
  12. ↑ "Tinea Cruris in Men: Bothersome but Treatable". U.S. Pharmacist. 30 (8): 13–17. 2005.
  13. ↑ Altmeyer, P.; Bacharach-Buhles, M. (2002). Enzyklopädie Dermatologie, Allergologie, Umweltmedizin. Springer. p. 1580. ISBN   978-3-540-41361-5.
  14. ↑ Freedberg IM, Fitzpatrick TB (2003). Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine. New York: McGraw-Hill, Medical Pub. Division. p. 645. ISBN   0-07-138076-0.
  15. ↑ Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007). Dermatology: 2-Volume Set. St. Louis: Mosby. p. 518. ISBN   978-1-4160-2999-1.
  16. ↑ Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007). Dermatology: 2-Volume Set. St. Louis: Mosby. p. 285. ISBN   978-1-4160-2999-1.
  17. ↑ Bonifaz A, Archer-Dubon C, Saúl A (July 2004). "Tinea imbricata or Tokelau". Int. J. Dermatol. 43 (7): 506–10. doi:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2004.02171.x. PMID   15230889. S2CID   45272404.[ dead link ]
  18. ↑ Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007). Dermatology: 2-Volume Set. St. Louis: Mosby. pp. Chapter 76. ISBN   978-1-4160-2999-1.
  19. 1 2 Morishita N; Sei Y. (December 2006). "Microreview of pityriasis versicolor and Malassezia species". Mycopathologia. 162 (6): 373–76. doi:10.1007/s11046-006-0081-2. PMID   17146580. S2CID   30397515.
  20. ↑ Prohic A; Ozegovic L. (January 2007). "Malassezia species isolated from lesional and non-lesional skin in patients with pityriasis versicolor". Mycoses. 50 (1): 58–63. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0507.2006.01310.x. PMID   17302750. S2CID   25493290.
  21. ↑ Weedon, D. (2002). Skin pathology (2nd ed.). Churchil Livingstone. ISBN   0-443-07069-5.
  22. ↑ Inamadar AC, Palit A (2003). "The genus Malassezia and human disease". Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 69 (4): 265–70. PMID   17642908.
  23. ↑ "versicolor". Collins English Dictionary — Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition. HarperCollins Publishers. Retrieved March 2, 2013.
  24. ↑ Habif, T. P. (1995) Clinical Dermatology. Mosby, 3rd ed.; pp. 41-42.
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