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See List of fortifications for a list of notable fortified structures. For city walls in particular, see List of cities with defensive walls.
Fossatum Africae 
Sungbo's Eredo, built during 800–1000 AD in Ijebu Ode in Ogun State, southwest Nigeria 
Great Wall of Tlaxcala, mentioned in the history of Bernal Díaz del Castillo 
Walls of Old San Juan, Puerto Rico 
The Great Wall of China, China – part of UNESCO site 438,. [2] This is mostly used to refer to the Ming Great Wall, built from 1368 to 1644, measures 8,850 km long. Great Wall of Qi, the oldest of the Chinese Great Walls. Great Wall of Yan (state) Great Wall of Zhongshan (state) Great Wall of Zhao (state) Great Wall of Qin dynasty Great Wall of Han dynasty (206 BC–220 AD), the longest Great Wall in history. Great Wall of Northern Wei dynasty Great Wall of Northern Qi dynasty Great Wall of the Jurchen Jin Dynasty (1115–1234), built to defend against northern nomadic tribes, once spanning over 2,500 kilometers long. [3] 
Great Wall of Western Xia Great Wall of the Khitan Liao dynasty 
Ranikot Fort, Also called 'The Great Wall of Pakistan', second largest wall of South Asia after Kumbhalgarh fort in India
Cheolli Jangseong, North Korea and China
Great Wall of Gorgan in Iran, (World's second longest [4] wall [5] )
Long Wall of Quảng Ngãi in Quảng Ngãi, Vietnam.
Kumbhalgarh, in Rajasthan, India
Walls of Constantinople in Turkey Anastasian Wall in Turkey
Antonine Wall in Scotland, United Kingdom – part of UNESCO site 430 [6] 
Aurelian Walls of Rome
Walls of Ston in Croatia 
Danevirke, Germany Roman limes in Upper Germania, Lower Germania and Rhaetia, Germany – part of UNESCO site 430 [6] Hadrian's Wall in England – part of UNESCO site 430 [6] [7] Long Wall (Thracian Chersonese) Offa's Dyke between Mercia (England) and Powys (Wales)
Serpent's Wall, the ancient walls in Ukraine Wall of Severus, between Roman Britain and [not recorded]
Silesia Walls, Poland 
Trajan's Wall, in Dobruja, Romania Athanaric's Wall, Romania Wat's Dyke parallel, for part of the distance, to Offa's Dyke, England:Wales.
Atlantic Wall in Nazi-occupied France 
Berlin Wall in Berlin separating West Berlin from East Germany 1961–1989 (in concrete: 1975–1989) [8] Inland Customs Line 2,500 miles (4,000 km) built 1843 onward in British India India–Pakistan barrier 
Bangladesh–India border 
Sections of the Israeli West Bank barrier, West Bank [9] 
Sections of the Blue Line between Lebanon and Israel [10] Belfast Peace Lines in Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK 
Korean Wall (alleged by DPRK), Korean Demilitarized Zone [11] 
Ceuta border fence, in Ceuta, Autonomous city of Spain
Melilla border fence in Melilla, Autonomous city of Spain 
US-Mexico Border [12] 
Frontier Closed Area along Hong Kong-China border
Hungary-Serbia Barrier 
Turkey-Syria Barrier Turkey-Iran Barrier 
Slovenian border Barrier 
Pakistan–Afghanistan barrier 
Myanmar-Bangladesh Border Fence India–Myanmar Barrier 
Moroccan Western Sahara Wall, in Western Sahara 
Poland–Belarus barrier [13] 
Communards' Wall in the Père Lachaise Cemetery, in Paris, France Democracy Wall, in Beijing (1978–1979)
Lennon Wall in Prague Vietnam Veterans Memorial, often called the Wall, in Washington, D.C. Pine Grove Cemetery, second-longest contiguous stone wall in the world, in Lynn, Massachusetts Lennon Wall in Hong Kong The 5th century is the time period from AD 401 through AD 500 (D) in accordance with the Julian calendar. The 5th century is noted for being a period of migration and political instability throughout Eurasia.
A wall is a structure and a surface that defines an area; carries a load; provides security, shelter, or soundproofing; or, is decorative. There are many kinds of walls, including:
A defensive wall is a fortification usually used to protect a city, town or other settlement from potential aggressors. The walls can range from simple palisades or earthworks to extensive military fortifications such as curtain walls with towers, bastions and gates for access to the city. From ancient to modern times, they were used to enclose settlements. Generally, these are referred to as city walls or town walls, although there were also walls, such as the Great Wall of China, Walls of Benin, Hadrian's Wall, Anastasian Wall, and the Atlantic Wall, which extended far beyond the borders of a city and were used to enclose regions or mark territorial boundaries. In mountainous terrain, defensive walls such as letzis were used in combination with castles to seal valleys from potential attack. Beyond their defensive utility, many walls also had important symbolic functions – representing the status and independence of the communities they embraced.
A fortification is a military construction designed for the defense of territories in warfare, and is used to establish rule in a region during peacetime. The term is derived from Latin fortis ("strong") and facere.
Borders are generally defined as geographical boundaries, imposed either by features such as oceans and terrain, or by political entities such as governments, sovereign states, federated states, and other subnational entities. Political borders can be established through warfare, colonization, or mutual agreements between the political entities that reside in those areas.
The Mexico–United States border wall is a series of vertical barriers along the Mexico–United States border intended to reduce illegal immigration to the United States from Mexico. The barrier is not a continuous structure but a series of obstructions variously classified as "fences" or "walls".
The Danevirke or Danework is a system of Danish fortifications in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. This historically important linear defensive earthwork across the neck of the Cimbrian peninsula was initiated by the Danes in the Nordic Iron Age about AD 650. It was later expanded multiple times during Denmark's Viking Age and High Middle Ages. The Danevirke was last used for military purposes in 1864 during the Second War of Schleswig.
Hangu Pass or Hanguguan is a pass separating the upper Yellow River and Wei valleys—the cradle of Chinese civilization and seat of its longtime capital Xi'an—from the fertile North China Plain. It lies on the south bank of the Yellow River just east of its eastward bend out of the Ordos Loop at Tong Pass in Shaanxi. It was the site of many battles during the Warring States and early imperial eras, when it was the chokepoint shielding Qin, Guanzhong, or Luoyang from outside attack. The term Hangu Pass refers to two locations: the Qin dynasty Hangu Pass in Hanguguan Town, Lingbao county, Sanmenxia city, Henan and secondly, the Han dynasty Hangu Pass in Xin’an county, Luoyang city, Henan. In 2014, the archeological site was recognized by UNESCO as part of the “Silk Roads: the Routes Network of Chang'an-Tianshan Corridor” World Heritage Site.
The foreign relations of Imperial China from the Qin dynasty until the Qing dynasty encompassed many situations as the fortunes of dynasties rose and fell. Chinese culture had influenced neighboring and distant countries, while being transformed by outside influences as well as being conquered. During the Western Han dynasty, the Silk Road trade routes were established and brought Hellenistic Central Asia, Persia under the Parthian Empire, and South Asia into contact with the Chinese empire. During the 2nd century BC, Zhang Qian became the first known Chinese diplomat to venture deep into Central Asia in search of allies against the Mongolic Xiongnu confederation. Han Chinese attempts were made at reaching the Roman Empire and although the mission led by Gan Ying in 97 AD was a failure, Chinese historical records nevertheless maintain that the Romans traveled to southern China and Vietnam via the Indian Ocean. Buddhism from India was introduced to China during the Eastern Han period and would spread to neighboring Vietnam, Korea, and Japan, all of which would adopt similar Confucian cultures based on the Chinese model.
The Great Wall of Gorgan is a Sasanian-era defense system located near modern Gorgan in the Golestān Province of northeastern Iran, at the southeastern corner of the Caspian Sea. The western, Caspian Sea, end of the wall is near the remains of the fort at: 37.13981°N 54.1788733°E; the eastern end of the wall, near the town of Pishkamar, is near the remains of the fort at: 37.5206739°N 55.5770498°E. The title coordinate is for the location of the remains of a fort midway along the wall.
Golconda is a fortified citadel and ruined city located on the western outskirts of Hyderabad, Telangana, India. The fort was originally built by Kakatiya ruler Pratāparudra in the 11th century out of mud walls. It was ceded to the Bahmani Kings from Musunuri Nayakas during the reign of the Bahmani Sultan Mohammed Shah I, during the first Bahmani-Vijayanagar War. Following the death of Sultan Mahmood Shah, the Sultanate disintegrated and Sultan Quli, who had been appointed as the Governor of Hyderabad by the Bahmani Kings, fortified the city and made it the capital of the Golconda Sultanate. Because of the vicinity of diamond mines, especially Kollur Mine, Golconda flourished as a trade centre of large diamonds known as Golconda Diamonds. Golconda fort is currently abandoned and in ruins. The complex was put by UNESCO on its "tentative list" to become a World Heritage Site in 2014, with other forts in the region, under the name Monuments and Forts of the Deccan Sultanate.
The Great Wall of China is a series of fortifications that were built across the historical northern borders of ancient Chinese states and Imperial China as protection against various nomadic groups from the Eurasian Steppe. Several walls were built from as early as the 7th century BC, with selective stretches later joined by Qin Shi Huang (220–206 BC), the first emperor of China. Little of the Qin wall remains. Later on, many successive dynasties built and maintained multiple stretches of border walls. The best-known sections of the wall were built by the Ming dynasty (1368–1644).
Ani is a ruined medieval Armenian city now situated in Turkey's province of Kars, next to the closed border with Armenia.
A punitive expedition is a military journey undertaken to punish a political entity or any group of people outside the borders of the punishing state or union. It is usually undertaken in response to perceived disobedient or morally wrong behavior by miscreants, as revenge or corrective action, or to apply strong diplomatic pressure without a formal declaration of war. In the 19th century, punitive expeditions were used more commonly as pretexts for colonial adventures that resulted in annexations, regime changes or changes in policies of the affected state to favour one or more colonial powers.
The history of the Great Wall of China began when fortifications built by various states during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods were connected by the first emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang, to protect his newly founded Qin dynasty against incursions by nomads from Inner Asia. The walls were built of rammed earth, constructed using forced labour, and by 212 BC ran from Gansu to the coast of southern Manchuria.
Hill Forts of Rajasthan are six forts, spread across Rajasthan state in northern India. They have been clustered as a series and designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2013. The hill forts series include—Chittor Fort at Chittorgarh, Kumbhalgarh Fort at Rajsamand, Ranthambore Fort at Sawai Madhopur, Gagron Fort at Jhalawar, Amer Fort at Jaipur and Jaisalmer Fort at Jaisalmer.
A border barrier, border fence or border wall is a separation barrier that runs along or near an international border. Such barriers are typically constructed for border control purposes such as curbing illegal immigration, human trafficking, and smuggling. Some such barriers are constructed for defence or security reasons. In cases of a disputed or unclear border, erecting a barrier can serve as a de facto unilateral consolidation of a territorial claim that can supersede formal delimitation. A border barrier does not usually indicate the location of the actual border, and is usually constructed unilaterally by a country, without the agreement or cooperation of the other country.
Human migration is the movement by people from one place to another, particularly different countries, with the intention of settling temporarily or permanently in the new location. It typically involves movements over long distances and from one country or region to another. The number of people involved in every wave of immigration differs depending on the specific circumstances.
A defense line or fortification line is a geographically recognizable line of troops and armament, fortified and set up to protect a high-value location or defend territory.
Perimeter security refers to natural barriers or built fortifications to either keep intruders out or to keep captives contained within the area the boundary surrounds.
