Little Rock recruiting office shooting

Last updated
2009 Little Rock
military recruiting office shooting
Part of terrorism in the United States
Pulaski County Arkansas Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Little Rock Highlighted.svg
Left – Little Rock, shown within Pulaski County Right – Pulaski County, shown within Arkansas
Location9112 North Rodney Parham Road,
Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
Coordinates 34°45′33″N92°22′31″W / 34.75918°N 92.37533°W / 34.75918; -92.37533
DateJune 1, 2009 (2009-06-01)
10:19 a.m.
TargetU.S. military recruiting office
Attack type
 Drive-by shooting
Weapons SKS rifle
Deaths1 (Private William Andrew Long)
Injured1 (Private Quinton I. Ezeagwula)
PerpetratorAbdulhakim Mujahid Muhammad

The 2009 Little Rock recruiting office shooting took place on June 1, 2009, when Carlos Leon Bledsoe opened fire with a rifle in a drive-by shooting on soldiers in front of a United States military recruiting office in Little Rock, Arkansas. He killed Private William Long and wounded Private Quinton Ezeagwula.

Contents

After his arrest, Bledsoe acknowledged shooting the men. He told police that he had intended to kill as many Army personnel as possible. He had an SKS rifle, a Mossberg 702 Plinkster rifle, two handguns, 562 rounds of ammunition, and military books in his car. Bledsoe was charged with capital murder, attempted capital murder, and 10 counts of unlawful discharge of a weapon. Bledsoe also reportedly faced 15 counts of engaging in a terrorist act. [1]

A convert to Islam, Carlos Bledsoe (who changed his name to Abdulhakim Mujahid Muhammad) had gone to Yemen in 2007 to teach English, staying about 16 months. He was deported from Yemen to the United States, after having been detained for overstaying his visa.

In January 2010, Bledsoe wrote to the judge in his case. He claimed that he was sent on the attacks by Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP), and pleaded guilty to the charges of capital murder. [2] He had not consulted with his lawyers, and no independent confirmation of his claim has been made. [2] His father described him as "unable to process reality". [2] [3] [4] [5]

The lead prosecutor for Pulaski County, Arkansas, said about Bledsoe's attack, "If you strip away what he says, self-serving or not, it's just an awful killing, it's like a lot of other killings we have." [4]

His shooting attack was the first of two in 2009 at US military facilities. In the Fort Hood shooting in November, US Army psychiatrist Nidal Malik Hasan shot and killed 13 and wounded 32 other soldiers. A Senate special report chaired by the Independent Joseph Lieberman declared it "the deadliest terrorist attack within the United States since September 11, 2001". [6] Hasan was charged with murder and was sentenced to death.

The Arkansas prosecutor took the Bledsoe case to trial in 2011. The defense lawyers said that the young man suffered "a delusional disorder".[ citation needed ] During the trial, Bledsoe changed his plea to guilty and the prosecutor accepted it. On July 25, 2011, Bledsoe was sentenced to life in prison.

At trial, the suspect was charged by the state with capital murder and related charges, not terrorism. Some terrorism experts have noted a connection to other homegrown terror plots in recent years, including targets, ideological motives, and religious inspiration. Other experts stated that the suspect had personal problems, making him vulnerable to recruitment into a fanatical ideology. [7]

Shooting

Attack

An SKS rifle, the type used by Bledsoe in the attack Norinco SKS.jpg
An SKS rifle, the type used by Bledsoe in the attack

Bledsoe drove by the Little Rock U.S. Army recruiting center at 9112 North Rodney Parham Road near Reservoir Road in a black 2003 Ford Explorer Sport Trac at 10:19 a.m. on June 1, 2009. Private William Andrew "Andy" Long, 23, of Conway, Arkansas, and Private Quinton I. Ezeagwula, 18, of Jacksonville, Arkansas, were standing outside the recruiting center in uniform, smoking cigarettes. The two victims had completed basic training two weeks prior, and volunteered to work as recruiters, which was not their regular assignment. Bledsoe approached them in his vehicle, stopped, and shot them with an SKS rifle. [1] [8] [9]

A witness, Lance P. Luplow, heard approximately seven loud bangs and then saw a black truck with tinted windows speeding away, with its tailgate down spilling bottles of water onto the street. [8] Luplow ran to Long, who had been shot several times and appeared to be dead. Ezeagwula was crawling to the door, holding a bloodied ear. Ezeagwula exclaimed: "Tell me this isn't real, tell me this isn't real". Other soldiers came to perform first aid and attempted CPR on Long. [10] Long was dead upon arrival at a hospital. Ezeagwula, who was shot in his back, head, and buttocks, was rushed into surgery at Baptist Hospital in critical condition. [1] [9]

Long's father later remarked: "They weren't on the battlefield, but apparently, the battlefield's here." [11]

In 2015, the Purple Heart was awarded to those who were shot. [12]

Attempted escape

Bledsoe drove away from the scene, hoping to reach Memphis, Tennessee, where he intended to switch cars. With police in pursuit, Bledsoe got confused in a construction zone and was captured, eight miles from the recruiting center, near the intersection of Interstate 30 and Interstate 630 in Little Rock. He surrendered to Little Rock police officers without incident. [9] [13]

He was wearing an ammunition belt when he exited his vehicle. He said: "It's a war going on against Muslims, and that is why I did it". [8] He used language "indicating an association with jihad", and claimed that he had explosives, but none were found. [1]

He was found to be in possession of an SKS rifle, a Mossberg 702 Plinkster with scope and laser sight, a .22 caliber handgun, a Lorcin L-380 semi-automatic handgun, 562 rounds of ammunition loaded in magazines, homemade sound suppressors, binoculars, a "suspicious" package, and two military books. A police search of his apartment turned up Molotov cocktails, homemade sound suppressors, and compact discs labeled in Arabic script. [13] [14] [15]

Motive and other targets

It's a war out against Islam and Muslims, and I'm on the side of the Muslims point blank ... The U.S. has to pay for the rape, murder, bloodshed, blasphemy it has done and still doing to the Muslims and Islam. So consider this a small retaliation, the best is to come Allah willing. This is not the first attack, and won't be the last. [8]

—Abdulhakim Mujahid Muhammad

Bledsoe later said he intentionally killed the soldiers, and would have killed more people if more had been there. [8] He said that he did not regard his action as murder, because American military actions in the Middle East justify the slaying of Americans. [16]

Law enforcement officials said Bledsoe had researched various targets around the United States, including military bases, government facilities, and synagogues. [17]

Perpetrator

The shooter, Carlos Leon Bledsoe, was born on July 9, 1985, in Memphis, Tennessee, to Melvin Bledsoe, a businessman and owner of Blues City Tours in Memphis, TN and his wife Linda. He has a sister Monica. Raised as a Baptist and considered a "sunny child", [18] he graduated from Craigmont High School in Memphis in 2003. He attended Tennessee State University in Nashville, Tennessee, for several semesters. [8] [18]

Bledsoe converted to Islam in 2004 at Masjid As-Salam, a Memphis mosque. He has said "I've loved jihad ever since I became Muslim." He became more devout and prayed regularly at the Islamic Center of Nashville, and wore Arab-style clothing. By 2007 he was a deeply religious Muslim and had legally changed his name to Abdulhakim Mujahid Muhammad. [8] [18]

Yemen (September 2007 – January 2009)

In 2007, Muhammad traveled to visit Yemen, where he stayed 16 months. He worked as an English teacher and learned how to speak Arabic. [8] While there, in September 2008 he married Reena Abdullah Ahmed Farag, an elementary school teacher from South Yemen. [8] [18]

Detention

In his handwritten letters of May to October 2010, Muhammad claimed to have known people in Yemen who "showed him around and helped him get started," but he refused to identify them for what he referred to as "security reasons." [8] He said he was on several occasions asked to conduct attacks on the United States, but had to refuse, as he did not know how to use explosives. [8] He said he tried to go to Somalia for the necessary training, particularly how to make car bombs. He wrote in 2010, "[H]ad I got this training my story would have ended a lot differently than it's going to end now. My drive-by would have been a drive-in, with no one escaping the aftermath." [8]

Muhammad was arrested at a roadside checkpoint in Yemen on November 14, 2008. He had overstayed his visa, did not have the required government travel permits, and was holding a fraudulent Somali passport. According to his 2010 letters about this period, in his car were books about explosives, literature by Anwar Al-Awlaki (the late cleric in Yemen linked to Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula), and videos and reading material about "Muslim soldiers in different parts of the world". [8]

Imprisoned for over two months in Yemen, Muhammad said that he was repeatedly interrogated but not subjected to torture. [8] He began his plans for jihad against the U.S. while he was in prison. James E. Hensley Jr., Bledsoe's American lawyer after his arrest in the United States, later said that he was radicalized by Islamic fundamentalists while in prison. [5]

Under pressure from the United States, Yemen deported Muhammad to the U.S. on January 29, 2008. [8] Because his original plan to travel to Somalia for bomb training had been foiled by his arrest in Yemen, Muhammad said Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) helped him create a new plan of attack. [8] Investigators have not independently confirmed his claims.

Return to the U.S. (January 2009–present)

Muhammad moved in with his parents in Memphis for several months on his return. He moved to Little Rock, Arkansas, in April, where his father opened an office of his tour bus business (Twin City Tours) to provide a job as a driver for his son and create a chance for him to bring his wife from Yemen. [18] [19]

Muhammad was investigated by the FBI's Joint Terrorism Task Force when he returned. The Task Force also investigated the suspect's visit to Columbus, Ohio; authorities had monitored some Somali Americans traveling from there to Somalia to "wage jihad." [8] [13] [20] [21]

According to Muhammed's seven handwritten letters from May to October 2010, which he sent to The Commercial Appeal newspaper, he described his planning and activities related to his June 2009 attack. He claimed to have bought several used guns as a way to avoid scrutiny, stockpiled ammunition, practiced target shooting, and bought a .22-caliber rifle at Wal-Mart to determine whether he was being watched. [8]

Muhammad said in his letters that none of his attacks had gone as planned. [8] His initial plan was to kill rabbis and target Zionist organizations, and to attack army recruiting centers. According to the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, he used Google Maps to plan attacks on recruiting centers in at least five states (including in New York, Atlanta, Louisville, and Philadelphia). He also intended to target Times Square in New York City, Jewish institutions (including in Atlanta), a day-care center, a post office, and a Baptist church. [11] [22]

In an interview, Muhammad said his jihad started in Little Rock. He then drove to Nashville and threw a Molotov cocktail at an orthodox rabbi's house, but the device failed to detonate. He drove to an Army recruiting center in Florence, Kentucky, because it was close to the highway and near the Ohio border. But the center was closed. [8] He then returned to Little Rock, where he shot the soldiers at the recruiting station.

He was indicted on one count of capital murder and 15 counts of terrorist acts. [1] [8] [17] [23]

Mention in Congressional hearings

In a March 2011 Congressional hearing addressing the issue of domestic radicalization of Muslims, Muhammad's father spoke of his son's descent into extremism. Bledsoe described his son's religious conversion and travels to Yemen, where he had been "trained and programmed" to kill. Bledsoe said, "Our children are in danger," and that, "It seems to me that Americans are sitting around doing nothing about radical extremists. This is a big elephant in the room." [24] On an earlier occasion, Bledsoe had said, "If it can happen to my son, it can happen to anyone's son." [4]

I knew this would end with the enemies of Allah killing me. But the good thing is—Martyrs don't die! Allah says, "Don't think of those who are killed for the sake of Allah as dead. Rather they are alive with their Lord." (Qur'an 3:169) And that's what I believe. The jihad lives on. [8]

—Abdulhakim Mujahid Muhammad

Bledsoe was charged by the state of Arkansas with capital murder, attempted capital murder, and 10 counts of unlawful discharge of a weapon. [2] Prosecutors sought the death penalty. [8]

He was held in the Pulaski County Detention Center, awaiting a scheduled February 2011 jury trial. [8] In January 2010, Arkansas Judge Herbert Wright ordered the State's Public Defenders Commission to pay part of the bill for Bledsoe's private attorney. [25] That same month, in a two-page, handwritten letter to the judge in his case, Bledsoe changed his plea to guilty. He claimed to be a "soldier in Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula" (AQAP), and described the recruiting office shooting as a "Jihadi attack." He said he was part of Abu Basir's Army, a reference to Naser Abdel-Karim al-Wahishi, the AQAP leader in Yemen. Bledsoe affirmed that his sanity was intact, and that he was acting of his own volition in changing his plea. [26]

At the time the County Prosecutor Jegley said that he was still intending to go to trial; he would have had to recommend that Muhammed's plea be accepted for the court to do so. He said he was not going to have the defendant determine the course of the trial. [27]

Bledsoe wrote at the time, "I wasn't insane or post-traumatic, nor was I forced to do this Act. The attack was justified according to Islamic Laws and the Islamic Religion. Jihad—to fight those who wage war on Islam and Muslims." [2] Bledsoe did not discuss his change in plea with his lawyers ahead of time.

Discussing his claim of affiliation with the Al-Qaeda group in Yemen led by al-Awlaki (killed in September 2011) and al-Wahishi, he wrote in his letters of May to October 2010:

Far as Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula ... yes, I'm affiliated with them. ... Our goal is to rid the Islamic world of idols and idolaters, paganism and pagans, infidelity and infidels, hypocrisy and hypocrites, apostasy and apostates, democracy and democrats, and relaunch the Islamic caliphate ... and to establish Islamic law (Shari'ah). [8]

Bledsoe's father Melvin Bledsoe said he doubted whether his son had any such ties. Bledsoe described his son as "unable to process reality" and being so "brainwashed" that he wanted to be convicted of terrorism and executed, thus becoming a martyr. [2]

Charges and trial

The lead prosecutor for Pulaski County, Arkansas, believed Bledsoe acted alone, as did other law enforcement officials: "If you strip away what he says, self-serving or not, it's just an awful killing, it's like a lot of other killings we have." [4] They and his father Melvin Bledsoe said there was no evidence Bledsoe was ever in contact with Anwar al-Awlaki. [4]

In June 2010, Bledsoe was charged with assaulting an inmate with a weapon fashioned out of eyeglasses, after a similar attack on a jail officer in April. [28]

Both the prosecutor and Bledsoe's lawyers wanted to go to trial, which started in 2011. His lawyers defended him on the grounds that he suffered "a delusional disorder." [29] [30] During the trial, Bledsoe changed his plea to guilty. On July 25, 2011, the judge sentenced Muhammed to life in prison without the possibility of parole. [30] [31]

Significance

The suspect was noted in early press accounts as among recent Muslim converts planning or carrying out violent attacks that security experts called a disturbing new domestic trend. The attack came less than two weeks after a foiled bomb plot on two synagogues in Riverdale, New York, led by four men with records of incarceration, drug abuse and mental illness. [32] Although the four men were originally identified by some sources as having converted to Islam in prison or shortly after their incarcerations, [33] the New York Times reported that their religious affiliation was uncertain, and they had never served together in prison. [32] Two had registered as Baptist and one as Catholic in earlier prison terms; one said he had converted to Islam and another listed no religion. They had no ties to any international terrorist organization. [32]

The New York Times noted of Bledsoe's alleged ties to Al-Qaeda, "If evidence emerges that his claim is true, it will give the June 1, 2009, shooting in Little Rock new significance at a time when Yemen is being more closely scrutinized as a source of terrorist plots against the United States." [2] No additional evidence at trial has confirmed Muhammed's claims and he was not charged with terrorism.[ citation needed ]

Some terrorism experts thought there was a connection in Muhammed's case to other homegrown terror plots in recent years, including targets, ideological motives and religious inspiration. Neil Livingstone, a terrorism consultant, said that people on the margins of society are "easy marks" for recruiters offering them ideological and fanatical religious justifications for violence, noting "Most of these guys — I think what it comes down to — they're misfits, they believe they've suffered injustice. ... They basically are striking back at society." [34]

Parents for Peace

In 2016, Bledsoe's family established the non-profit Parents for Peace 501(c)(3), as a resource for families dealing with the radicalization of a loved one. The organization runs the country's only confidential helpline for families concerned about the radicalization of a loved one. [35] [36]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Al-Qaeda</span> Pan-Islamic Sunni Jihadist organization (established 1988)

Al-Qaeda is a pan-Islamist militant organization led by Sunni Jihadists who self-identify as a vanguard spearheading a global Islamist revolution to unite the Muslim world under a supra-national Islamic caliphate. Its membership is mostly composed of Arabs, but also includes people from other ethnic groups. Al-Qaeda has mounted attacks on civilian, economic and military targets of the US and its allies; such as the 1998 US embassy bombings, the USS Cole bombing and the September 11 attacks. The organization is designated as a terrorist group by NATO, the UN Security Council, the European Union, and various countries around the world.

Abdullah el-Faisal is a Jamaican Muslim cleric who preached in the United Kingdom until he was convicted of stirring up racial hatred and urging his followers to murder Jews, Hindus, Christians, Americans and other "unbelievers".

Islamic terrorism refers to terrorist acts carried out by fundamentalist militant Islamists and Islamic extremists.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anwar al-Awlaki</span> American-Yemeni imam and suspected Islamist extremist (1971–2011)

Anwar Nasser Abdulla al-Awlaki was an American-Yemeni lecturer and alleged jihadist who was killed in 2011 in Yemen by a U.S. government drone strike ordered by President Barack Obama. Al-Awlaki became the first U.S. citizen to be targeted and killed by a drone strike from the U.S. government. U.S. government officials have claimed that al-Awlaki was a key organizer for the Islamist militant group al-Qaeda.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Craigmont High School (Memphis, Tennessee)</span> Public high school in Memphis, Tennessee, United States

Craigmont High School is a public high school located in Memphis, Tennessee, in the Raleigh community. It was part of the Memphis City Schools district before consolidation with the Shelby County Schools district, beginning with the 2013-14 school year. It is home to the city's only International Studies Program. The school first opened in 1974 for only 7th through 10th grade students, but each subsequent year, added a grade higher. The first graduating class was the class of 1976. In 2001, the 7th and 8th grade students, along with the 6th grade students from Brownsville Road Optional Elementary School, formed the new Craigmont Middle School at the opposite end of the same block. This was done both to help overcrowding and to reduce the extreme age and maturity gaps present in a single building. Before the physical split between junior and senior high schools, junior high students remain relegated to the north end of the building for classes while those senior high students attended the majority of their classes in the south end of the school building. Beginning with the 1991-1992 school year, students from grade 9 would become a part of the senior high section of the building. Former principal, Dr. Ada Jane Walters, would go on to become the Tennessee State Commissioner of Education.

Mujahideen, or Mujahidin, is the plural form of mujahid, an Arabic term that broadly refers to people who engage in jihad, interpreted in a jurisprudence of Islam as the fight on behalf of God, religion or the community (ummah).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2009 Bronx terrorism plot</span> Foiled terrorism plot

On May 20, 2009, US law enforcement arrested four men in connection with a fake plot concocted by a Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) informant to shoot down military airplanes flying out of an Air National Guard base in Newburgh, New York, and blow up two synagogues in the Riverdale community of the Bronx using weapons supplied by the FBI. The group was led by Shahed Hussain, a Pakistani criminal who was working for the FBI to avoid deportation for having defrauded the New York State Department of Motor Vehicles. Hussain has never been charged in the United States with any terrorism related offenses and was paid nearly US$100,000 by the FBI for his work on this plot.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2009 Fort Hood shooting</span> Mass shooting near Killeen, Texas

On November 5, 2009, a mass shooting took place at Fort Hood, near Killeen, Texas. Nidal Hasan, a U.S. Army major and psychiatrist, fatally shot 13 people and injured more than 30 others. It was the deadliest mass shooting on an American military base and the deadliest terrorist attack in the United States since the September 11 attacks until it was surpassed by the San Bernardino attack in 2015.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nidal Hasan</span> American mass murderer and former U.S. Army officer

Nidal Malik Hasan is an American former United States Army major, physician and mass murderer convicted of killing 13 people and injuring more than 30 others in the Fort Hood mass shooting on November 5, 2009. Hasan, an Army Medical Corps psychiatrist, admitted to the shootings at his court-martial in August 2013.

Revolution Muslim (RM) was an organization based in New York City that advocated the establishment of a traditionalist Islamic state through the removal of the current rulers in Muslim-majority nations and an end to what they consider "Western imperialism". It was founded in 2007 by two American Muslim men: Jesse Curtis Morton and Yousef al-Khattab.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab</span> Nigerian attempted bomber incarcerated in a US federal prison

Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab popularly referred to as the "Underwear Bomber" or "Christmas Bomber", is a Nigerian terrorist who, at the age of 23, attempted to detonate plastic explosives hidden in his underwear while on board Northwest Airlines Flight 253, en route from Amsterdam to Detroit, Michigan, US on 25 December 2009.

Colleen Renée LaRose, also known as Jihad Jane and Fatima LaRose, is an American citizen who was convicted and sentenced to 10 years for terrorism-related crimes, including conspiracy to commit murder and providing material support to terrorists.

Anwar al-Awlaki was an American-Yemeni cleric killed in late 2011, who was identified in 2009 by the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) as a known, important "senior recruiter for al Qaeda", and a spiritual motivator.

<i>Inspire</i> (magazine) Online Jihadist magazine published by Al-Qaeda

Inspire is an English-language online magazine published by the organization al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP). The magazine is one of the many ways AQAP uses the Internet to reach its audience. Numerous international and domestic extremists motivated by radical interpretations of Islam have been influenced by the magazine and, in some cases, used its bomb-making instructions in their attempts to carry out attacks. The magazine is an important brand-building tool, not just of AQAP, but of all al-Qaeda branches, franchises and affiliates.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zachary Adam Chesser</span> American man who aided Al-Shabaab, a terrorist organization

Zachary Adam Chesser is an American convicted in 2010 for aiding al-Shabaab, a Somalia-based terrorist group aligned with al-Qaeda, which has been designated an terrorist organization by the U.S. government. On February 24, 2011, after pleading guilty, Chesser was sentenced in federal court to 25 years in prison. He is also known for his threats to South Park creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone for their depictions of Muhammad in an episode of that series.

Samir ibn Zafar Khan was a Saudi Arabian naturalized U.S. citizen, terrorist, and the editor and publisher of Inspire magazine, an English-language online magazine reported to be published by the Islamic terrorist group al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP). He was killed in a drone strike in Yemen together with Anwar al-Awlaki.

Islamic extremism in the United States comprises all forms of Islamic extremism occurring within the United States. Islamic extremism is an adherence to fundamentalist interpretations of Islam, potentially including the promotion of violence to achieve political goals. In the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 terror attacks, Islamic extremism became a prioritized national security concern of the U.S. government and a focus of many subsidiary security and law enforcement entities. Initially, the focus of concern was on foreign Islamic terrorist organizations, particularly al-Qaeda, but in the course of the years since the September 11 terror attacks, the focus has shifted more towards Islamic extremist radicalized individuals and jihadist networks within the United States.

<i>Charlie Hebdo</i> shooting 2015 terrorist attack in Paris, France

On 7 January 2015, at about 11:30 a.m. in Paris, France, the employees of the French satirical weekly magazine Charlie Hebdo were targeted in a terrorist shooting attack by two French-born Algerian Muslim brothers, Saïd Kouachi and Chérif Kouachi. Armed with rifles and other weapons, the duo murdered 12 people and injured 11 others; they identified themselves as members of al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula, which claimed responsibility for the attack. They fled after the shooting, triggering a manhunt, and were killed by the GIGN on 9 January. The Kouachi brothers' attack was followed by several related Islamist terrorist attacks across the Île-de-France between 7 and 9 January 2015, including the Hypercacher kosher supermarket siege, in which a French-born Malian Muslim took hostages and murdered four people before being killed by French commandos.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Curtis Culwell Center attack</span> 2015 failed Texas terrorist attack

The Curtis Culwell Center attack was a failed terrorist attack on an exhibit featuring cartoon images of Muhammad at the Curtis Culwell Center in Garland, Texas, US on May 3, 2015, which ended in a shootout with police guarding the event, and the deaths of the two perpetrators. The attackers shot an unarmed Garland Independent School District (GISD) security officer in the ankle. Shortly after opening fire, both attackers were shot by an off-duty Garland police officer and killed by SWAT.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Domestic terrorism</span> Terrorism committed in a country by its own natives or nationals, without support from abroad

Domestic terrorism or homegrown terrorism is a form of terrorism in which victims "within a country are targeted by a perpetrator with the same citizenship" as the victims. There are various different definitions of terrorism, with no universal agreement about it.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 "Officer's report and search warrant" (PDF). State of Arkansas. 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 17, 2011. Retrieved May 23, 2014.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Dao, James (January 21, 2010). "Man Claims Terror Ties in Little Rock Shooting". The New York Times . Archived from the original on 25 January 2010. Retrieved January 22, 2010.
  3. ↑ Mike Phelan; Mike Mount; Terry Frieden (June 1, 2009). "Suspect arrested in Arkansas recruiting center shooting". CNN. Archived from the original on 2010-01-06. Retrieved March 25, 2010.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Dao, James (February 16, 2010). "A Muslim Son, a Murder Trial and Many Questions". The New York Times. Arkansas;Yemen. Archived from the original on 2010-02-22. Retrieved June 23, 2010.
  5. 1 2 Dao, James (June 4, 2009). "Suspect's Lawyer Outlines Defense in Killing of Soldier". The New York Times. New York Times. Archived from the original on 2018-09-19. Retrieved January 29, 2010.
  6. ↑ COUNTERTERRORISM LESSONS FROM THE U.S. GOVERNMENT'S FAILURE TO PREVENT THE FORT HOOD ATTACK: A SPECIAL REPORT Archived 2012-04-04 at the Wayback Machine , BY JOSEPH I. LIEBERMAN, CHAIRMAN, SUSAN M. COLLINS, RANKING MEMBER
  7. ↑ "Little Rock Shooting Suspect Joins Growing List of Muslim Converts Accused of Targeting U.S. Published June 2, 2009 FoxNews.com". Fox News . Archived from the original on June 1, 2010. Retrieved January 29, 2010.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Kristina Goetz (November 13, 2010). "Muslim who shot soldier in Arkansas says he wanted to cause more death". The Commercial Appeal. The Knoxville News Sentinel. Archived from the original on 2010-11-17. Retrieved November 15, 2010.
  9. 1 2 3 "Army Recruiter Killed In LR Shooting". KTHV. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved November 18, 2010.
  10. ↑ Dao, James; Barnes, Steve (June 1, 2009). "Gunman Kills Soldier Outside Recruiting Station". The New York Times . Archived from the original on January 10, 2012. Retrieved February 3, 2010.
  11. 1 2 "Family of Soldier Killed Outside Recruiting Center Moved to Arkansas for Peace and Quiet". FOX News. June 23, 2009. Archived from the original on February 2, 2011. Retrieved November 18, 2010.
  12. ↑ Lauer, Claudia (16 April 2015). "Army recruiters shot in Little Rock to receive Purple Heart". Military Times. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 2015-06-12. Retrieved 10 June 2015.
  13. 1 2 3 Demillo, Andrew (January 22, 2010). "Prosecutor cool to plea shift in recruiter killing". Seattle Times. Archived from the original on 2011-06-22. Retrieved November 16, 2010.
  14. ↑ Kouri, Jim (June 7, 2009). "NYPD Intelligence Issues Update on Jihad at Army Recruiting Station". Huntington News. Archived from the original on 2009-11-07. Retrieved February 3, 2010.
  15. ↑ "Abdulhakim Mujahid Muhammad, Recruiter Shooting Suspect, Under FBI Investigation". ABC News. June 1, 2009. Archived from the original on 2012-01-13. Retrieved November 16, 2010.
  16. ↑ Gambrell, John (June 11, 2009). "Judge blocks phone for suspect in soldier shooting". ABC News . Associated Press . Retrieved January 28, 2010.[ dead link ]
  17. 1 2 "Arkansas shooter researched Jewish sites". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. June 4, 2009. Archived from the original on 2009-06-09. Retrieved January 28, 2010.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 Dao, James (February 17, 2010). "A Muslim Son, a Murder Trial and Many Questions". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2018-09-19. Retrieved 16 November 2010.
  19. ↑ "Recruiter murder suspect was being investigated". Army Times. June 3, 2009. Retrieved November 18, 2010.
  20. ↑ Thomas, Pierre; Esposito, Richard; Date, Jack (June 3, 2009). "Recruiter Shooting Suspect Had Ties to Extremist Locations Investigators Probing Attack to Determine Whether Shooting Suspect Acted Alone". ABC News . Archived from the original on June 4, 2011. Retrieved January 25, 2010.
  21. ↑ Andrew C. McCarthy (2009). Willful Blindness: A Memoir of the Jihad. Encounter Books. ISBN   9781594034480. Archived from the original on July 8, 2014. Retrieved November 16, 2010.
  22. ↑ "Abdulhakim Mujahid Muhammad, Recruiter Shooting Suspect, Under FBI Investigation". ABC News. June 3, 2009. Archived from the original on February 3, 2011. Retrieved November 16, 2010.
  23. ↑ Dao, James; Johnston, David (June 3, 2009). "Suspect in Soldier Attack Was Once Detained in Yemen". The New York Times . Archived from the original on 2018-09-19. Retrieved January 28, 2010.
  24. ↑ Sheryl Gay Stolberg; Laurie Goodstein (March 10, 2011). "Domestic Terrorism Hearing Opens With Contrasting Views on Dangers". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2018-09-19. Retrieved March 11, 2011.
  25. ↑ "Ark. to pay legal bills for accused shooter". Army Times. January 11, 2010. Retrieved November 16, 2010.
  26. ↑ "To Judge Wright, JR. from Abdul Hakim Muhammad" (PDF). The New York Times. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2011-06-06. Retrieved 18 February 2010.
  27. ↑ Andrew DeMillo, Seattle Times, 22 Jan 2010, accessed 1 January 2013
  28. ↑ "Man charged in recruiter shooting accused of jail stabbing". Arkansas Democrat-Gazette. arkansasonline.com. Jun 10, 2010. Archived from the original on 2011-06-12. Retrieved 23 June 2010.
  29. ↑ Khomami, Nadia (5 December 2015). "Terrorist attacks by violent jihadis in the US since 9/11". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 August 2021.
  30. 1 2 Burke, Robert A. (2017). Counter-Terrorism for Emergency Responders. Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 110. ISBN   9781498752008.
  31. ↑ "Man pleads guilty to recruiting center killing, gets life". CNN. 25 July 2011. Retrieved 26 August 2021.
  32. 1 2 3 Wilson, Michael (May 21, 2009). "In Bronx Bomb Case, Missteps Caught on Tape". NYT. Archived from the original on October 17, 2014. Retrieved May 22, 2009.
  33. ↑ Joseph Abrams (June 2, 2009). "Little Rock Shooting Suspect Joins Growing List of Muslim Converts Accused of Targeting U.S". Fox News. Archived from the original on June 8, 2009. Retrieved January 29, 2010.
  34. ↑ "Little Rock Shooting Suspect Joins Growing List of Muslim Converts Accused of Targeting U.S." Archived 2010-06-01 at the Wayback Machine , Fox News, 2 June 2009
  35. ↑ Reuters. “For Families of Radicalizing U.S. Youth, a Help Line.” April 13, 2017, sec. U.S. News. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-security-help-line-idUSKBN17F160
  36. ↑ Allam, Hannah. “‘We Were Blindsided’: Families Of Extremists Form Group To Fight Hate.” NPR, December 12, 2019, sec. National. https://www.npr.org/2019/12/12/787295283/we-were-blindsided-families-of-extremists-form-group-to-fight-hate.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.