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| Liu Bao | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Traditional Chinese | 劉豹 | ||
| Simplified Chinese | 刘豹 | ||
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Liu Bao (died 279) was a Southern Xiongnu leader who lived during the late Eastern Han dynasty and Three Kingdoms period of China. His son,Liu Yuan,founded the Han-Zhao dynasty during the Sixteen Kingdoms period.
Liu Bao was a member of the Luandi clan as the son of the Southern Xiongnu chanyu,Yufuluo. When Yufuluo died in 195,his younger brother Huchuquan inherited the position of chanyu in accordance with the lateral succession order and appointed Liu Bao as the Wise Prince of the Left (or Wise Prince of the Right). [1] In 216,Huchuquan travelled to Ye (present-day Handan,Hebei) to receive nominal titles from the Han imperial court and remained in city. The Southern Xiongnu in Bing province were divided into five divisions,and Liu Bao,along with the Wise Prince of the Right (or Wise Prince of the Left),Qubei,was appointed to supervise them in Huchuquan's stead. [2]
During the Jiaping era (249–254),Liu Bao unified the five divisions,which caught the attention of the Cao Wei general,Deng Ai. Deng Ai advocated to the Wei paramount ruler,Sima Shi for the Southern Xiongnu to be divided into two,although it would not be until the Xianxi era (264–266) when they were re-split into three and then into four. [3] Liu Bao also had to send his son,Liu Yuan to the imperial capital,Luoyang,as a hostage to prevent him from rebelling. Soon,the Southern Xiongnu in Bing were once again living in five divisions. [4] Liu Bao died in 279 and was succeeded Liu Yuan,who found the Han-Zhao dynasty in 304.
Some modern Chinese scholars like Tang Changru (唐长孺) and Chen Yong (陈勇) have cast doubt on the claim of Liu Bao being the son of Yufuluo due to discrepancies in the record,such as the long time span between when Liu Bao was first active as Wise Prince of the Left in 195 and his death in 279. Tang in particular believed that Liu Bao was a member of the non-related but powerful Tuge tribe (屠各部),also known as Xiuchuge (休屠各). Liu Yuan may have fabricated his ties to the chanyu family and the Han dynasty (due to the marriage between the first chanyu,Modu Chanyu and a Han princess) to increase his legitimacy with the establishment of Han-Zhao. [5] [6]
Liu Bao may have also been the Wise Prince of the Left who took the poet,Cai Yan as his concubine after Li Jue's coup in Chang'an in 195. They had two children together but in 207,he agreed to release her after the Han chancellor,Cao Cao,paid him a heavy ransom. [7] However,it is highly uncertain if the Wise Prince of the Left was indeed Liu Bao,given that the records do not mention him by name,that he may have instead been the Wise Prince of the Right,and that there are doubts regarding his relationship to Yufuluo.
Deng Ai,courtesy name Shizai,was a Chinese military general and politician of the state of Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He is best known for his pivotal role in the Wei conquest of its rival state,Shu,in 263. He was described as a very loyal subject who made great contributions to Wei,but was also noted for his arrogance and audacity,which led to his downfall and death.
The Yuwen is a Chinese compound surname originated from a pre-state clan of Xianbei ethnicity of Xiongnu origin during the era of Sixteen Kingdoms in China,until its destruction by Former Yan's prince Murong Huang in 345. Among the eastern Xianbei clans that ranged from the central part of the present day Liaoning province and eastward,Yuwen clan was the largest,and was awarded the position of the leader of eastern Xianbei (東部大人) by Chinese rulers. A descendant of the Yuwen tribe,Yuwen Tai,established the Northern Zhou Dynasty in the 6th century.
Yuanhe Xingzuan "The register of the great families from the Yuanhe reign (806-820)" vol. 6,the Yuwen part 2 records:
(宇文)本遼東南單于之後,有普回因獵得玉璽,以為天授. 鮮卑俗呼天子為宇文,因號宇文氏.
(The Yuwen) originally were the descendants of the southern Shanyu. Someone within them called Puhui got a jade seal when he was hunting. This was regarded as a sign of imperial enthronement from heaven. According to Xianbei tradition,the son of the heaven was called the Yuwen. Thus (Puhui) called himself the Yuwen.
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