Zhou Tai (Cao Wei)

Last updated
Zhou Tai
州泰
General Who Attacks Barbarians (征虜將軍)
In office
? (?)–261 (261)
Monarch Cao Huan
Inspector of Yu Province (豫州刺史)
In office
? (?)–? (?)
Monarch Cao Mao
Inspector of Yan Province (兖州刺史)
In office
? (?)–? (?)
Monarch Cao Mao
Administrator of Xincheng (新城太守)
In office
c. 228 (c. 228)–? (?)
Monarch Cao Fang
Personal details
BornUnknown
Died261 [1]
OccupationGeneral
Posthumous name Marquis Zhuang (壯侯) [1]

Zhou Tai (died 261) [1] was a military general who served in the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China.

Contents

Life

Zhou Tai was from Nanyang Commandery (南陽郡), which is around present-day Nanyang, Henan. He came from the same commandery as Deng Ai and was around the same age as him. He was described as "eager to achieve glory, and well-versed in military tactics". [2]

Early in his career, Zhou Tai served as an Assistant Officer (從事) to Pei Qian (裴潛), the Inspector (刺史) of Jing Province. Sometime between 227 and 230, when the general Sima Yi was stationed at Wan County (宛縣; present-day Wancheng District, Nanyang, Henan) to oversee the military affairs of Jing and Yu provinces, [3] Zhou Tai became acquainted with Sima Yi after frequently helping Sima Yi and Pei Qian deliver messages to each other. [4]

In 227, when Sima Yi led Wei forces to suppress a rebellion by Meng Da in Xincheng Commandery (新城郡; around present-day Fang County, Hubei), he recruited Zhou Tai to serve an officer in his army. Later, when his parents and grandfather died, Zhou Tai had to retire temporarily to perform filial mourning for nine years. Sima Yi valued Zhou Tai so much that he reserved a position for him. After 36 days, Zhou Tai was appointed as the new Administrator (太守) of Xincheng Commandery. [5] Sima Yi secretly instructed a Master of Writing (尚書) [lower-alpha 1] to tease Zhou Tai, "You discarded your plain clothing and entered a high office. After only 36 days, you now wield great power and command the armed forces in a commandery. It's like a beggar riding on a (horse-drawn) carriage – that's really fast!" Zhou Tai quipped, "You're right. You come from a famous aristocratic family, and you're already known for your talents since you were young. That's why you're still a Master of Writing. It's like a macaque riding on an ox – that's really slow!" Everyone present was amused. [7]

In the spring of 251, the Wei emperor Cao Fang ordered Wang Ji (Inspector of Jing Province) and Zhou Tai (then Administrator of Xincheng Commandery) to lead forces to attack Wei's rival state, Eastern Wu. They defeated the enemy and forced thousands of enemy troops into surrendering. [8]

Zhou Tai climbed the ranks steadily in the 250s and became the Inspector (刺史) of Yan Province and later the Inspector of Yu Province. [9] In the summer of 257, the Wei general Zhuge Dan started a rebellion in Shouchun (壽春; present-day Shou County, Anhui) with support from Wei's rival state, Eastern Wu. Zhou Tai, then the Inspector of Yan Province, received orders from the Wei regent Sima Zhao to mobilise troops to suppress the rebellion. Sima Zhao sent troops under the command of Zhou Tai, Shi Bao (石苞; General of Uplifting Martial Might (奮武將軍) and overseer of military affairs in Qing Province), Hu Zhi (胡質; Inspector of Xu Province) and others to attack Zhuge Dan and his Wu allies. Zhou Tai defeated Wu forces led by Zhu Yi at Yangyuan (陽淵). As Zhu Yi and his men attempted to retreat, Zhou Tai led his forces in pursuit and killed and wounded over 2,000 enemy troops. [10] In autumn, the Wu general Sun Chen ordered Zhu Yi, Ding Feng, Li Fei (黎斐) and three others to lead troops to relieve the siege on Shouchun. They left their supplies and heavy equipment at Dulu (都陸) and advanced toward Lijiang (黎漿). Shi Bao and Zhou Tai attacked and defeated them. [11] The rebellion was completely suppressed by early 258. [12]

The highest office Zhou Tai ever reached was General Who Attacks Barbarians (征虜將軍). He was also given imperial authority to supervise military affairs in the Jiangnan region. [13] He died in 261 and was posthumously appointed as General of the Guards (衞將軍), and given the posthumous title "Marquis Zhuang" (壯侯). [1]

See also

Notes

  1. The Shiyu (世語) identified Zhong Yao as the Master of Writing (尚書) who teased Zhou Tai. However, it is unlikely that it was Zhong Yao because Zhong Yao had already been promoted to the highly prestigious office of Grand Tutor (太傅) around 227. [6] Besides, Zhong Yao, as Grand Tutor, was at least on par in terms of prestige with Sima Yi, who was General of Chariots and Cavalry (驃騎將軍) at the time, so it made no sense for Zhong Yao to do as Sima Yi instructed.

Related Research Articles

Yellow Turban Rebellion Peasant revolt against the Eastern Han dynasty

The Yellow Turban Rebellion, also translated as the Yellow Scarves Rebellion, was a peasant revolt in China against the Eastern Han dynasty. The uprising broke out in 184 AD during the reign of Emperor Ling. Although the main rebellion was suppressed by 185 AD, pockets of resistance continued and smaller rebellions emerged in later years. It took 21 years until the uprising was fully suppressed in 205 AD. The rebellion, which got its name from the colour of the cloths that the rebels wore on their heads, marked an important point in the history of Taoism due to the rebels' association with secret Taoist societies. The revolt was also used as the opening event in the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms.

Zhang He general serving warlord Cao Cao (died 231)

Zhang He, courtesy name Junyi, was a military general serving under the warlord Cao Cao in the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. He continued serving in the state of Cao Wei under its first two rulers, Cao Pi and Cao Rui, during the Three Kingdoms period until his death.

Wei Yan State of Shu Han general (died 234)

Wei Yan, courtesy name Wenchang, was a military general of the state of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period of China. Originally a subordinate of the warlord Liu Bei in the late Eastern Han dynasty, Wei Yan rose through the ranks and became a general when Liu Bei seized control of Yi Province in 214. His performance in battle helped him to become a prominent figure in the Shu military in a short period of time. He was later appointed as the Administrator of Hanzhong Commandery and as an Area Commander in 219. Between 228 and 234, he participated actively in the Northern Expeditions led by the Shu regent Zhuge Liang against Shu's rival state, Cao Wei. After Zhuge Liang's death in 234, Wei Yan was killed by another Shu general, Ma Dai, for alleged treason.

Deng Ai Military general

Deng Ai, courtesy name Shizai, was a Chinese military general and politician of the state of Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He is best known for his pivotal role in the Wei conquest of its rival state, Shu, in 263. He was described as a very loyal subject who made great contributions to Wei, but was also noted for his arrogance and audacity, which led to his downfall and death.

Man Chong, courtesy name Boning, was a Chinese military general and politician of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He previously served under the warlord Cao Cao during the late Eastern Han dynasty. He is best known for defending the city of Hefei from a series of invasions by Wei's rival state, Eastern Wu, between 230 and 235.

Zhuge Dan Cao Wei general and politician (died 258)

Zhuge Dan, courtesy name Gongxiu, was a Chinese military general and politician of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China. When he held key military appointments throughout his middle to late career, he was involved in all of the three rebellions which broke out in Shouchun between 251 and 258. During the second rebellion, he actively assisted the Wei regent Sima Shi in suppressing the revolt. After the rebellion, the Wei government put him in charge of Shouchun. As the Sima clan became more powerful and established themselves as the de facto rulers of Wei, Zhuge Dan feared that he would end up slain like Wang Ling and Guanqiu Jian – the leaders of the first two rebellions – so he started the third rebellion against Sima Zhao, who succeeded Sima Shi as regent of Wei in 255. Although he received some support from Wei's rival state Eastern Wu, his rebellion was eventually suppressed by Wei imperial forces and he met his end at the hands of Hu Fen, a military officer under Sima Zhao.

Guo Huai, courtesy name Boji, was a military general of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He started his career towards the end of the Eastern Han dynasty under the warlord Cao Cao as a subordinate of Cao Cao's generals Xiahou Yuan and Zhang He. During the Three Kingdoms period, he served in Wei, the state established by Cao Cao's son Cao Pi, and lived through the reigns of four Wei emperors. From the 220s until his death in 255, he governed and defended Wei's western borders in Yong and Liang provinces. During this time, he resisted multiple invasions by Wei's rival state, Shu Han, and quelled some rebellions by local Qiang, Di and other non-Han Chinese tribes.

Qiao Mao, courtesy name Yuanwei, was an official and minor warlord who lived during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. In 190, he joined a coalition of warlords who launched a campaign against Dong Zhuo, a tyrannical warlord who controlled the Han central government and held Emperor Xian hostage. Later that year, he was killed after getting into a dispute with Liu Dai, one of the other warlords.

Lü Dai, courtesy name Dinggong, was a military general of the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period of China. Born in the late Eastern Han dynasty, Lü Dai started his career as a minor official in his home commandery in present-day Taizhou, Jiangsu before migrating south to the Jiangdong region, where he became an assistant magistrate and later a county chief under the warlord Sun Quan. He rose to prominence after his successes in suppressing some rebellions in Sun Quan's territories. Around the beginning of the Three Kingdoms period, Sun Quan, who later became the founding emperor of Eastern Wu, appointed Lü Dai as the governor of the restive Jiao Province in the south. During his ten-year-long tenure in Jiao Province, Lü Dai quelled a number of revolts, maintained peace in the area, and contacted some foreign kingdoms in Mainland Southeast Asia and made them pay tribute to Eastern Wu. In 231, he was recalled to Wuchang to oversee civil and military affairs in Jing Province alongside his colleague Lu Xun. Throughout the 230s, he suppressed a few rebellions in Wu territories. By 240, as he neared the age of 80, he was still in good physical health and competent enough to perform his duties. He rose to the position of Senior General-in-Chief in 246 and later Grand Marshal in 252 during the reign of Sun Quan's successor Sun Liang. He died at the old age of 95 and was one of the longest-living notable persons of the Three Kingdoms period.

Luo Xian, courtesy name Lingze, was a military general of the Jin dynasty of China. He previously served in the state of Shu during the Three Kingdoms period. He is best known for defending his position at Yong'an for about six months against attacks from Shu's former ally state Wu after the fall of Shu.

Wang Ji, courtesy name Boyu, was a military general of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He started his career as a low-ranking official under Wang Ling, the governor of Qing Province. During this time, he was noted for exemplary performance and was later transferred to the central government in Luoyang. He was subsequently promoted to the position of a commandery administrator, but was briefly removed from office when the Wei regent Sima Yi ousted his co-regent Cao Shuang in a coup d'état in 249. However, he was quickly recalled to government service, promoted to the position of governor of Jing Province and appointed as a military general. From 251 until his death in 261, Wang Ji maintained close but professional working relationships with the Wei regents Sima Shi and Sima Zhao. During this time, he supervised military operations in Jing, Yu and Yang provinces, and defended Wei's eastern and southern borders against attacks by Wei's rival state, Eastern Wu. He also assisted Sima Shi and Sima Zhao in suppressing two of the three Shouchun rebellions in 255 and 257–258 respectively. In 261, in the months just before his death, he correctly pointed out that two Eastern Wu military officers were pretending to defect to Wei, and managed to stop the Wei forces from falling into a trap.

Bu Zhi, courtesy name Zishan, was an official and military general of the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period of China. Originally a scholar of humble background, he became a subordinate of the warlord Sun Quan in the late Eastern Han dynasty and gradually rose through the ranks. Between 210 and 220, he served as the governor of the remote and restive Jiao Province in southern China. During the Battle of Xiaoting/Yiling of 221–222, he quelled local uprisings in Sun Quan's territories in southern Jing Province and maintained peace in the area. After Sun Quan became emperor in 229, Bu Zhi oversaw the Wu armed forces guarding the Wu–Shu border at Xiling for about 20 years. During this time, he also gave advice to Sun Quan's first heir apparent, Sun Deng, and spoke up for officials affected by Lü Yi's abuses of power. In 246, he became the fourth Imperial Chancellor of Wu, but died in office in the following year.

Bi Gui, courtesy name Zhaoxian, was an official serving in the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China.

Zhang Yi (Bogong) General of the state of Shu Han (died 264)

Zhang Yi, courtesy name Bogong, was a military general of the state of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period of China. Born in the late Eastern Han dynasty, Zhang Yi was a 10th-generation descendant of Zhang Liang. He started his career as a scribe under the warlord Liu Bei, who founded Shu later, and gradually rose to the positions of a county prefect and commandery administrator. In the early 230s, he served as an area commander tasked with maintaining the peace in Shu's southern commanderies. In 234, he led the Shu vanguard during the Battle of Wuzhang Plains against Shu's rival state Wei. From 238 to 259, Zhang Yi steadily rose through the ranks to become one of Shu's top generals. During this time, although he strongly opposed the Shu general Jiang Wei's aggressive stance towards Wei, he still accompanied Jiang Wei on his military campaigns against Wei. In 263, he surrendered to Wei forces along with the Shu emperor Liu Shan when Wei launched a large-scale invasion of Shu. In the following year, Zhang Yi was killed by mutineers during a rebellion by the Wei general Zhong Hui. Like Liao Hua and Zong Yu, Zhang was one of few officials who served the Shu-Han state throughout its entire existence.

Jiang Wei's Northern Expeditions refer to a series of eleven military campaigns launched by the state of Shu Han against its rival state, Cao Wei, between 240 and 262 CE during the Three Kingdoms period in China. The campaigns were led by Jiang Wei, a prominent Shu general. Unlike the previous Northern campaigns led by Zhuge Liang, which added Wudu and Yinping commanderies to Shu Han state territories, Jiang Wei's campaigns ended up being unpopular in both the military and civil circles in Shu. Also unlike Zhuge Liang's campaigns which often featured 60,000 to sometimes even 100,000 Shu Troops, Jiang Wei's were often much smaller rarely exceeding 30,000 even after the death of Fei Yi, where Jiang Wei assumed control of the military. The Zhuge Liang campaigns did suffer from logistical and supply issues for their large army. Zhuge's successor Jiang Wan, believed that it was the Hanzhong's mountainous terrain itself that were to blame for the campaigns failures and attempted to switch the route thru the Han river. Fei Yi, who succeeded Jiang Wan, agreed, and never allowed any large campaigns to be launched by Hanzhong. Jiang Wei however overlooked these concerns and used Hanzhong as his home base as Zhuge Liang did.

Conquest of Shu by Wei military campaign by Cao Wei against Shu Han (263)

The Conquest of Shu by Wei was a military campaign launched by the state of Cao Wei ("Wei") against its rival Shu Han ("Shu") in late 263 during the Three Kingdoms period of China. The campaign culminated in the fall of Shu and the tripartite equilibrium maintained in China for over 40 years since the end of the Eastern Han dynasty in 220. The conquest signified the beginning of a reunified China under the Jin dynasty (266–420).

Wu Yi courtesy name Ziyuan was a Chinese military general of the state of Shu Han in the Three Kingdoms period of China. His younger sister, Empress Mu, was the empress consort of Shu's founding emperor, Liu Bei. Wu Yi had a younger relative, Wu Ban, who also served as a general in Shu.

Zhao Ang, courtesy name Weizhang, was a Chinese politician who lived in the late Eastern Han dynasty and was aligned with the faction that would later become the state of Cao Wei in the Three Kingdoms period. He is best known for resisting the warlord Ma Chao in Liang Province in the 210s. His wife, Wang Yi, is famous for supporting her husband throughout their conflict with Ma Chao.

Wei Kang, courtesy name Yuanjiang, was a Chinese politician who lived in the late Eastern Han dynasty of China.

Yang Xi, courtesy name Wenran, was an official of the state of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He is best known for writing the Ji Han Fuchen Zan, a collection of praises of notable persons who served in the Shu Han state. Chen Shou, the third-century historian who wrote the Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi), extensively quoted and annotated Yang Xi's collection.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 (景元二年薨,追贈衞將軍,謚曰壯侯。) Sanguozhi vol. 28.
  2. (艾州里時輩南陽州泰,亦好立功業,善用兵, ...) Sanguozhi vol. 28.
  3. (太和元年六月,天子詔帝屯于宛,加督荊、豫二州諸軍事。 ... 四年,遷大將軍,加大都督、假黃鉞,與曹真伐蜀。) Jin Shu vol. 1.
  4. (世語曰:初,荊州刺史裴潛以泰為從事,司馬宣王鎮宛,潛數遣詣宣王,由此為宣王所知。) Shiyu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 28.
  5. (及征孟達,泰又導軍,遂辟泰。泰頻喪考、妣、祖,九年居喪,宣王留缺待之,至三十六日,擢為新城太守。) Shiyu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 28.
  6. (明帝即位,進封定陵侯,增邑五百,并前千八百戶,遷太傅。) Sanguozhi vol. 13.
  7. (宣王為泰會,使尚書鍾繇調泰:「君釋褐登宰府,三十六日擁麾蓋,守兵馬郡;乞兒乘小車,一何駛乎?」泰曰:「誠有此。君,名公之子,少有文采,故守吏職;獼猴騎土牛,又何遲也!」衆賔咸恱。) Shiyu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 28.
  8. ([嘉平]三年春正月,荊州刺史王基、新城太守州泰攻吳,破之,降者數千口。) Sanguozhi vol. 4.
  9. (後歷兖、豫州刺史,所在有籌筭績效。) Shiyu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 28.
  10. (司馬昭又使奮武將軍監青州諸軍事石苞督兗州刺史州泰、徐州刺史胡質等簡銳卒為游軍,以備外寇。泰擊破朱異於陽淵,異走,泰追之,殺傷二千人。) Zizhi Tongjian vol. 77.
  11. (秋,七月,吳大將軍綝大發兵出屯鑊里,復遣朱異帥將軍丁奉、黎斐等五人前解壽春之圍。異留輜重於都陸,進屯黎漿,石苞、州泰又擊破之。) Zizhi Tongjian vol. 77.
  12. (大將軍司馬文王督中外諸軍二十六萬衆,臨淮討之。 ... 又使監軍石苞、兖州刺史州泰等,簡銳卒為游軍,備外寇。欽等數出犯圍,逆擊走之。吴將朱異再以大衆來迎誕等,渡黎漿水,泰等逆與戰,每摧其鋒。孫綝以異戰不進,怒而殺之。城中食轉少,外救不至,衆無所恃。將軍蔣班、焦彝,皆誕爪牙計事者也,棄誕,踰城自歸大將軍。) Sanguozhi vol. 28.
  13. (... 官至征虜將軍、假節都督江南諸軍事。) Sanguozhi vol. 28.