Luolishaniidae

Luolishaniidae Temporal range: Stage 2–Tremadocian PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Collinsovermis (1), Luolishania (= Miraluolishania , 2), Ovatiovermis (3) and Facivermis (4)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Clade:	Panarthropoda
Phylum:	† Lobopodia
Clade:	† Hallucishaniids
Family:	† Luolishaniidae
Genera
Acinocricus Collinsium [1] Collinsovermis [2] Entothyreos Facivermis [3] Luolishania (= Miraluolishania ) [4] [3] Ovatiovermis EBS Collinsovermid (SAM P141818)

The Luolishaniidae ^[5] or Luolishaniida ^{[Note 1]} are a group of Cambrian and Ordovician ^[6] lobopodians with anterior 5 or 6 pairs of setiferous lobopods. ^{[1] [3] [2]} Most luolishaniids also have posterior lobopods each with a hooked claws, and thorn-shaped sclerites arranged as three or more per trunk segment. ^{[4] [1] [2]} The type genus is based on Luolishania longicruris Hou and Chen, 1989, from the Chengjiang Lagerstatte, South China. ^[5] They are presumed to have been benthic suspension or filter feeders. ^{[4] [1] [3] [2]}

New specimens of the previously enigmatic Facivermis show that it was a sessile tube-dweller, and part of this group. ^[3]

A 2023 analysis concluded, on the basis of numerous morphological similarities, that luolishaniids might be the closest known relatives of tardigrades. ^[7]

Notes

1. Caron & Aria (2020) elevated this group to the rank of order Luolishaniida, while also naming new family Collinsovermidae within that order, containing the genera Acinocricus, Collinsium,Entothyreos and Collinsovermis. ^[2]

References

1. Yang, Jie; Ortega-Hernández, Javier; Gerber, Sylvain; Butterfield, Nicholas J.; Hou, Jin-bo; Lan, Tian; Zhang, Xi-guang (2015-07-14). "A superarmored lobopodian from the Cambrian of China and early disparity in the evolution of Onychophora". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 112 (28): 8678–8683. Bibcode:2015PNAS..112.8678Y. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1505596112 . ISSN   0027-8424. PMC   4507230 . PMID   26124122.
2. Jean-Bernard Caron; Cédric Aria (2020). "The Collins' monster, a spinous suspension-feeding lobopodian from the Cambrian Burgess Shale of British Columbia". Palaeontology. 63 (6): 979–994. Bibcode:2020Palgy..63..979C. doi:10.1111/pala.12499. S2CID   225593728.; Jean-Bernard Caron; Cédric Aria (2020). "Corrigendum: The Collins' monster, a spinous suspension-feeding lobopodian from the Cambrian Burgess Shale of British Columbia". Palaeontology. 63 (6): 995–996. Bibcode:2020Palgy..63..995C. doi: 10.1111/pala.12509 .
3. Howard, Richard J.; Hou, Xianguang; Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Salge, Tobias; Shi, Xiaomei; Ma, Xiaoya (February 2020). "A Tube-Dwelling Early Cambrian Lobopodian". Current Biology. 30 (8): 1529–1536.e2. Bibcode:2020CBio...30E1529H. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.01.075 . hdl: 10141/623115 . PMID   32109391.
4. Ma, Xiaoya; Hou, Xianguang; Bergström, Jan (2009-07-01). "Morphology of Luolishania longicruris (Lower Cambrian, Chengjiang Lagerstätte, SW China) and the phylogenetic relationships within lobopodians" . Arthropod Structure & Development. 38 (4): 271–291. Bibcode:2009ArtSD..38..271M. doi:10.1016/j.asd.2009.03.001. ISSN   1467-8039. PMID   19293001.
5. Hou, X.; Bergström, J. A. N. (1995). "Cambrian lobopodians-ancestors of extant onychophorans?". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 114: 3–19. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1995.tb00110.x.
6. Ou, Qiang; Mayer, Georg (2018-09-20). "A Cambrian unarmoured lobopodian, †Lenisambulatrix humboldti gen. et sp. nov., compared with new material of †Diania cactiformis". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 13667. Bibcode:2018NatSR...813667O. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-31499-y. ISSN   2045-2322. PMC   6147921 . PMID   30237414.
7. Kihm, Ji-Hoon; Smith, Frank W.; Kim, Sanghee; Rho, Hyun Soo; Zhang, Xingliang; Liu, Jianni; Park, Tae-Yoon S. (2023). "Cambrian lobopodians shed light on the origin of the tardigrade body plan". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 120 (28): e2211251120. Bibcode:2023PNAS..12011251K. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2211251120 . PMC   10334802 . PMID   37399417.