M (James Bond)

Last updated

M
James Bond character
First appearance Casino Royale (1953)
Created by Ian Fleming
Portrayed by
In-universe information
OccupationHead of MI6
NationalityBritish

M is a codename held by a fictional character in Ian Fleming's James Bond book and film series; the character is the Chief of the Secret Intelligence Service for the agency known as MI6. Fleming based the character on a number of people he knew who commanded sections of British intelligence. M has appeared in the novels by Fleming and seven continuation authors, as well as appearing in twenty-four films. In the Eon Productions series of films, M has been portrayed by four actors: Bernard Lee, Robert Brown, Judi Dench and Ralph Fiennes, the incumbent; in the two independent productions, M was played by John Huston, David Niven and Edward Fox.

Contents

Background

Rear Admiral John Henry Godfrey, Fleming's superior at the Naval Intelligence Division and a basis for M. Vice Admiral Godfrey WWII IWM A 20777.jpg
Rear Admiral John Henry Godfrey, Fleming's superior at the Naval Intelligence Division and a basis for M.

Fleming based much of M's character on Rear Admiral John Godfrey, who was Fleming's superior at the Naval Intelligence Division during the Second World War. After Fleming's death, Godfrey complained "He turned me into that unsavoury character, M." [1]

Other possible inspirations include Lieutenant Colonel Sir Claude Dansey, the deputy head of MI6 and head of the wartime Z network, who achieved different interpretations of his character from those who knew him: Malcolm Muggeridge thought him "the only professional in MI6", [2] while Hugh Trevor-Roper considered Dansey to be "an utter shit, corrupt, incompetent, but with a certain low cunning". [2] A further inspiration for M was Maxwell Knight, the head of MI5, who signed his memos as "M" and whom Fleming knew well. [1] The tradition of the head of MI6 signing their name with a single letter came from Mansfield Smith-Cumming, who would sign his initial "C", with green ink. [3]

Another possibility for the model of M was William Melville, an Irishman who became the head of the Secret Service Bureau, the forerunner of both MI5 and MI6: Melville was referred to within government circles as M. [4] Melville recruited Sidney Reilly into government service and foiled an assassination plot against Queen Victoria on her 1887 Golden Jubilee. [5] Fleming's biographer John Pearson also hypothesised that Fleming's characterisation of M reflects memories of his mother:

There is reason for thinking that a more telling lead to the real identity of M lies in the fact that as a boy Fleming often called his mother M. ... While Fleming was young, his mother was certainly one of the few people he was frightened of, and her sternness toward him, her unexplained demands, and her remorseless insistence on success find a curious and constant echo in the way M handles that hard-ridden, hard-killing agent, 007.

John Pearson, The Life of Ian Fleming [6]

Novels

Fleming's third Bond novel, Moonraker , establishes M's initials as "M**** M*******" [7] and his first name is subsequently revealed to be Miles. In the final novel of the series, The Man with the Golden Gun , M's full identity is revealed as Vice Admiral Sir Miles Messervy KCMG; [8] Messervy had been appointed Chief of the Secret Intelligence Service after his predecessor had been assassinated at his desk. [9]

A naval theme runs throughout Fleming's description of M and his surroundings, and his character was described by journalist Ben Macintyre as "every inch the naval martinet". [8] Macintyre wrote that in his study of Fleming's work, Kingsley Amis outlined the way Fleming had described M's voice, being: angry (three times); brutal, cold (seven times); curt, dry (five times); gruff (seven times); stern, testy (five times). [10]

Over the course of twelve novels and two collections of short stories, Fleming provided a number of details relating to M's background and character. In On Her Majesty's Secret Service it is revealed that M's pay as head of the Secret Service is £6,500 a year, (£171,921 in 2024 pounds [11] ) £1,500 of which comes from retired naval pay. [12] Although his pay is good for the 1950s and 1960s, it is never explained how M received or can afford his membership at Blades, an upscale private club for gentlemen he frequents in London to gamble and dine. Blades has a restricted membership of only 200 gentlemen and all must be able to show £100,000 (£2,644,945 in 2024 pounds [11] ) in cash or gilt-edged securities. [13] Kingsley Amis noted in his study, The James Bond Dossier , that on M's salary his membership of the club would have been puzzling. [12] As a personal favour to M, the staff at Blades keeps a supply of cheap red wine from Algeria on hand but does not include it on the wine list. M refers to it as "Infuriator" and tends only to drink it in moderate quantities unless he is in a very bad mood. [14]

The academic Paul Stock argues that M's office is a metonym for England and a stable point from which Bond departs on a mission, whilst he sees M as being an iconic representative of England and Englishness. [15]

In the first post-Fleming book, Colonel Sun , M is kidnapped from Quarterdeck, his home, and Bond goes to great lengths to rescue him. [16] The later continuation books, written by John Gardner, retain Sir Miles Messervy as M, who protects Bond from the new, less aggressive climate in the Secret Service, saying that at some point Britain will need "a blunt instrument". [17] In Gardner's final novel, COLD, M is kidnapped and rescued by Bond and finishes the book by retiring from MI6. [18] Continuation Bond author Raymond Benson's 1998 novel The Facts of Death continued Messervy's retirement, where he still resides in Quarterdeck. [19] The book also introduces a new M, Barbara Mawdsley. [20]

Films

Eon Productions films

Bernard Lee: 1962–1979

Bernard Lee, who played M from 1962 to 1979 Bernard lee.jpg
Bernard Lee, who played M from 1962 to 1979

M was played by Bernard Lee from the first Bond film, Dr. No (1962), until Moonraker (1979). [21] In line with Fleming's character, he is given the name of Miles in The Spy Who Loved Me. In Dr. No, M refers to his record of reducing the number of operative casualties since taking the job, implying someone else held the job recently before him. The film also saw M refer to himself as head of MI7; Lee had originally said MI6, but was overdubbed with the name MI7 prior to the film's release. Earlier in the film, the department had been referred to as MI6 by a radio operator. [22]

A number of Bond scholars have noted that Lee's interpretation of the character was in line with the original literary representation; Cork and Stutz observed that Lee was "very close to Fleming's version of the character", [23] while Rubin commented on the serious, efficient, no-nonsense authority figure. [24] Smith and Lavington, meanwhile, remarked that Lee was "the very incarnation of Fleming's crusty admiral." [25]

Lee died of cancer in January 1981, four months into the filming of For Your Eyes Only and before any of his scenes could be filmed. [26] Out of respect, no new actor was hired to assume the role and, instead, the script was re-written so that the character is said to be on leave, with his lines given to either his Chief of Staff Bill Tanner or the Minister of Defence, Sir Frederick Gray. [27] Later films referred to Lee's tenure as head of the service, with a painting of him as M in MI6's Scottish headquarters during the 1999 instalment The World Is Not Enough . [23]

Appearances in:

Lee's likeness was used in the 2005 video game James Bond 007: From Russia with Love . [28]

Robert Brown: 1983–1989

Robert Brown, who played M from 1983 to 1989 Robert brown.jpg
Robert Brown, who played M from 1983 to 1989

After Lee's death in 1981, the producers hired actor Robert Brown to play M in Octopussy . Brown had previously played Admiral Hargreaves, Flag Officer Submarines, in the 1977 film, The Spy Who Loved Me. Bond scholars Steven Jay Rubin, John Cork, and Collin Stutz all consider Admiral Hargreaves would have been appointed to the role of M, rather than Brown playing a different character as M. [29] [30]

Pfeiffer and Worrall considered that whilst Brown looks perfect, the role had been softened from that of Lee; [31] they also considered him "far too avuncular", [32] although in Licence to Kill they remarked that he came across as being very effective as he removed Bond's double-0 licence. [33] Continuation author Raymond Benson agrees, noting that the M role was "once again under written, and Brown is not allowed the opportunity to explore and reveal his character traits"; [34] Benson also considered the character to be "too nice". [35] In No Time to Die (2021), Brown's M is briefly seen in a portrait at the office of the incumbent M (Ralph Fiennes) opposite a portrait of Judi Dench's M. [36]

Appearances in:

Judi Dench: 1995–2015

Judi Dench, who played M from 1995 to 2015 M by Judi Dench.jpg
Judi Dench, who played M from 1995 to 2015

After the long period between Licence to Kill and GoldenEye , the producers brought in Dame Judi Dench to take over as the new M replacing Robert Brown. The character is based on Stella Rimington, the real-life head of MI5 between 1992 and 1996. [37] [38] For GoldenEye, Dench's M is cold, blunt and initially dislikes Bond, whom she calls a "sexist, misogynist dinosaur, a relic of the Cold War." [39] Tanner, her Chief of Staff, refers to her during the film as "the Evil Queen of Numbers", given her reputation at that stage for relying on statistics and analysis rather than impulse and initiative. [40]

Following Pierce Brosnan's departure from the role as Bond, Dench continued playing M for the 2006 film Casino Royale , which rebooted the series with Daniel Craig playing Bond at the beginning of his career. In this new continuity, M has worked for MI6 for some time, at one point muttering, "Christ, I miss the Cold War". [41] According to Skyfall , M was previously in charge of MI6's operations in Hong Kong during the 1990s. Her ability to run MI6 has been questioned more than once; in Casino Royale, she is the subject of a review when Bond is caught shooting an unarmed prisoner and blowing up a foreign embassy on camera; in Quantum of Solace , the Foreign Secretary orders her to personally withdraw Bond from the field in Bolivia and to stop any investigations into Dominic Greene's eco-terrorist organisation; and in Skyfall, she is the subject of a public inquiry when MI6 loses a computer hard drive containing the identities of undercover agents around the world. [42] Skyfall marked Dench's seventh appearance as M, where she is targeted by former MI6 agent Raoul Silva, whom she turned over to the Chinese in order to save six other agents. She assists Bond with making booby traps in preparation of Silva's forces coming to attack at Bond's old family estate, Skyfall in Scotland. She is shot and wounded before dying from her wounds in the film, making her the only M to die in the Eon Bond films. Dench's M makes a final appearance in Spectre in a video will, giving Bond a final order to hunt down and terminate someone, which ultimately leads him to the film's titular criminal organisation.

In No Time to Die (2021), Dench's M is briefly seen in a portrait at M's office (Ralph Fiennes) opposite a portrait of Robert Brown's M. [36]

There have also been brief references to M's family: [43] in GoldenEye, she responds to Tanner calling her the "Evil Queen of Numbers" by telling him that when she wants to hear sarcasm she will listen to her children. [44] Quantum of Solace director Marc Forster suggested that Dench's casting gave the character maternal overtones in her relationship with Bond, [45] overtones made overt in Skyfall, in which Silva repeatedly refers to her as "Mother" and "Mommy" [ sic ]. [46] In Skyfall she is revealed to be a widow.[ citation needed ]

An inscribed box following her death in Skyfall reveals her name to be Olivia Mansfield, at least for the duration of the Craig era. [47]

Appearances in:

Dench also appeared in seven James Bond video games:

Ralph Fiennes: 2012–2021

Ralph Fiennes, the incumbent actor in the role Gareth Mallory Profile.png
Ralph Fiennes, the incumbent actor in the role

After the death of Dame Judi Dench's M at the end of Skyfall, she is succeeded by Gareth Mallory, played by Ralph Fiennes. Mallory had been the Chairman of the Intelligence and Security Committee prior to heading MI6, and is a former lieutenant colonel in the British Army. [53] He served in Northern Ireland (with the Special Air Service) during the Troubles, where he had been held hostage by the Irish Republican Army for three months. [54] In Spectre, the 00 Section of MI6 is briefly dismantled in addition to Mallory being demoted. He assists Bond in the field when it is revealed that the Nine Eyes initiative is part of Spectre's plan for world domination. In No Time to Die, Mallory authorizes the development of Project Heracles, a DNA-targeting nanobot bioweapon. Project Heracles is stolen by Spectre and falls into the hands of Lyutsifer Safin, eventually leading to the death of Bond as he sacrifices his life in order for the weapon to be completely destroyed. Mallory eulogises Bond at the end of the film.

Mallory is the first M in the Eon series whose real name is known from the start, and he continues to be referred to both as M and as Mallory throughout the films.[ citation needed ]

Appearances in:

Non-Eon films

John Huston/David Niven: 1967

The 1967 film Casino Royale had not one but two Ms. The first is played by John Huston, who also co-directed. [55] In this film, M's real name is McTarry and he is accidentally killed when, in order to get Bond out of retirement, he orders the military to fire mortars at Bond's mansion when the retired spy refuses to return to duty. The first quarter of the film depicts Bond's subsequent visit to McTarry Castle in Scotland, on a quest to return the only piece of M's remains recovered after the attack—his bright red toupée. [56] Subsequently, Bond—played by David Niven—becomes the new M [57] and proceeds to order that all MI6 agents, male and female, be renamed "James Bond 007" in order to confuse the enemy. [58]

Edward Fox: 1983

Edward Fox played M in Never Say Never Again Edwardfox.jpg
Edward Fox played M in Never Say Never Again

In 1983's Never Say Never Again , Edward Fox played M as a bureaucrat, contemptuous of Bond—far removed from the relationship shared between Bernard Lee's M and Sean Connery's Bond; [59] the academic Jeremy Black notes that the contempt felt for the 00 section by Fox's M was reciprocated by Connery's Bond. [39] Fox's M is also younger than any of the previous portrayals, [60] and his portrayal is the only instance ― to date ― of the actor playing M being younger than the actor playing Bond. The media historian James Chapman notes that while M considers Bond to be an out-dated relic, the Foreign Secretary orders the 00 section to be re-activated. [61]

Outside the James Bond series

Several past incarnations of M appear in Alan Moore and Kevin O'Neill's The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen . The first, later revealed to be James Moriarty , created and directed the eponymous League in 1898 to win a gang war against Fu Manchu. Following Moriarty's death, Mycroft Holmes assumed the role of M. [62] In the sequel volume The Black Dossier , Harry Lime , the head of the British secret service, assumed the role of M amidst a moribund and dystopian 1950s post-war Britain. [63] In the final volume Century , the elderly Emma Peel assumed the role of M as of 2009. [64]

Notes

    Related Research Articles

    <i>James Bond</i> Media franchise about a British spy

    The James Bond franchise focuses on the titular character, a fictional British Secret Service agent created in 1953 by writer Ian Fleming, who featured him in twelve novels and two short-story collections. Since Fleming's death in 1964, eight other authors have written authorised Bond novels or novelisations: Kingsley Amis, Christopher Wood, John Gardner, Raymond Benson, Sebastian Faulks, Jeffery Deaver, William Boyd, and Anthony Horowitz. The latest novel is With a Mind to Kill by Anthony Horowitz, published in May 2022. Additionally, Charlie Higson wrote a series on a young James Bond, and Kate Westbrook wrote three novels based on the diaries of a recurring series character, Moneypenny.

    Q (<i>James Bond</i>) Fictional character from the James Bond franchise

    Q is a character in the James Bond films and novelisations. Q is the head of Q Branch, the fictional research and development division of the British Secret Service charged with oversight of top secret field technologies.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Miss Moneypenny</span> Fictional character in James Bond novels and films

    Miss Moneypenny, later assigned the first names of Eve or Jane, is a fictional character in the James Bond novels and films. She is secretary to M, who is Bond's superior officer and head of the British Secret Intelligence Service (MI6).

    <i>GoldenEye</i> 1995 James Bond film by Martin Campbell

    GoldenEye is a 1995 spy film, the seventeenth in the James Bond series produced by Eon Productions, and the first to star Pierce Brosnan as the fictional MI6 agent James Bond. Directed by Martin Campbell, it was the first in the series not to use any story elements from the works of novelist Ian Fleming. GoldenEye was also the first James Bond film not produced by Albert R. Broccoli, following his stepping down from Eon Productions and replacement by his daughter, Barbara Broccoli. The story was conceived and written by Michael France, with later collaboration by other writers. In the film, Bond fights to prevent a rogue ex-MI6 agent, 006, from using a satellite weapon against London to cause a global financial meltdown.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Felix Leiter</span> Fictional character in James Bond media created 1953

    Felix Leiter is a fictional character created by Ian Fleming in the James Bond books, films, and other media. The character is an operative for the CIA and Bond's friend. After losing a leg and a hand to a shark attack, Leiter joined the Pinkerton Detective Agency. The name "Felix" comes from the middle name of Fleming's friend Ivar Bryce, while the name "Leiter" was the surname of Fleming's friend Marion Oates Leiter Charles, the then wife of Thomas Leiter.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Bernard Lee</span> English actor (1908–1981)

    John Bernard Lee was an English actor, best known for his role as M in the first eleven Eon-produced James Bond films. Lee's film career spanned the years 1934 to 1979, though he had appeared on stage from the age of six. He was trained at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London. Lee appeared in over one hundred films, as well as on stage and in television dramatisations. He was known for his roles as authority figures, often playing military characters or policemen in films such as The Third Man, The Blue Lamp, The Battle of the River Plate, and Whistle Down the Wind.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Francisco Scaramanga</span> Fictional character

    Francisco Scaramanga is a fictional character and the main antagonist in the James Bond novel and film version of The Man with the Golden Gun. Scaramanga is an assassin who kills with his signature weapon, a pistol made of solid gold. In the novel, the character is nicknamed "Pistols" Scaramanga and is also called "Paco". In the film, the character was played by Christopher Lee.

    <i>Casino Royale</i> (novel) 1953 novel by Ian Fleming, the first James Bond book

    Casino Royale is the first novel by the British author Ian Fleming. Published in 1953, it is the first James Bond book, and it paved the way for a further eleven novels and two short story collections by Fleming, followed by numerous continuation Bond novels by other authors.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Brad Whitaker</span> Fictional character

    Brad Whitaker is a fictional character in the James Bond film The Living Daylights. He was portrayed by American actor Joe Don Baker. Baker also appeared as Jack Wade, Bond's CIA contact, in Pierce Brosnan's first two Bond films, GoldenEye and Tomorrow Never Dies. Steven Rubin describes Whitaker as a "smarmy bad-guy arms trader."

    Necros (<i>James Bond</i>) Fictional character from the film The Living Daylights

    Necros is a fictional character and henchman in the 1987 James Bond film The Living Daylights. He was played by Andreas Wisniewski. Tall, muscular, blond, blue-eyed and steel-jawed Necros is of the Red Grant model, common in the earlier James Bond films. Over the course of the film, Necros impersonates an American jogger, a Cockney milkman, an upper-class-sounding MI6 Agent, an Austrian balloon salesman, and a doctor in Morocco.

    <i>Goldfinger</i> (film) 1964 spy film by Guy Hamilton

    Goldfinger is a 1964 spy film and the third instalment in the James Bond series produced by Eon Productions, starring Sean Connery as the fictional MI6 agent James Bond. It is based on the 1959 novel of the same name by Ian Fleming. The film also stars Honor Blackman, Gert Fröbe and Shirley Eaton. Goldfinger was produced by Albert R. Broccoli and Harry Saltzman. The film was the first of four Bond films directed by Guy Hamilton.

    <i>Dr. No</i> (film) 1962 James Bond film directed by Terence Young

    Dr. No is a 1962 spy film directed by Terence Young. It is the first film in the James Bond series. Starring Sean Connery, Ursula Andress, Joseph Wiseman and Jack Lord, it was adapted by Richard Maibaum, Johanna Harwood, and Berkely Mather from the 1958 novel by Ian Fleming. The film was produced by Harry Saltzman and Albert R. Broccoli, a partnership that continued until 1975. It was followed by From Russia with Love in 1963. In the film, James Bond is sent to Jamaica to investigate the disappearance of a fellow British agent. The trail leads him to the underground base of Dr. Julius No, who is plotting to disrupt an early American space launch from Cape Canaveral with a radio beam weapon.

    Casino Royale (<i>Climax!</i>) 3rd episode of the 1st season of Climax!

    "Casino Royale" is a live 1954 television adaptation of the 1953 novel of the same name by Ian Fleming. An episode of the American dramatic anthology series Climax!, the show was the first screen adaptation of a James Bond novel, and stars Barry Nelson, Peter Lorre, and Linda Christian. Though this marks the first onscreen appearance of the secret agent, Nelson's Bond is played as an American spy working for the "Combined Intelligence Agency".

    The James Bond film series is a British series of spy films based on the fictional character of MI6 agent James Bond, "007", who originally appeared in a series of books by Ian Fleming. It is one of the longest continually running film series in history, having been in ongoing production from 1962 to the present. In that time, Eon Productions has produced 25 films as of 2021, most of them at Pinewood Studios. With a combined gross of over $7 billion, the films produced by Eon constitute the fifth-highest-grossing film series. Six actors have portrayed 007 in the Eon series, the latest being Daniel Craig.

    The James Bond series of films contain a number of repeating, distinctive motifs which date from the series' inception with Dr. No in 1962. The series consists of twenty five films produced by Eon Productions featuring the James Bond character, a fictional British Secret Service agent. The most recent instalment is No Time to Die, released in UK cinemas on 30 September 2021. There have also been two independently made features, the satirical Casino Royale, released in 1967, and the 1983 film Never Say Never Again.

    <i>Skyfall</i> 2012 James Bond film by Sam Mendes

    Skyfall is a 2012 spy film and the twenty-third in the James Bond series produced by Eon Productions. The film is the third to star Daniel Craig as fictional MI6 agent James Bond and features Javier Bardem as Raoul Silva, the villain, with Judi Dench returning as M.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Portrayal of James Bond in film</span> Fictional character

    James Bond is a fictional character created by the British journalist and novelist Ian Fleming in 1952. The character first appeared in a series of twelve novels and two short story collections written by Fleming and a number of continuation novels and spin-off works after Fleming's death in 1964. Bond's literary portrayal differs in some ways from his treatment in the James Bond films, of which there have been twenty-seven in total, produced and released between 1962 and 2021.

    A bibliography of reference material associated with the James Bond films, novels and genre.

    References

    1. 1 2 Macintyre, Ben (5 April 2008a). "Bond – the real Bond". The Times . p. 36.
    2. 1 2 Macintyre 2008, p. 78.
    3. ↑ Macintyre 2008, p. 77.
    4. ↑ Sharrock, David (2 July 2007). "M: Britain's first spymaster was an Irishman who played patriot game". The Times . p. 39.
    5. ↑ Macintyre 2008, p. 81.
    6. ↑ Pearson 1966, p. 235.
    7. ↑ West 2010, p. 142.
    8. 1 2 Macintyre 2008, p. 74.
    9. ↑ Griswold 2006, p. 47.
    10. ↑ Amis 1966, p. 75.
    11. 1 2 UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017). "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)". MeasuringWorth . Retrieved 7 May 2024.
    12. 1 2 Amis 1966, p. 39.
    13. ↑ Comentale, Watt & Willman 2005, p. 153.
    14. ↑ Lejeune 1979, p. 63.
    15. ↑ Stock 2009, p. 251.
    16. ↑ Lane & Simpson 2002, p. 65.
    17. ↑ Lane & Simpson 2002, p. 71.
    18. ↑ Simpson 2002, p. 61.
    19. ↑ Simpson 2002, p. 63.
    20. ↑ Lane & Simpson 2002, p. 81.
    21. ↑ Rubin 2003, p. 256.
    22. ↑ Smith & Lavington 2002, p. 11.
    23. 1 2 Cork & Stutz 2007, p. 154.
    24. ↑ Rubin 2003, p. 227-228.
    25. ↑ Smith & Lavington 2002, p. 15.
    26. ↑ "Obituary: Mr Bernard Lee". The Times . 19 January 1981. p. 12.
    27. ↑ Pfeiffer & Worrall 1998, p. 98.
    28. ↑ "From Russia With Love Tech Info". CBS Interactive Inc. Archived from the original on 14 May 2012. Retrieved 30 January 2012.
    29. ↑ Cork & Stutz 2007, p. 154-155.
    30. ↑ Rubin 2003, p. 178.
    31. ↑ Pfeiffer & Worrall 1998, p. 136.
    32. ↑ Pfeiffer & Worrall 1998, p. 155.
    33. ↑ Pfeiffer & Worrall 1998, p. 165.
    34. ↑ Benson 1988, p. 236-137.
    35. ↑ Benson 1988, p. 137.
    36. 1 2 "No Time To Die Makes Moore & Dalton's M Canon In Daniel Craig's Movies". screenrant.com. 19 October 2021. Retrieved 23 October 2021.
    37. ↑ West 2010, p. 45.
    38. ↑ Rimington 2008, p. 244.
    39. 1 2 Black 2005, p. 100.
    40. ↑ Pfeiffer & Worrall 1998, p. 174.
    41. ↑ McKay 2008, p. 353.
    42. ↑ Miller, Henry K. (26 October 2012). "Film of the week: Skyfall". Sight & Sound . British Film Institute . Retrieved 30 October 2012.
    43. ↑ Jütting 2007, p. 91.
    44. ↑ Simpson 2002, p. 22.
    45. ↑ Nathan, Ian (October 2008). "Quantum's Leap". Empire . p. 87.
    46. ↑ James, Caryn (11 November 2012). "Skyfall: Bond Is Older, Wiser, Better". HuffPost . Retrieved 12 November 2012.
    47. ↑ Gant, Will (6 May 2013). "True identity of James Bond's M revealed". Express.co.uk. Retrieved 11 October 2021.
    48. ↑ "James Bond 007: Everything or Nothing Review". James Bond 007: Everything or Nothing Xbox. IGN Entertainment. 18 February 2004. Archived from the original on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 30 January 2012.
    49. ↑ "GoldenEye: Rogue Agent". GoldenEye: Rogue Agent PlayStation 2. IGN Entertainment. 22 November 2004. Archived from the original on 24 July 2012. Retrieved 30 January 2012.
    50. ↑ East, Tom (4 November 2008). "Making of Quantum of Solace". Nintendo magazine. Future plc. Archived from the original on 12 September 2012. Retrieved 30 January 2012.
    51. ↑ "E3 2010: GoldenEye Reimagined for Wii". GoldenEye 007 Wii. IGN Entertainment. 15 June 2010. Retrieved 30 January 2012.
    52. ↑ "James Bond 007: Blood Stone Review". James Bond 007: Blood Stone Xbox 360. IGN Entertainment. 2 November 2010. Retrieved 30 January 2012.
    53. ↑ Pande, Sophia (9 November 2012). "Skyfall". Nepali Times . Kathmandu. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
    54. ↑ French, Philip (28 October 2012). "Skyfall – review". The Observer . London. p. 32.
    55. ↑ "Casino Royale (1967)". Allrovi. Rovi Corporation. Archived from the original on 30 January 2012. Retrieved 30 January 2012.
    56. ↑ Rubin 2003, p. 187.
    57. ↑ Rubin 2003, p. 44.
    58. ↑ Chapman 2009, p. 107.
    59. ↑ Rubin 2003, p. 148.
    60. ↑ Benson 1988, p. 341.
    61. ↑ Chapman 2009, p. 186.
    62. ↑ Morrison 2011, p. 367.
    63. ↑ Vice magazine 2011.
    64. ↑ ""The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen: Century 1999" Review". The Comics Journal. 6 July 2012. Retrieved 2 November 2012.
    65. ↑ Kerr, Philip (27 October 2003). "In a league of its own". New Statesman . Archived from the original on 6 September 2008. Retrieved 30 January 2012.

    Bibliography

    This page is based on this Wikipedia article
    Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
    Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.