Meissner's taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra

Last updated August 01, 2022

Carl Meissner's taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra, now Banksia ser. Dryandra, was published in 1856 as part of his chapter on the Proteaceae in A. P. de Candolle's Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis .^[1]^[2] It replaced the 1830 arrangement of Robert Brown, and remained current until superseded by the 1870 arrangement of George Bentham.

Background

The dryandras are a group of proteaceous shrubs endemic to southwest Western Australia. For nearly two hundred years they were considered a separate genus, having been published at that rank in 1810 by Robert Brown. In 2007 it was transferred into the genus Banksia as B. ser. Dryandra. There are now just under 100 species, plus numerous subspecies and varieties.

The first infrageneric arrangement of Dryandra was Brown's 1810 arrangement, which listed 13 species, but did not attempt an infrageneric classification.^[3] Twenty years later, Brown published a revised arrangement which divided 23 recognised species in three subgenera, and also transferred one of his 1810 Dryandra species into a separate genus named Hemiclidia.^[4] This remained current until 1856, when Meissner's arrangement was published.

Meissner's arrangement

Meissner's arrangement retained Brown's Dryandra and Hemiclidia, divided Dryandra into three sections, and divided the largest section, Eudryandra , into eight unranked groups signified by the symbol "§". 53 species and six varieties were recognised.^[1]^[2]

Meissner's taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra may be summarised as follows:^[1]^[2]

Genus Dryandra (now Banksia ser. Dryandra)

Section Eudryandra

§ Ilicinæ

D. praemorsa (now B. undata )

D. praemorsa var. elongata (now B. undata var. undata)

D. quercifolia (now B. heliantha )

D. cuneata (now B. obovata )

D. floribunda (now B. sessilis var. sessilis)

D. floribunda var. cordata (now B. sessilis var. cordata)

§ Runcinatæ

D. armata (now B. armata )

D. carduacea (now B. squarrosa subsp. squarrosa)

D. runcinata (now B. r. subsp. rufa)

D. nobilis (now B. nobilis )

D. plumosa (now B. plumosa )

§ Serratæ

D. stupposa (now B. stuposa )

D. serra (now B. serra )

D. mucronulata (now B. mucronulata )

D. foliolata (now B. foliolata )

D. mutica (now B. foliolata)

D. obtusa (now B. obtusa )

D. Baxteri (now B. biterax )

D. formosa (now B. formosa )

D. nivea (now B. nivea )

D. nivea var. venosa (now B. nivea)

D. nivea var. subevenia (now B. dallanneyi var. dallanneyi)

D. brownii (now B. brunnea )

D. lindleyana (now B. dallanneyi )

§ Marginatæ

D. stenoprion (now B. stenoprion )

D. elegans (now B. tenuis var. tenuis)

D. pulchella (now B. bella )

D. Kippistiana (now B. kippistiana )

D. Shuttleworthiana (now B. shuttleworthiana )

D. sclerophylla (now B. sclerophylla )

D. squarrosa (now B. squarrosa )

§ Pectinatæ

D. serratuloides (now B. serratuloides )

D. nana (now B. nana )

D. arctotidis (now B. arctotidis )

D. tortifolia (now B. tortifolia )

D. Fraseri (now B. fraseri )

D. cirsioides (now B. cirsioides )

§ Decurrentes

D. seneciifolia (now B. seneciifolia )

D. horrida (now B. horrida )

D. concinna (now B. concinna )

D. vestita (now B. vestita )

D. Hewardiana (now B. hewardiana )

D. longifolia (now B. prolata )

D. comosa (now B. comosa )

D. proteoides (now B. proteoides )

D. tenuifolia (now B. tenuis )

D. ferruginea (now B. rufa )

D. cryptocephala (now B. seneciifolia )

§ Acrodontæ

D. carlinoides (now B. carlinoides )

D. tridentata (now B. tridentata )

§ Haplophyllæ

D. speciosa (now B. splendida )

Section Diplophragma

D. bipinnatifida (now B. bipinnatifida )

D. Preissii (now B. acuminata )

Section Aphragma

D. pteridifolia (now B. pteridifolia )

D. pteridifolia var. blechnifolia (now B. pellaeifolia )

D. calophylla (now B. calophylla )

D. calophylla var. acaulis (now B. drummondii subsp. drummondii)

D. nervosa (now Banksia alliacea )

D. drummondii (now Banksia drummondii )

Genus Hemiclidia

H. Baxteri (now Banksia falcata )

Legacy

Meissner's arrangement remained current until 1870, when it was superseded by George Bentham's arrangement as published in Volume V of Flora Australiensis . Bentham abandoned all of Meissner's infrageneric taxa except Brown's D. sect. Aphragma.^[5] In 1996, however, Alex George published a revised arrangement, resurrecting Brown's Diplophragma at subgenus rank, and also Meissner's series Marginatae , Acrodontae , Ilicinae , Decurrentes , Runcinatae and Pectinatae .^[6]

In 2007, Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele transferred Dryandra into Banksia, on the grounds that Banksia was paraphyletic with respect to Dryandra. Mast and Thiele were not yet ready to proffer an arrangement for the new circumscription of Banksia, so as an interim measure they transferred Dryandra at series rank, so as to minimise disruption to the nomenclature. Thus the infrageneric arrangement of Dryandra has been set aside, at least temporarily, and hence none of Meissner's infrageneric taxa are in current use.^[7]

Related Research Articles

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Banksia armata, commonly known as prickly dryandra, is a species of often sprawling shrub that is endemic to Western Australia. It has deeply serrated leaves with sharply pointed lobes and spikes of about 45 to 70 yellow flowers.

Banksia fraseri is a species of shrub that is endemic to Western Australia. It has hairy stems, broadly linear pinnatisect leaves with between four and eighteen sharply-pointed lobes on each side, between eighty and one hundred pink to cream-coloured flowers and wege-shaped follicles.

Banksia horrida, commonly known as prickly dryandra, is a species of shrub that is endemic to Western Australia. It has hairy stems, linear, pinnatifid leaves with sharply pointed teeth on the edges, up to sixty cream-coloured flowers in each head and hairy, egg-shaped follicles.

Banksia splendida, commonly known as shaggy dryandra, is a species of shrub that is endemic to the southwest of Western Australia. It has sharply-pointed linear leaves that are woolly on the lower surface, cream-coloured and maroon or yellow flowers in heads of between 65 and 115, and later up to eight egg-shaped follicles in each head.

Dryandra subg. Diplophragma is an obsolete subgenus within the former genus Dryandra. It was first published by Robert Brown in 1830, but was discarded by George Bentham in 1870. It was reinstated with a new circumscription by Alex George in 1996, but was ultimately discarded again in 2007 when Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele sunk Dryandra into Banksia.

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Carl Meissner's taxonomic arrangement of Banksia was published in 1856, as part of his chapter on the Proteaceae in A. P. de Candolle's Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis. It was the first attempt to provide an infrageneric classification for the genus, aside from Robert Brown's publication of two subgenera in 1810. Meissner's arrangement stood until 1870, when it was superseded by the arrangement of George Bentham. Meissner's arrangement was an excellent survey of the known species at that time, but his infrageneric taxa were all highly heterogeneous.

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Robert Brown's taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra was the first arrangement of what is now Banksia ser. Dryandra. His initial arrangement was published in 1810, and a further arrangement, including an infrageneric classification, followed in 1830. Aspects of Brown's arrangements can be recognised in the later arrangements of George Bentham and Alex George.

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Dryandra subg. Hemiclidia is an obsolete plant taxon that encompassed material that is now included in Banksia. Published at genus rank as Hemiclidia by Robert Brown in 1830, it was set aside by George Bentham in 1870, but reinstated at subgenus rank by Alex George in 1996. In 2007, all Dryandra species were transferred into Banksia at series rank, and the infrageneric Dryandra taxa, including D. subg. Hemiclidia, were set aside.

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Dryandra subg. Dryandra is an obsolete clade of plant. It was a series within the former genus Dryandra. The name was first published at sectional rank as Dryandra verae in 1830, before being renamed Eudryandra in 1847, the replaced by the autonym at subgenus rank in 1996. It was ultimately discarded in 2007 when Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele sunk Dryandra into Banksia.

Dryandra ser. Floribundae is an obsolete series within the former genus Dryandra. It was first published by George Bentham in 1870, and was given a new circumscription by Alex George in 1996, but was ultimately discarded in 2007 when Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele sunk Dryandra into Banksia.

Dryandra ser. Ilicinae is an obsolete series within the former genus Dryandra. It was first published by Carl Meissner in 1856, but was discarded by George Bentham in 1870. It was reinstated with a new circumscription by Alex George in 1996, but was ultimately discarded again in 2007 when Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele sunk Dryandra into Banksia.

Dryandra ser. Aphragma is an obsolete series within the former genus Dryandra. It was first published at sectional rank by Robert Brown in 1830, and was retained at that rank until 1999, when Alex George demoted it to a series. It was discarded in 2007 when Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele sank Dryandra into Banksia.

References

1 2 3 Meissner, Carl (1856). "XLIV. Dryandra". In de Candolle, A. P. (ed.). Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis . Vol. XIV. Paris: Sumptibus Sociorum Treuttel et Wurtz. pp. 467–481.
1 2 3 Meissner, Carl (1856). "XLV. Hemiclidia". In de Candolle, A. P. (ed.). Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis . Vol. XIV. Paris: Sumptibus Sociorum Treuttel et Wurtz. pp. 481–482.
↑ Brown, Robert (1810). Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen . London: Taylor.
↑ Brown, Robert (1830). Supplementum Primum Prodromi Florae Novae Hollandiae . London: Taylor. pp. 37–40.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
↑ Bentham, George (1870). "Dryandra". Flora Australiensis . Vol. 5. London: L. Reeve & Co. pp. 562–584.
↑ George, Alex S. (1996). "New taxa and a new infragenetic classification in Dryandra R.Br. (Proteaceae: Grevilleoideae)". Nuytsia . 10 (3): 313–408.
↑ Mast, A. R. and Kevin Thiele (2007). "The transfer of Dryandra R.Br. to Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae)". Australian Systematic Botany . 20: 63–71. doi:10.1071/SB06016.

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[Meissner_1856_XLIV-1] 1 2 3 Meissner, Carl (1856). "XLIV. Dryandra". In de Candolle, A. P. (ed.). Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis . Vol. XIV. Paris: Sumptibus Sociorum Treuttel et Wurtz. pp. 467–481.

[Meissner_1856_XLV-2] 1 2 3 Meissner, Carl (1856). "XLV. Hemiclidia". In de Candolle, A. P. (ed.). Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis . Vol. XIV. Paris: Sumptibus Sociorum Treuttel et Wurtz. pp. 481–482.

[Brown_1810-3] Brown, Robert (1810). Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen . London: Taylor.

[Brown_1830-4] Brown, Robert (1830). Supplementum Primum Prodromi Florae Novae Hollandiae . London: Taylor. pp. 37–40.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[Bentham_1870-5] Bentham, George (1870). "Dryandra". Flora Australiensis . Vol. 5. London: L. Reeve & Co. pp. 562–584.

[George_1996-6] George, Alex S. (1996). "New taxa and a new infragenetic classification in Dryandra R.Br. (Proteaceae: Grevilleoideae)". Nuytsia . 10 (3): 313–408.

[Mast_2007-7] Mast, A. R. and Kevin Thiele (2007). "The transfer of Dryandra R.Br. to Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae)". Australian Systematic Botany . 20: 63–71. doi:10.1071/SB06016.

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