Moffat Tunnel

Last updated

Moffat Tunnel
Image Moffat west2a.jpg
The western entrance to the tunnel
Overview
Location Colorado, US
System Union Pacific Railroad
Crosses Continental Divide
Operation
OpenedFebruary 1928
OwnerState of Colorado
OperatorUnion Pacific
Technical
Length6.2 miles (10.0 km)
Track gauge 4 ft 8+12 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge
Highest elevation9,239 feet (2,816 m) above sea level
Tunnel clearance 24 feet (7.3 m)
Width18 feet (5.5 m)
Grade 1 in 125 (0.8%)
Route map
New Route
BSicon CONTg.svg
BSicon exSTR+l.svg
BSicon exSTR+r.svg
Old Route
(after 1928)
 
BSicon STR.svg
BSicon exSTR.svg
BSicon exSTR.svg
BSicon eABZgl.svg
BSicon exSTRr.svg
BSicon exSTR.svg
BSicon numN105.svg
Winter Park Resort
BSicon MFADEg.svg
BSicon utSTR.svg
BSicon pHST.svg
BSicon exSPLar.svg
BSicon exlENDE@Gq-.svg
BSicon exl-ENDE@Gq.svg
BSicon exSTR.svg
Forrest and Morgan Spurs
BSicon PORTALg.svg
BSicon uSTRbl.svg
BSicon STR.svg
BSicon exSTR.svg
Moffat Tunnel
BSicon utSTRa.svg
BSicon tSTRa.svg
BSicon MSTRc3.svg
BSicon exlENDE3.svg
BSicon exWYE3+lg.svg
BSicon excSTRq.svg
BSicon exSTR+r.svg
Ranch Creek Wye
elev. 9,239 ft (2,816 m)
 
BSicon utSTR.svg
BSicon tSTR.svg
BSicon exSTR+l.svg
BSicon exSTRq.svg
BSicon exSTRr.svg
rail tunnel
BSicon utSTR.svg
BSicon tSTR.svg
BSicon POINTERf@gq.svg
BSicon exdvWSLaq.svg
BSicon exSTR+ro-STRr.svg
BSicon exlENDE@F.svg
Rifle Sight Notch Tunnel
Tunnel 33
water tunnel
BSicon POINTERf@gq.svg
BSicon utSTR.svg
BSicon tSTR.svg
BSicon exSTRl.svg
BSicon exABZqlr.svg
BSicon exSTRq.svg
BSicon GRZ3+1.svg
BSicon GIPlq.svg
BSicon ex3STR2+r.svg
BSicon utSTR+GRZq.svg
BSicon tSTR+GRZq.svg
BSicon GRZq.svg
BSicon cGRZq.svg
BSicon GRZr+1.svg
BSicon exv-3STR.svg
elev. 11,677 ft (3,559 m)
 
BSicon utSTR.svg
BSicon tSTR.svg
BSicon exSTR+l.svg
BSicon exTUNNEL2q.svg
BSicon ex3STRr+1.svg
Needle's Eye Tunnel
Tunnel 32
BSicon utSTR.svg
BSicon tSTR.svg
BSicon exSTR.svg
BSicon utSTR.svg
BSicon tSTR.svg
BSicon exSTRlg+lf.svg
BSicon exvWSLeq.svg
BSicon utSTRe.svg
BSicon tSTRe.svg
BSicon exlENDE@Fq.svg
BSicon exABZgr+r.svg
Spruce Wye
BSicon uWWSEL.svg
BSicon eABZgl+l.svg
BSicon exdSTR+r.svg
BSicon exvWSLa.svg
BSicon exdSTR.svg
BSicon WASSER.svg
BSicon WASSER+4.svg
BSicon STR.svg
BSicon exdSTR.svg
BSicon exdTUNNEL2.svg
BSicon exvSTR.svg
Tunnel 31
to Denver
BSicon MFADEf.svg
BSicon WASSER.svg
BSicon CONTf.svg
BSicon exvWSLe.svg
BSicon exvWSLe.svg

The Moffat Tunnel is a railroad and water tunnel that cuts through the Continental Divide in north-central Colorado. Named after Colorado railroad pioneer David Moffat, the tunnel's first official railroad traffic passed through in February 1928.

Contents

The Moffat Tunnel finally provided Denver with a western link through the Continental Divide, as both Cheyenne, Wyoming, to the north and Pueblo to the south already enjoyed rail access to the West Coast. It follows the right-of-way laid out by Moffat in 1902 while he was seeking a better and shorter route from Denver to Salt Lake City. The Moffat Tunnel averages 15 trains per day. [1] The railroad and water tunnels parallel one another; the water tunnel delivers a portion of Denver's water supply. In 1979, the tunnel was designated as a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Civil Engineers. [2]

Overview

Moffat Tunnel-Rollins Pass.png
Moffat Tunnel/Rollins Pass

The eastern portal is about 50 miles (80 km) west of Denver in the Front Range, about 10 miles (16 km) west of the town of Rollinsville. [a] The West Portal is located at the base area of Winter Park Resort, [b] above and east of the Dotsero Cutoff that leads west towards Salt Lake City. The railroad tunnel is 24 feet (7.3 m) high, 18 feet (5.5 m) wide, and 6.2 miles (10.0 km) long. The apex of the tunnel is at 9,239 feet (2,816 m) above sea level. The tunnel has a gradient of 1 in 125 (0.8%). [3]

As of 1989, the Moffat was the fourth-longest railroad tunnel in North America. It was the longest non-electrified tunnel until 1956, when electrification was removed from the Cascade Tunnel. The tunnel is single-tracked, so only one train is run through at a time, usually with eastbound and westbound trains alternating. For safety reasons, passengers are asked to not move from one car to another while the train is in the tunnel.[ citation needed ]

Moffat Tunnel is owned by the State of Colorado and is operated by Union Pacific under a 99-year lease agreement. The use fee is $12,000 per year and is set to expire on January 6, 2025. [4]

Although its primary purpose today is as a rail route for coal and freight, and as a water tunnel from the Pacific watershed to the Denver area, it also sees use by Amtrak's California Zephyr and Winter Park Express . The tunnel's apex elevation of 9,239 feet (2,816 m) is the highest point on the Amtrak network. Since August 15, 2021, the Rocky Mountaineer tourist train operator has used the tunnel on its "Rockies to the Red Rocks" route between Denver and Moab with an overnight stop in Glenwood Springs. [5]

Ventilation system

The tunnel is ventilated by massive fans operating after a train has exited the tunnel. The portals have doors which are shut before the fans are activated. Originally, trains would have to wait some 20–30 minutes before proceeding into the tunnel after the doors were re-opened. Today, a sensor system is employed to evaluate the clearance of diesel exhaust, which today can be less than 20 minutes for lighter trains. [6]

History

Benefits of construction of Moffat Tunnel as outlined in November 1922 issue of Popular Science magazine Moffat Tunnel Overview.JPG
Benefits of construction of Moffat Tunnel as outlined in November 1922 issue of Popular Science magazine

The tunnel was conceived by David Moffat of the Denver, Northwestern, and Pacific (DNW&P) railroad as early as 1902. The original DNW&P tracks climbed Rollins Pass with a series of switchback loops with a steep 4% grade and severe snow conditions. Snow removal on the original line made it unprofitable to operate. [7]

Moffat was unable to raise sufficient funds to build the tunnel before he died in 1911, [8] but the forces behind the tunnel continued, and in 1914 a Denver bond issue was approved, financing two thirds of the construction cost of the tunnel. The issue was defeated in a court decision which ruled that Denver did not have the constitutional right to enter into a joint venture to construct the tunnel with a private corporation. [9]

In 1920, a bill was introduced in the state legislature to build three tunnels under Monarch Pass, Cumbres Pass, and Rollins Pass (the Moffat Route). The various regions of the state could not come to agreement, partly because the southern and southwestern regions feared that Denver would gain a new advantage in commerce from the Moffat Route. Blocking this legislation would ultimately backfire when Denver was finally able to secure financing for its tunnel.

Amtrak Winter Park Express exiting west portal of Moffat Tunnel 174AMMoffattwest.jpg
Amtrak Winter Park Express exiting west portal of Moffat Tunnel

In early 1922, Denver's lawmakers in the state legislature found an opening. Pueblo had been devastated by a flood, and Gov. Oliver Henry Shoup called an emergency session of the legislature. Denver lawmakers now had power over Pueblo. They would vote for emergency funding for the beleaguered town (an economic rival to Denver) in return for legislation authorizing the issuance of bonds for Denver's tunnel. A deal was struck, and on April 29, the Moffat Tunnel Improvement District was created.

Amtrak Train leaving Moffat Tunnel East Portal East Portal.jpg
Amtrak Train leaving Moffat Tunnel East Portal

The district boundaries included the City and County of Denver and all or portions of the counties traversed by the Denver and Salt Lake Railway. The district had the authority to levy taxes and issue bonds backed by real estate within the district. The Colorado Supreme Court in November 1922 upheld the constitutionality of the law creating the district and its ability to issue bonds. [10] The bonds were sold and construction began.

The bonds were fully paid off in December 1983, but the commission continued to exist until 1998. It was finally disbanded after a series of political intrigues related to Winter Park Resort, which was built partly on land owned by the commission (known as the Evans Tract).

In 1988, Rio Grande Industries, the company that controlled the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad, purchased the Southern Pacific Railroad. The combined company took the Southern Pacific name because of its name recognition among shippers. On September 11, 1996, owner Philip Anschutz sold the combined company to the Union Pacific Railroad in response to the earlier merger of the Burlington Northern and the Santa Fe which formed the Burlington Northern and Santa Fe Railway.

Construction

The nearly-completed tunnel in December 1927 Moffat Tunnel construction done.jpg
The nearly-completed tunnel in December 1927

The Moffat Tunnel was cut under a shoulder of James Peak. A small pilot tunnel was bored parallel with and 75 feet (23 m) south of the main tunnel to facilitate the work and was eight feet (2.4 m) high and eight feet (2.4 m) wide. [3] [11] In 1925, bad rock at the west end of the tunnel delayed construction, and costs soared. The pilot tunnel was officially "holed through" on February 18, 1927; the blast of dynamite was set off by President Calvin Coolidge pressing a key in Washington, D.C., and the program was broadcast by radio from the heart of the mountain. Three more bond issues were sold before the tunnel was completed.

The railroad tunnel was holed through on July 7, 1927, and formally turned over to the lessee on February 26, 1928. Upon completion of the Dotsero Cutoff five years later, railroad connections through the tunnel shortened the distance between Denver and the Pacific coast by 176 miles (283 km). The tunnel took 48 months to bore; the average daily progress was 21 feet (6.4 m). The first train passed through the tunnel in February 1928.

Although the original cost of the tunnel was pegged at $6.62 million, final assessments collected by the Moffat Tunnel district, including interest, were $23,972,843. The cost of the two tunnels was $15.6 million (equivalent to $219 million in 2023 [12] ), which is $475 per linear foot ($1,558 per linear meter). Each of the ornamental bronze characters on the east and west portals (entrances) of the tunnel cost $40 and a separate cast had to be made for each character. Further, on each portal are the dates: 1923 (when construction began) and 1927 (the year the tunnel was scheduled to be completed). By not changing 1927 to 1928 (the year the tunnel was actually finished and opened), this saved the commission $80 ($40 each portal) at the time (equivalent to $1,420 for both in 2023 [13] ). [14] The project excavated 750,000 cubic yards (570,000 m3), or 3,000,000,000 pounds (1,400,000 t) of rock, equal to 1,600 freight trains of 40 cars each. During the five-year project, 28 people died, six in a single cave-in on July 30, 1926.

Track rails in the tunnel, originally jointed, were replaced in the 1930s with continuous welded rail, one of the earliest such installations in North America. This decision was prompted by the corrosive effect of coal smoke and steam condensate, captive within the tunnel, on the joints. [15]

Water tunnel

The pilot bore was leased to the City of Denver for use as a water tunnel to divert water east from the Colorado River Basin under the Continental Divide to the urban areas of the eastern slope. The pilot bore was enlarged to a diameter of 10.5 feet (3.2 m), giving it a carrying capacity of 1,280 cubic feet per second (36 m3/s), and water diversion began in 1936. In 1979, the water tunnel was sold by the Moffat Tunnel Improvement District to the city. Since the 1940s, the tunnel has also conveyed water for the city of Englewood. [11]

Some of the water flowing through the Moffat Tunnel to Denver actually crosses the Continental Divide three times. This water originates in the city's Williams Fork collection system, from which it passes east across the continental divide through the Gumlick Tunnel under Jones Pass, into the basin of Clear Creek. This water then flows north across the continental divide through the Vasquez Tunnel into the valley of the Fraser River before reaching the Moffat Tunnel. [11]

East Portal Camp Cabins

On January 30, 2020, the five remaining East Portal Camp Cabins (located at the East Portal of the Moffat Tunnel adjacent to Rollins Pass) were classified by Colorado Preservation as one of Colorado's Most Endangered Places. [16] [17] [18] [19] In the spring of 2023, the Gilpin County Historic Preservation Commission's Vice Chair, B. Travis Wright, nominated these cabins to become a Gilpin County local historic landmark. On June 13, 2023, the designation of the East Portal Camp Cabins was unanimously approved for local landmark designation, by a vote of 3–0. [20] [21]

See also

Notes

  1. 39°54′08″N105°38′46″W / 39.90235°N 105.6461°W
  2. 39°53′15″N105°45′41″W / 39.887434°N 105.761347°W

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad</span> American railroad company

The Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad, often shortened to Rio Grande, D&RG or D&RGW, formerly the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad, was an American Class I railroad company. The railroad started as a 3 ft narrow-gauge line running south from Denver, Colorado, in 1870. It served mainly as a transcontinental bridge line between Denver and Salt Lake City, Utah. The Rio Grande was also a major origin of coal and mineral traffic.

The Eisenhower Tunnel, officially the Eisenhower–Edwin C. Johnson Memorial Tunnel, is a dual-bore, four-lane vehicular tunnel in the western United States, approximately 60 miles (97 km) west of Denver, Colorado. The tunnel carries Interstate 70 (I-70) under the Continental Divide in the Rocky Mountains. With a maximum elevation of 11,158 feet (3,401 m) above sea level, it is one of the highest vehicular tunnels in the world. The tunnel is the longest mountain tunnel and highest point on the Interstate Highway System. Opened in 1973, the westbound bore is named after Dwight D. Eisenhower, the U.S. President for whom the Interstate system is also named. The eastbound bore was completed in 1979 and is named for Edwin C. Johnson, a governor and U.S. Senator who lobbied for an Interstate Highway to be built across Colorado.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Denver and Salt Lake Railway</span> Transport company

The Denver and Salt Lake Railway (D&SL) was a U.S. railroad company located in Colorado. It was incorporated in 1902 as the Denver, Northwestern and Pacific (DN&P) Railway with the goal of connecting Denver, Colorado with Salt Lake City, Utah. It underwent numerous reorganizations throughout its financially troubled history and, by the time it was acquired in 1931 by the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad, it had advanced only as far west as Craig, Colorado. After its acquisition, it was connected to the D&RGW main to give the D&RGW a more direct route to Denver via the eastern half of the DS&L. The portions of the D&SL still in use today comprise the Moffat Tunnel Subdivision of Union Pacific Railroad's Central Corridor, and Amtrak’s California Zephyr uses a portion of the former D&SL between Denver and Bond.

<i>Winter Park Express</i> Seasonal train service between Denver and Winter Park Resort, Colorado

The Winter Park Express is a passenger train operated by Amtrak on winter weekends between Denver Union Station and Winter Park Resort, Colorado. The scenic 56-mile (90 km) route uses the same line as the California Zephyr, climbing 4,000 feet (1,200 m) into the Front Range and passing through 30 tunnels—including the historic 6.2-mile (10.0 km) Moffat Tunnel under the Continental Divide—before dropping passengers within 100 yards (91 m) of Winter Park's ski lifts. Trains run five times a week from January to March.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tennessee Pass (Colorado)</span>

Tennessee Pass elevation 10,424 ft (3,177 m) is a high mountain pass in the Rocky Mountains of central Colorado in the United States. The pass was named after Tennessee, the native state of a group of early prospectors.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Argentine Pass</span> Mountain pass in Colorado, USA

Argentine Pass, elevation 13,207 ft (4,025 m), is a high mountain pass that crosses the Continental Divide in the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains of central Colorado in the United States. Argentine Pass is located on the crest of the Front Range along the boundary southwest of Georgetown and is the highest named vehicle-accessible pass in the state.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rollinsville, Colorado</span> Census-designated place in Gilpin County, Colorado, United States

Rollinsville is a census-designated place (CDP) and post office in and governed by Gilpin County, Colorado, United States. The CDP is a part of the Denver–Aurora–Lakewood, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area. The Rollinsville post office has the ZIP Code 80474. At the United States Census 2020, the population of the Rollinsville CDP was 194.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Georgetown Loop Railroad</span>

The Georgetown Loop Railroad is a 3 ft narrow gauge United States heritage railroad located in the Rocky Mountains in Clear Creek County, adjacent to Interstate 70 in Colorado.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rollins Pass</span> Colorado mountain pass and archaeological site

Rollins Pass, elevation 11,676 ft (3,559 m), is a mountain pass and active archaeological site in the Southern Rocky Mountains of north-central Colorado in the United States. The pass is located on and traverses the Continental Divide of the Americas at the crest of the Front Range southwest of Boulder and is located approximately five miles east and opposite the resort in Winter Park—in the general area between Winter Park and Rollinsville. Rollins Pass is at the boundaries of Boulder, Gilpin, and Grand counties. Over the past 10,000 years, the pass provided a route over the Continental Divide between the Atlantic Ocean watershed of South Boulder Creek with the Pacific Ocean watershed of the Fraser River, a tributary of the Colorado River.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Colorado–Big Thompson Project</span> Federal water diversion project

The Colorado–Big Thompson Project is a federal water diversion project in Colorado designed to collect West Slope mountain water from the headwaters of the Colorado River and divert it to Colorado's Front Range and plains. In Colorado, approximately 80% of the state's precipitation falls on the West Slope, in the Rocky Mountains, while around 80% of the state's growing population lives along the eastern slope, between the cities of Fort Collins and Pueblo.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alpine Tunnel</span> Tunnel in Colorado

Alpine Tunnel is a 1,772 ft (540 m) narrow gauge railroad tunnel located east of Pitkin, Colorado, on the former Denver, South Park and Pacific Railroad route from Denver to Gunnison. At an elevation of 11,523 feet (3,512 m), it was the first tunnel constructed across the Continental Divide in Colorado and was the highest railroad tunnel in North America at the time of its construction in 1882. The line was abandoned less than 30 years later, in 1910, after a series of accidents and problems in and around the tunnel. Now the tunnel is sealed, and the remaining trackbed serves as a trail for hikers and bicyclists.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dillon Reservoir</span> Fresh water reservoir in Summit County, Col., US

Dillon Reservoir, sometimes referred to as Lake Dillon, is a large fresh water reservoir located in Summit County, Colorado, United States, south of I-70 and bordered by the towns of Frisco, Silverthorne, and Dillon. It is a reservoir for the city of Denver, and its waters are under the control of Denver Water. Popular ski areas are close to the reservoir, including Copper Mountain, Keystone, Arapahoe Basin, and Breckenridge.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">David Moffat</span> American financer industrialist (1839–1911)

David Halliday Moffat was an American financier and industrialist, who was one of the original pioneers of Denver, Colorado.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bond, Colorado</span> Unincorporated community in State of Colorado, United States

Bond is an unincorporated community and U.S. Post Office in Eagle County, Colorado, United States. The Bond Post Office has the ZIP Code 80423. Although Bond has never had a sizable population, the town has significant railroad history, and once was a stop for most of the passenger trains along the Denver and Rio Grande Western's main line.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eldorado Mountain</span> Mountain in Colorado, United States

Eldorado Mountain is a mountain summit on the eastern flank of the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains of North America. The 8,344-foot (2,543 m) peak is located 8.1 miles (13.1 km) south by west of downtown Boulder, Colorado, United States. The mountain is largely in Boulder County but it straddles the border and its southern flanks are located in Jefferson County. Its name was probably borrowed from the nearby community of Eldorado Springs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Marshall Pass</span> Mountain pass in Colorado, U.S.

Marshall Pass, elevation 10,842 ft (3,305 m), is a mountain pass in the Rocky Mountains of central-southern Colorado, US. It lies in northern Saguache County on the Continental Divide between the Sawatch Range to the north and the Cochetopa Hills to the south. The pass is part of a backcountry alternative to U.S. Highway 50 between Salida and Gunnison.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Central Corridor (Union Pacific Railroad)</span>

The Central Corridor is a rail line operated by the Union Pacific Railroad from near Winnemucca, Nevada to Denver, Colorado in the western United States. The line was created after the merger with the Southern Pacific Transportation Company by combining portions of lines built by former competitors. No portion of the line was originally built by the Union Pacific; in fact, some portions were built specifically to compete with the Union Pacific's Overland Route. The line is known for significant feats of engineering while crossing the Wasatch Mountains of Utah and the Rocky Mountains of Colorado. The line features numerous tunnels; the longest and highest of these is the Moffat Tunnel.

Jones Pass, elevation 12,454 ft (3,796 m), is a mountain pass that crosses the Continental Divide in the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains of Colorado in the United States.

<i>California Zephyr</i> Amtrak service between Chicago and the San Francisco Bay Area

The California Zephyr is a long-distance passenger train operated by Amtrak between Chicago and the San Francisco Bay Area, via Omaha, Denver, Salt Lake City, and Reno. At 2,438 miles (3,924 km), it is Amtrak's longest daily route, and second-longest overall after the Texas Eagle's triweekly continuation from San Antonio to Los Angeles, with travel time between the termini taking approximately 5112 hours. Amtrak claims the route as one of its most scenic, with views of the upper Colorado River valley in the Rocky Mountains, and the Sierra Nevada. The modern train is the second iteration of a train named California Zephyr; the original train was privately operated and ran on a different route through Nevada and California.

References

  1. "Moffat Tunnel". Douglass Colony. 2015.
  2. Witcher, T.R. (October 2018). "Unanticipated Benefits: The Moffat Tunnel". Civil Engineering. American Society of Civil Engineers. p. 43.
  3. 1 2 "Tunnelling Through The Rockies". The Bunbury Herald and Blackwood Express. February 15, 1924. p. 7. Retrieved March 24, 2013 via National Library of Australia.
  4. Williams, David O. (July 28, 2023). "Oil-train opponents look to railroad's expiring Moffat Tunnel lease for bargaining power". Colorado Newsline. Retrieved September 26, 2023.
  5. McGough, Will (August 16, 2021). "Canadian luxury scenic train line debuts its first US route". CNN. Retrieved August 17, 2021.
  6. "Moffatt Tunnel (Colorado): Ventilation". American-Rails.
  7. Bollinger (1994) , pp. 78, 182, 210, 226.
  8. Bollinger (1994) , p. 173.
  9. Lord v. City & County of Denver, 143P.284 (Colo.1914).
  10. Milheim v. Moffat Tunnel Improvement District, 211P.649 (Colo.1922).
  11. 1 2 3 Winchester, John N. (2000). A Historical View: Transmountain Development in Colorado (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on August 7, 2015. Retrieved August 10, 2015.
  12. Johnston, Louis; Williamson, Samuel H. (2023). "What Was the U.S. GDP Then?". MeasuringWorth . Retrieved November 30, 2023. United States Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the MeasuringWorth series.
  13. 1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–" . Retrieved February 29, 2024.
  14. Griswold (1995) , p. 7
  15. "One Rail Instead of Many". Trains . March 1942.
  16. "Four Historic Sites Join Colorado's Endangered Places List". Westword. January 31, 2020.
  17. "East Portal Camp Cabins". Colorado Preservation.
  18. "2020 List – Colorado's Most Endangered Places". Colorado Preservation. January 30, 2020.
  19. "East Portal Moffat Tunnel". CBS4 Denver. February 20, 2020. Archived from the original on February 25, 2020. Retrieved March 2, 2020.
  20. "East Portal Cabins – history didn't end when the tunnel opened - the Mountain-Ear". June 11, 2023.
  21. "East Portal Camp Cabins—Gilpin County Historic Landmark".

Bibliography

  • Athearn, Robert G. (1977). The Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad: Rebel of the Rockies. University of Nebraska Press.
  • Bollinger, Edward Taylor (1994). Rails that Climb. Boulder, Colorado: Johnson Publishing Company. ISBN   0-918654-29-7.
  • Forrest, Kenton & Albi, Charles (1985). The Moffat Tunnel: A Brief History. Colorado Railroad Museum.
  • Griswold, P. R. (1995). David Moffat's Denver, Northwestern and Pacific: The Moffat Road. Rocky Mountain Railroad Club. ISBN   9780962070723.

Further reading