Nahavand

For the administrative division of Hamadan province, see Nahavand County. For the castle, see Nahavand Castle.

Nahavand Persian: نهاوند
City
Nahavand
Coordinates: 34°11′34″N48°22′23″E / 34.19278°N 48.37306°E / 34.19278; 48.37306 [1]
Country	Iran
Province	Hamadan
County	Nahavand
District	Central
Population  (2016) [2]
• Total	76,162
Time zone	UTC+3:30 (IRST)

Nahavand (Persian : نهاوند, romanized: Nahāvand or Nehāvend) ^[3] is a city in the Central District of Nahavand County, Hamadan province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district. ^[4] It is south of the city of Hamadan, west of Malayer and northwest of Borujerd.

At the 2006 National Census, its population was 72,218 in 19,419 households. ^[5] The following census in 2011 counted 75,445 people in 22,672 households. ^[6] The latest census in 2016 showed a population of 76,162 people in 23,947 households. ^[2]

Inhabited continuously since prehistoric times, Nahavand was bestowed upon the House of Karen in the Sasanian period. During the Muslim conquest of Persia, it was the site of the famous Battle of Nahavand.

Etymology

The name Nahāvand is probably ultimately derived from Old Persian *Niθāvanta-, related to the Old Persian name Nisāya , itself derived from the prefix ni-, meaning "down" and a second element which is related to Avestan si or say, meaning "to lie down". ^[7]

It has been spelled differently in different books and sources: Nahavand, Nahavend, Nahawand, Nahaavand, Nihavand, Nehavand, Nihavend, or Nehavend, formerly called Mah-Nahavand, and in antiquity Laodicea (Greek : Λαοδίκεια; Arabic Ladhiqiyya), also transliterated Laodiceia and Laodikeia, Laodicea in Media, Laodicea in Persis, Antiochia in Persis, Antiochia of Chosroes (Greek : Αντιόχεια του Χοσρόη), Antiochia in Media (Greek : Αντιόχεια της Μηδίας), Nemavand and Niphaunda.

Prehistory

Excavations conducted in 1931/2 at Tepe Giyan by Georges Contenau and Roman Ghirshman led to the conclusion that Nahavand and its environs have been inhabited since prehistoric times. ^[8] It showed that the site of Tepe Giyan, which lies c. 10 kilometers southeast of Nahavand, was occupied from at least 5,000 BC to c. 1,000 BC. ^{[8] [9]}

History

Matching gold clasp with eagle in the Metropolitan Museum of Art found in Nahavand, believed by Ernst Herzfeld to originally belong to the House of Karen.

Nahavand Castle by Eugène Flandin (19th century drawing)

Giyan Spring

Faresban Spring

During the Achaemenid period (550–330 BC), Nahavand was located in the southernmost part of Media, on the fertile Nisaean plain. ^{[8] [11]} The ancient geographer and historian Strabo wrote that it was "(re-)founded" by Achaemenid King Xerxes the Great (r. 486–465 BC). ^[8] It lay c. 96 kilometers from Ecbatana (modern-day Hamadan), on the trunk road from Babylonia through Media to Bactria. ^[11] In the Seleucid period, Nahavand was turned into a Greek polis with magistrates and a Seleucid governor. ^[11] In the 20th century, a stone stele was found near Nahavand. The stele bore a copy of the dynastic cult inscription of Seleucid ruler Antiochus III the Great (r. 222–187 BC), which he had created for his wife, Queen Laodice III. ^{[8] [11] [12]} The stele, dated to 193 BC, revealed the terminus ante quem of the foundation of the Greek polis of Laodiceia. ^{[11] [12]} According to the polymath Abu Hanifa Dinawari, who flourished in the 9th century, in the Parthian period, Nahavand was the seat of the Parthian prince Artabanus, who later reigned as Artabanus I of Parthia (r. 127–124/3 BC). ^[8] During the Sasanian period, the district of Nahavand was bestowed upon the House of Karen. ^[8] There was also a fire temple in the city. ^[8]

In 642, during the Arab conquest of Iran, a famous battle was fought at Nahavand. ^{[8] [13]} With heavy losses on both sides, it eventually resulted in a Sasanian defeat, and as such, opened up the doors of the Iranian plateau to the invaders. ^{[8] [13]} In the early Islamic period, Nahavand flourished as part of the province of Jibal. It first functioned as administrative center of the Mah al-Basra ("Media of the Basrans") district. ^[8] Its revenues were reportedly used for the payment of the troops from Basra that were stationed in Nahavand. Medieval geographers mention Nahavand as an affluent commercial hub with two Friday mosques. ^[8] When the 10th-century Arab traveller Abu Dulaf travelled through Nahavand, he noted "fine remains of the [ancient] Persians". ^[8] Abu Dulaf also wrote that during the reign of Caliph al-Ma'mun (813–833), a treasure chamber had been found, containing two gold caskets. ^[8]

In the course of the subsequent centuries, only few events in Nahavand were recorded. The Persian vizier of the Seljuk Empire, Nizam al-Mulk, was assassinated in 1092 near Nahavand. ^[8] According to the historian and geographer Hamdallah Mustawfi, who flourished in the 13th and 14th centuries, Nahavand was a town of medium size surrounded by fertile fields where corn, cotton and fruits were grown. ^[8] Mustawfi added that its inhabitants were mainly Twelver Shia Kurds. ^[8]

In 1589, during the Ottoman-Safavid War of 1578–1590, Ottoman general Cığalazade Yusuf Sinan Pasha built a fortress at Nahavand for future campaigns against Safavid Iran. ^[8] By the Treaty of Constantinople (1590), the Safavids were forced to cede the city to the Turks. ^[14] In 1602/3, Nahavand's citizens revolted against the Ottoman occupiers. ^[8] Coinciding with the Celali revolts in Anatolia, the Safavids recaptured Nahavand and expelled the Ottomans from the city, thus restoring Iranian control. ^{[8] [15]} The Safavid governor of Hamadan, Hasan Khan Ustajlu, subsequently destroyed the Ottoman fort. ^{[8] [16]} In the wake of the collapse of the Safavids in 1722, the Turks captured Nahavand once more. In 1730, they were ousted by Nader-Qoli Beg (later known as Nader Shah; r. 1736–1747). ^[8] Nader's death in 1747 led to instability. Over the next few years, Nahavand was exploited by local Bakhtiari chiefs. ^[8] In c. 1752, Karim Khan Zand defeated the Bakhtiari chieftain Ali Mardan Khan Bakhtiari at Nahavand. ^[8]

Geography

Nahavand is situated in the west of Iran, in the northern part of the Zagros region. ^[8] It lies c. 90 kilometers south of Hamadan, from which it is separated by the massif of the Alvand subrange. ^[8] This massif grants Nahavand and its hinterlands an abundant water supply. ^[8] Historically, Nahavand was located on a route that led from central Iraq through Kermanshah to northern Iran, and was therefore often crossed by armies. ^[8] Another historic road, coming from Kermanshah, leads towards Isfahan in central Iran and avoids the Alvand massif. ^[17] Nahavand also lies on the branch of the Gamasab river which comes from the southeast from the vicinity of Borujerd; from Nahavand the Gamasab river flows westwards to Mount Behistun. ^[17] Given Nahavand's location, it was the site of several battles, and was considered important in Iranian history during Iran's wars with its western neighbors. ^{[8] [17]}

Climate

Nahavand has a dry summer humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dsa).

Climate data for Nahavand
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	3.2 (37.8)	5.1 (41.2)	11.5 (52.7)	16.8 (62.2)	22.9 (73.2)	30.1 (86.2)	34.2 (93.6)	33.7 (92.7)	29.2 (84.6)	21.7 (71.1)	12.1 (53.8)	6.4 (43.5)	18.9 (66.1)
Daily mean °C (°F)	−1.7 (28.9)	0.1 (32.2)	5.9 (42.6)	11.3 (52.3)	17.3 (63.1)	24.0 (75.2)	27.7 (81.9)	27.3 (81.1)	22.7 (72.9)	15.7 (60.3)	6.8 (44.2)	1.2 (34.2)	13.2 (55.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	−6.5 (20.3)	−5.0 (23.0)	0.2 (32.4)	5.3 (41.5)	11.2 (52.2)	17.2 (63.0)	20.6 (69.1)	20.2 (68.4)	16.0 (60.8)	9.8 (49.6)	2.0 (35.6)	−3.4 (25.9)	7.3 (45.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	70 (2.8)	69 (2.7)	94 (3.7)	74 (2.9)	33 (1.3)	2 (0.1)	0 (0)	0 (0)	1 (0.0)	27 (1.1)	59 (2.3)	64 (2.5)	493 (19.4)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)	8	7	8	8	5	1	0	0	0	3	6	6	52
Average relative humidity (%)	68	66	56	52	37	21	18	16	19	34	56	63	42
Source: https://en.climate-data.org/asia/iran/hamadan/nahavand-5611/

Languages

The local language of the city is the Nahavandi sub-dialect of the northern dialect of the Luri language. This dialect is one of the closest dialects to the Middle Persian language, and is occasionally considered a distinct language. ^[18]

Southern Kurdish is also spoken in Nahavand. ^[19]

Music

Nahavand also gives its name to the musical mode (maqam) Nahawand in Arabic, Persian and Turkish music. ^[20] This mode is known for its wide variety of Western sounding melodies.

Notable people

• Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz (d. 644, Nahavandi origin uncertain), craftsman and slave who killed the second caliph Umar
• Benjamin Nahawandi, a key figure in the development of Karaite Judaism in the early Middle Ages
• Ahmad Nahavandi, 8th-century astronomer who worked at the Academy of Gundishapur
• Ali Younesi, Shia Cleric
• Ali Qoddusi, Shia Cleric

• Iran portal

References

1. OpenStreetMap contributors (19 October 2023). "Nahavand, Nahavand County" (Map). OpenStreetMap . Retrieved 19 October 2023.
2. "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 13. Archived from the original (Excel) on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
3. Nahavand can be found at GEOnet Names Server , at this link , by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3076227" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database".
4. Habibi, Hassan (21 June 1369). "Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the country's divisions of Hamadan province, centered in Hamadan city". Lamtakam (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Political Defense Commission of the Government Board. Archived from the original on 11 February 2024. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
5. "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 13. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
6. "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011)". Syracuse University (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 13. Archived from the original (Excel) on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
7. Ahadian, M. Mahdi (2010). "Morphological Survey of Hamedan's Toponyms". Linguistics Society of Iran. 6 (12): 129–148. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
8. Bosworth 2000.
9. Negahban 2001, pp. 6–7.
10. Herzfeld 1928, pp. 21–22.
11. Sherwin-White & Wiesehöfer 2012.
12. Wiesehöfer 2006.
13. Webb 2018.
14. Blow 2009, p. 73.
15. Blow 2009, p. 73, 74, 76.
16. Floor 2008, p. 198.
17. Minorsky 1995, p. 23.
18. "خرید آنلاین کتاب گویش نهاوندی |Iranfarhang Bookstore". www.iranfarhang.com. Retrieved 21 August 2021.
19. Bezli, Muslim; Azadi, Sakineh (1995). "جستاری در قواعد صرفی و نحوی زویش کردی جنوبی (با بررسی موردی سه زیرزویش بزلی، لکی و کلهری)" (PDF). Islamic Azad University Scientific Journals Database (in Persian): 4–5.
20. Randel 2003, p. 552.

Sources

• Blow, David (2009). Shah Abbas: The Ruthless King Who became an Iranian Legend. London, UK: I.B.Tauris. ISBN   978-1845119898. LCCN   2009464064.
• Bosworth, C. Edmund (2000). "NEHĀVAND". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
• Floor, Willem (2008). Titles and Emoluments in Safavid Iran: A Third Manual of Safavid Administration, by Mirza Naqi Nasiri. Washington, D.C.: Mage Publishers. ISBN   978-1933823232.
• Herzfeld, Ernst (1928). "The Hoard of the Kâren Pahlavs". The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs. 52 (298). Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 52, no. 298: 21–27. JSTOR   863510.
• Minorsky, Vladimir (1995). "Nihāwand" . In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P. & Lecomte, G. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume VIII: Ned–Sam. Leiden: E. J. Brill. ISBN   978-90-04-09834-3.
• Negahban, Ezat O. (2001). "GIYAN TEPE". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. XI, Fasc. 6-7.
• Randel, Don Michael, ed. (2003). The Harvard Dictionary of Music (4 ed.). Harvard University Press. ISBN   978-0674011632.
• Sherwin-White, Susan Mary; Wiesehöfer, Josef (2012). "Laodicea-Nihavend". In Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony; Eidinow, Esther (eds.). The Oxford Classical Dictionary (4 ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN   978-0-19-954556-8.
• Webb, Peter (2018). "Nihawand, Battle of". In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity . Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN   978-0-19-866277-8.
• Wiesehöfer, Josef (2006). "Nihāwand". In Salazar, Christine F.; Landfester, Manfred; Gentry, Francis G. (eds.). Brill's New Pauly. Brill Online.

External links

• Hamedan Province Cultural Heritage Website
• Persian History Website
• Smith, William (editor); Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography , "Laodiceia", London, (1854)
• Richard Talbert , Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World , ( ISBN   0-691-03169-X ), Map 92.
•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain :  Smith, William, ed. (1854–1857). "Laodiceia". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography . London: John Murray.