Neotibicen | |
---|---|
Linne's cicada ( Neotibicen linnei ) | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Arthropoda |
Class: | Insecta |
Order: | Hemiptera |
Suborder: | Auchenorrhyncha |
Family: | Cicadidae |
Tribe: | Cryptotympanini |
Genus: | Neotibicen Hill & Moulds, 2015 |
Cicadas of the genus Neotibicen are large-bodied insects of the family Cicadidae that appear in summer or early fall in eastern North America and formerly Bermuda. [1] Common names include cicada, harvestfly, jar fly, [2] and the misnomer locust. [3]
In 2015, these species were moved from the genus Tibicen (now genus Lyristes Horvath, 1926), [4] which was redefined in the twenty-first century to include only a few European species, while species from the Western United States and Mexico are now placed in a separate genus, Hadoa . [5] In addition, several former Neotibicen species have been moved to the genus Megatibicen . [6] [7]
Neotibicen cicadas are 1–2 inches (25–51 mm) long, with characteristic green, brown, and black markings on the top of the thorax, and tented, membranous wings extending past the abdomen.[ citation needed ] The fore wings are about twice the length of the hindwings. Adults feed using their beak to tap into the xylem of plants; nymphs feed from the xylem of roots. [8]
Neotibicen species are the most commonly encountered cicadas in the eastern United States. Unlike periodical cicadas, whose appearances aboveground occur at 13- or 17-year intervals, Neotibicen species can be seen every year, hence their nickname "annual cicadas". Despite their annual appearances, Neotibicen probably take multiple years to develop underground, because all cicada species for which life cycle lengths have been measured do so, except when growing as agricultural pests. [9] Their annual reappearance is presumably due to overlapping generations.
Like other members of the subfamily Cicadinae, Neotibicen species have loud, complex songs, even (in many cases) with distinct song phrases. [10]
Males produce loud calls in the afternoon or evening (depending on the species) to attract females. These sounds, distinctive for each species, [11] are produced by specialized tymbal organs on the abdomen as in most cicadas. These calls range from a loud buzz to a long rattling sound, sometimes with a pulsating quality. [11]
Many animals feed on cicadas, which usually occurs during the final days when they become easy prey near the ground. One of the more notable predators is the cicada killer, a large wasp that catches the dog-day cicada. After catching and stinging the insect to paralyze it, the cicada killer carries it back to its hole and drags it underground to a chamber where it lays its eggs in the paralyzed cicada. When the eggs hatch, the wasp larvae feed on the paralyzed, but still living, cicada.
The Cicadinae are a subfamily of cicadas, containing the translucent cicadas. They are robust cicadas and many have gaudy colors, but they generally lack the butterfly-like opaque wing markings found in many species of the related Tibiceninae.
Tibiceninae is a historical subfamily name from the insect family Cicadidae. It was first used by Distant (1889). As of 2021, the name became unavailable to zoological nomenclature due to the suppression of its type genus Tibicen Berthold, 1827 by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Cicada genera grouped at the subfamily level with genus Lyristes are generally referenced under the name Cicadinae Latreille, 1802.
Tibicenini is a historical tribe name from the insect family Cicadidae, based on the family group taxon established by Distant (1889). As of 2021, the name became unavailable to zoological nomenclature due to the suppression of its type genus Tibicen Berthold, 1827 by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Cicada genera grouped at the tribe level with genus Lyristes are generally referenced under the name Cryptotympanini Handlirsch, 1925.
Neotibicen tibicen, known generally as the swamp cicada or morning cicada, is a species of cicada in the family Cicadidae. It is widespread across much of the eastern and central United States and portions of southeastern Canada. There are two subspecies, N. tibicen tibicen and N. tibicen australis, with the latter replacing subspecies tibicen in portions of Florida, Georgia, and Alabama.
Tibicen is a historical genus name in the insect family Cicadidae that was originally published by P. A. Latreille in 1825 and formally made available in a translation by A. A. Berthold in 1827. The name was placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in 2021. Certain European cicada species that were included by some authors in this genus at the time of its suppression are now listed under genus Lyristes Horváth, 1926. Other formerly-Tibicen species are placed in the tribe Cryptotympanini and include the genera Auritibicen Lee, 2015, Hadoa Moulds, 2015 Megatibicen Sanborn and Heath, 2016, and Neotibicen Hill and Moulds, 2015.
The genus Hadoa comprises large-bodied Cicadidae occurring in Western North America. Until recently, these species were in the genus Tibicen, which has now been redefined so as to include only a few European species, while most species from the Eastern and Central US are now placed in Neotibicen and Megatibicen.
Megatibicen is a genus of cicadas in the family Cicadidae, with about 10 described species. Until 2016, these species were included in the genus Tibicen and then briefly in Neotibicen. The species formerly of genera Ameritibicen Lee, 2016 and Gigatibicen Lee, 2016 are now considered species of Megatibicen Sanborn & Heath, 2016.
Neotibicen davisi, known generally as the Davis' southeastern dog-day cicada or southern dog-day cicada, is a species of cicada in the family Cicadidae.
Neotibicen lyricen, the lyric cicada, is a species of cicada in the family Cicadidae.
Neotibicen pruinosus, commonly known as the scissor grinder, is a species of cicada in the family Cicadidae.
Neotibicen superbus, the superb dog-day cicada, is a species of cicada in the family Cicadidae. It is the greenest cicada in the neotibicen genus. It has reduced black patterning and looks different than most other cicadas in its genus. Its song is a soft buzz that reaches a crescendo.
Cornuplura is a genus of cicadas in the family Cicadidae. There are at least three described species in Cornuplura.
Beameria is a genus of cicadas in the family Cicadidae. There are at least three described species in Beameria.
Distantada is a genus of cicadas in the family Cicadidae, found in the Mascarene Islands. There is at least one described species in Distantada, D. thomasseti.
Lahugada is a genus of cicadas in the family Cicadidae, found in India. There is at least one described species in Lahugada, L. dohertyi.
Macrotristriini is a tribe of cicadas in the family Cicadidae. There are at least 2 genera and 20 described species in Macrotristriini, all found in Australia.
Oncotympanini is a tribe of cicadas in the family Cicadidae, found in China and southeast Asia. There are at least 3 genera and about 12 described species in Oncotympanini.
Megatibicen resh, the resh cicada or western dusk singing cicada, is a species of cicada in the family Cicadidae, found in North America.
Neotibicen similaris is a species of annual cicada in the genus Neotibicen. It is native to the Southeastern United States. Initially, N. similaris encompassed one distinct species of Neotibicen, though Marshall and Hill described in 2017 an apparent subspecies of N. similaris native to the Apalachicola region of Florida, Georgia, and Alabama. The initial species described now consists the N. similaris subspecies N. similaris similaris, while the newly described variant occupies the N. similaris apalachicola subspecies. They are similar, and the most reliable means of distinguishing the subspecies is the distinctive call of N. similaris apalachicola males; however, despite the distinctness of the mating calls, the two subspecies appear to hybridize in areas in which they overlap, resulting in songs that combine elements of both.
Lyristes is a genus of cicadas from Europe and the Middle East. It was described by G. Horvath in 1926.