Nicotiana quadrivalvis

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Nicotiana quadrivalvis
Nicotiana quadrivalvis 69508036.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Solanales
Family: Solanaceae
Genus: Nicotiana
Species:
N. quadrivalvis
Binomial name
Nicotiana quadrivalvis
Synonyms

Nicotiana bigelovii

Nicotiana quadrivalvis is a species of wild tobacco known as Indian tobacco. The variety N. quadrivalvis var. multivalvis is known by the common name Columbian tobacco. [1] It is endemic to the western United States, where it grows in many types of habitat. It is a bushy, sprawling annual herb growing up to two meters in maximum height. The lower leaf blades are up to 15 centimetres (6 in) long and are borne on short petioles, the upper smaller and sessile on the stem. The inflorescence is an array of several white, greenish, or purple-tinged flowers with tubular throats up to 5 centimeters long. The base of each is enclosed in a ridged calyx of sepals. The flower face may be 5 centimetres (2 in) wide. The fruit is a capsule up to 2 centimetres (34 in) in length.

It is also called "sacred tobacco," [2] by different Native American cultures. Nicotiana rustica can also be considered sacred. [3] [4] [5] [6] [7]

Cultivation

Nicotiana quadrivalvis has traditionally been cultivated by indigenous peoples living on the west coast of the United States, primarily in particular southern Oregon and northern California, and along the middle Columbia River. Individually owned plots of tobacco plants were seeded with the previous year's seed capsules, tilled and weeded and fertilized in the fall by mixing in rotten wood after the harvest. The species was first described from the upper Missouri River where it was cultivated by the Mandan and Arikara. [8]

Further north, the Haida, Tlingit, and probably Tsimshian cultivate a related variety of tobacco long thought to have gone extinct, Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. multivalvis, in a similar manner. The original seeds must have been acquired from afar, as tobacco was not native to the northern Northwest Coast. Myths reflecting this describe the supernatural original acquisition of the seeds. [9]

Seeds of var. multivalvis were brought to London by botanist David Douglas, having stolen them at night in 1825. The seeds found themselves in a seed bank in Puławy, Poland where they were returned to the Confederated Tribes of Coos, Lower Umpqua and Siuslaw Indians. [1]

Related Research Articles

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<i>Nicotiana sylvestris</i> Species of flowering plant

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<i>Nicotiana tabacum</i> Species of plant

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<i>Erythronium revolutum</i> Species of flowering plant

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<i>Triodanis perfoliata</i> Species of flowering plant

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<i>Themeda quadrivalvis</i> Species of grass

Themeda quadrivalvis is a species of grass known by the common names grader grass, habana grass, and kangaroo grass, not to be confused with Themeda triandra, which is also known as kangaroo grass. It is native to India, Nepal, and Malaysia. It can also be found in many other places as an introduced species and often a noxious weed. It occurs in the United States, New Caledonia, Fiji, Mauritius, Thailand, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, China, the Middle East and tropical America. It is a troublesome exotic weed in Australia, especially in northern regions. It is also an agricultural weed in crops such as sugar cane and lucerne.

References

  1. 1 2 Bull, Brian (20 November 2023). "Once thought lost for good, Native Americans' prized tobacco is back in Oregon". KLCC | NPR for Oregonians. National Public Radio. Retrieved 21 November 2023.
  2. Tonio, Sadik (March 28, 2014). "Traditional Use of Tobacco among Indigenous Peoples of North America" (PDF).
  3. Godlaski, Theodore M (November 2012). "Holy Smoke: Tobacco Use Among Native American Tribes in North America" . Retrieved 2019-12-28.
  4. Brokenleg, Isaiah. "Walking towards the sacred" (PDF). glitc.org. Retrieved 2019-12-28.
  5. Howard L. Harrod (February 1992). Renewing the World: Plains Indian Religion and Morality. University of Arizona Press. pp. 182–. ISBN   978-0-8165-1312-3.
  6. Setchell, William Albert (1921). "Aboriginal Tobaccos". American Anthropologist. 23 (4): 397–414. doi: 10.1525/aa.1921.23.4.02a00020 . JSTOR   660667.
  7. Tushingham, Shannon (September 26, 2018). "Biomolecular archaeology reveals ancient origins of indigenous tobacco smoking in North American Plateau" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 115 (46): 11742–11747. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1813796115 . PMC   6243282 . PMID   30373836 . Retrieved 2019-12-28.
  8. Pursh. Flora Americae Septentrionalis. 1814.
  9. Deur, Douglas and Turner, Nancy J. Keeping it Living. University of Washington Press, 2005, p. 13.