Nitrosobenzene

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Nitrosobenzene
Skeletal formula Nitrosobenzene.png
Skeletal formula
Ball-and-stick model Nitrosobenzene-3D-balls.png
Ball-and-stick model
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
Nitrosobenzene
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEBI
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.008.721 OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
KEGG
PubChem CID
RTECS number
  • DA6497525
UNII
  • InChI=1S/C6H5NO/c8-7-6-4-2-1-3-5-6/h1-5H Yes check.svgY
    Key: NLRKCXQQSUWLCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Yes check.svgY
  • InChI=1/C6H5NO/c8-7-6-4-2-1-3-5-6/h1-5H
    Key: NLRKCXQQSUWLCH-UHFFFAOYAR
Properties
C6H5NO
Molar mass 107.112 g·mol−1
AppearanceDark green solid (freshly sublimed monomer); pale yellow solid (dimeric form); bright green solution (light sensitive)
Melting point 65 to 69 °C (149 to 156 °F; 338 to 342 K)
Boiling point 59 °C (138 °F; 332 K) (at 18 mmHg)
Low
Solubility in other solventsSol. in organic solvents
−59.1·10−6 cm3/mol
Structure
N is sp2
Hazards
Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH):
Main hazards
toxic
GHS labelling:
GHS-pictogram-skull.svg
Danger
H301, H312, H332
P261, P264, P270, P271, P280, P301+P310, P302+P352, P304+P312, P304+P340, P312, P321, P322, P330, P363, P405, P501
Related compounds
Related compounds
 Nitrobenzene
Aniline
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
X mark.svgN  verify  (what is  Yes check.svgYX mark.svgN ?)

Nitrosobenzene is the organic compound with the formula C6H5NO. It is one of the prototypical organic nitroso compounds. Characteristic of its functional group, it is a dark green species that exists in equilibrium with its pale yellow dimer. Both monomer and dimer are diamagnetic.

Monomer-dimer equilibrium

Nitrosobenzene and other nitrosoarenes typically participate in a monomer-dimer equilibrium. The dimers are often favored in the solid state, whereas the deeply colored monomers are favored in dilute solution or at higher temperatures. The dimers can be formulated as Ar(O−)N+=N+(O−)Ar. They exist as cis- and trans-isomers due to the presence of the N–N double bond. The dimers are sometimes called azobenzenedioxides. The cis-trans isomerization occurs via the intermediacy of the monomer. [1]

In the case of nitrosobenzene itself, the metastable monomeric form could be prepared by sublimation onto a cold finger. The monomeric material is selectively sublimed due to its lower molecular weight and is collected on a cold finger as lustrous, dark green crystals. Over time, the monomeric material dimerizes to give the parent azobenzene dioxide as a pale yellow solid. As dictated by Le Chatelier's principle, nitrosobenzene exists in the solution phase as a mixture of monomer and dimer in dynamic equilibrium whose composition is dependent on temperature (monomer favored at higher temperature) and concentration (monomer favored at low concentration), as well as the identity of the medium (gas phase or solvent). [2]

Structure of 2-nitrosotoluene dimer. VIYMEX.png
Structure of 2-nitrosotoluene dimer.

Preparation

Nitrosobenzene was first prepared by Adolf von Baeyer by the reaction of diphenylmercury and nitrosyl bromide: [4]

(C6H5)2Hg + BrNO → C6H5NO + C6H5HgBr

A modern synthesis entails reduction of nitrobenzene to phenylhydroxylamine (C6H5NHOH) which is then oxidized by sodium dichromate (Na2Cr2O7). [5]

Nitrosobenzene can also be prepared by oxidation of aniline using peroxymonosulfuric acid (Caro's acid) [6] or potassium peroxymonosulfate under biphasic conditions. [7] It is usually purified by sublimation or by steam distillation, where it comes over as a green liquid that solidifies to a colorless solid.

Characteristic reactions

Nitrosobenzene undergoes Diels–Alder reactions with dienes. [8] Condensation with anilines affords azobenzene derivatives in a reaction known as the Mills reaction or Baeyer-Mills reaction. [9] Reduction of nitrosobenzene produces aniline.

Baeyer-Mills Mechanismus.svg

Most characteristically, nitrosobenzene condenses with active methylene groups, such as those of malonic esters and phenylacetonitrile. Phenylacetonitrile (PhCH2CN) gives the imine (PhC(CN)=NPh) in a reaction known as the Ehrlich-Sachs reaction: [10]

ES reaction.png

Sometimes condensation with active methylene compounds gives products of O-nitroso-aldol reaction: [11]

R–CH2-CHO + Ph–NO → R–CH(CHO)–O–NHPh (aminoxylation adduct)

Lewis basicity

Nitrosobenzene (and many nitrosoarenes) are good Lewis bases. They serve as ligands in many kinds of complexes, almost always with the nitrogen as the basic site. In Ru(acac)2(C6H5NO)2, nitrosobenzene is monodentate whereas in [Ru(acac)2(μ−C6H5NO)]2 the nitrosobenzene is a bridging ligand. [12]

References

  1. ↑ Beaudoin, D.; Wuest, J. D. (2016). "Dimerization of Aromatic C-Nitroso Compounds". Chemical Reviews. 116 (1): 258–286. doi:10.1021/cr500520s. PMID   26730505.
  2. ↑ Varga, Katarina; Biljan, Ivana; Tomišić, Vladislav; Mihalić, Zlatko; Vančik, Hrvoj (8 March 2018). "Quantum Chemical Calculations of Monomer–Dimer Equilibria of Aromatic C -Nitroso Compounds". The Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 122 (9): 2542–2549. Bibcode:2018JPCA..122.2542V. doi:10.1021/acs.jpca.7b12179. ISSN   1089-5639. PMID   29381362.
  3. ↑ E.Bosch (2014). "Structural Analysis of Methyl-Substituted Nitrosobenzenes and Nitrosoanisoles". J. Chem. Cryst. 98 (2): 44. doi:10.1007/s10870-013-0489-8. S2CID   95291018.
  4. ↑ Baeyer, A. (1874). "Nitrosobenzol und Nitrosonaphtalin". Chemische Berichte. 7 (2): 1638–1640. doi:10.1002/cber.187400702214.
  5. ↑ G. H. Coleman, C. M. McCloskey, F. A. Stuart (1945). "Nitrosobenzene". Org. Synth. 25: 80. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.025.0080.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ↑ Caro, Heinrich (1898). "Hauptversammlung des Vereins deutscher Chemiker am 1. bis 4. Juni 1898 zu Darmstadt". Zeitschrift für Angewandte Chemie. 11 (36): 845ff. Bibcode:1898AngCh..11..815.. doi:10.1002/ange.18980113602.
  7. ↑ Priewisch, Beate; Rück-Braun, Karola (March 2005). "Efficient Preparation of Nitrosoarenes for the Synthesis of Azobenzenes†". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 70 (6): 2350–2352. doi:10.1021/jo048544x. ISSN   0022-3263. PMID   15760229.
  8. ↑ Yamamoto, Hisashi; Momiyama, Norie (2005). "Rich chemistry of nitroso compounds". Chemical Communications (28): 3514–3525. doi:10.1039/b503212c. PMID   16010311.
  9. ↑ H. D. Anspon (1955). "p-Phenylazobenzoic Acid". Organic Syntheses ; Collected Volumes, vol. 3, p. 711.
  10. ↑ H. Feuer. S. Patai (ed.). The Chemistry of the Nitro and Nitroso Groups Part 1. New York: Wiley. pp. 278–283.
  11. ↑ "Asymmetric O− and N− Nitroso Aldol Reaction – an efficient access to a-oxy and a-amino carbonyl compound" (PDF).
  12. ↑ Dey, Sanchaita; Panda, Sanjib; Ghosh, Prabir; Lahiri, Goutam Kumar (2019). "Electronically Triggered Switchable Binding Modes of the C -Organonitroso (ArNO) Moiety on the {Ru(acac)2} Platform". Inorganic Chemistry. 58 (2): 1627–1637. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b03191. PMID   30615436.
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