Nolanea

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Nolanea
Entoloma vernum Bykivnya15.JPG
Nolanea verna , Ukraine
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Entolomataceae
Genus: Entoloma
Subgenus: Nolanea
(Fr.) P.Kumm. (1871)
Type species
Nolanea pascua
(Pers.) P.Kumm. (1871)
Synonyms
  • Agaricus trib. NolaneaFr. (1821)

Nolanea is a subgenus of fungi in the order Agaricales. [1] [2] Called pinkgills in English, basidiocarps (fruit bodies) are agaricoid, mostly mycenoid (like species of Mycena ) with slender stems. [3] All have salmon-pink basidiospores which colour the gills at maturity and are angular (polyhedral) under a microscope. Recent DNA evidence has shown that at least 87 species belong to the subgenus Nolanea which has a worldwide distribution. [3]

Taxonomy

The taxon Nolanea was introduced in 1821 by the Swedish mycologist Elias Magnus Fries as a "tribe" of Agaricus comprising slender agarics with bell-shaped caps, hollow stems, and pink spores. [4] In 1871 German mycologist Paul Kummer raised the tribe to genus level. [5] The name was used by many subsequent mycologists, [6] [7] [8] but others have preferred to use the name Entoloma sensu lato for all fungi with pink, angular spores, retaining Nolanea as a subgenus. [9]

Recent molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, has shown that Nolanea, as previously defined, is paraphyletic (an artificial grouping). [10] By excluding some species and adding others, however, Nolanea has been redefined as a monophyletic (natural) grouping. [11] [3] In this new sense, Nolanea has been treated either as a subgenus [3] or as a separate genus. [11]

The redefined Nolanea excludes Entoloma rhombisporum and related species, Entoloma ameides and related species, and cuboid-spored species now placed in Entoloma subgenus Cubospora. [3]

An interesting taxonomic characteristic used to identify Nolanea fructufragaans Largent and Theirs is its distinctive odor. Sporocarp collected in coastal California redwood forest have a candy-store like or a “tooty-fruity” odor. Chemical analysis show anisole and 1,3-dimethoxybenzene as being responsible for this taxonomic characteristic of field collections. [12]

Related Research Articles

<i>Hygrocybe</i> Genus of fungi

Hygrocybe is a genus of agarics in the family Hygrophoraceae. Called waxcaps in English, basidiocarps are often brightly coloured and have dry to waxy caps, white spores, and smooth, ringless stems. In Europe they are characteristic of old, unimproved grasslands which are a declining habitat, making many Hygrocybe species of conservation concern. Four of these waxcap-grassland species, Hygrocybe citrinovirens, H. punicea, H. spadicea, and H. splendidissima, are assessed as globally "vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Elsewhere waxcaps are more typically found in woodlands. Most are ground-dwelling and all are believed to be biotrophs. Around 150 species are recognized worldwide. Fruit bodies of several Hygrocybe species are considered edible and are sometimes offered for sale in local markets.

<i>Entoloma sinuatum</i> Species of poisonous fungus in the family Entolomataceae found across Europe and North America

Entoloma sinuatum is a poisonous mushroom found across Europe and North America. Some guidebooks refer to it by its older scientific names of Entoloma lividum or Rhodophyllus sinuatus. The largest mushroom of the genus of pink-spored fungi known as Entoloma, it is also the type species. Appearing in late summer and autumn, fruit bodies are found in deciduous woodlands on clay or chalky soils, or nearby parklands, sometimes in the form of fairy rings. Solid in shape, they resemble members of the genus Tricholoma. The ivory to light grey-brown cap is up to 20 cm (7.9 in) across with a margin that is rolled inward. The sinuate gills are pale and often yellowish, becoming pink as the spores develop. The thick whitish stem has no ring.

<i>Entoloma</i> Genus of fungi

Entoloma is a genus of fungi in the order Agaricales. Called pinkgills in English, basidiocarps are typically agaricoid, though a minority are gasteroid. All have salmon-pink basidiospores which colour the gills at maturity and are angular (polyhedral) under a microscope. The genus is large, with almost 2000 species worldwide. Most species are saprotrophic, but some are ectomycorrhizal, and a few are parasitic on other fungi. The type, Entoloma sinuatum, is one of several Entoloma species that are poisonous, typically causing mild to severe gastrointestinal illness.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Entolomataceae</span> Family of fungi

The Entolomataceae are a family of fungi in the order Agaricales. The family contains eight genera and 2250 species, the majority of which are in Entoloma. Basidiocarps are typically agaricoid, but a minority are cyphelloid. secotioid, or gasteroid. All produce pink basidiospores that are variously angular (polyhedral), ridged, or nodulose. Species are mostly saprotrophic, though a few are parasitic on other fungi. The family occurs worldwide.

<i>Leptonia</i> Genus of fungi


Leptonia is a genus of fungi in the order Agaricales, frequently treated as a subgenus of Entoloma. Called pinkgills in English, basidiocarps are agaricoid, mostly mycenoid with slender stems. All have salmon-pink basidiospores which colour the gills at maturity and are angular (polyhedral) under a microscope. Recent DNA evidence has shown that at least 12 species belong in Leptonia in temperate Europe and Asia.

<i>Rhodocybe</i> Genus of fungi

Rhodocybe is a genus of fungi in the family Entolomataceae. Basidiocarps are agaricoid producing pink basidiospores that are unevenly roughened or pustular under the microscope. Species are saprotrophic and mostly grow on the ground, occasionally on wood. The genus is distributed worldwide.

<i>Entoloma rodwayi</i> Species of fungus

Entoloma rodwayi, known as the green stem pinkgill, is a species of fungus in the Entolomataceae family of mushrooms. A yellowish green mushroom with pink gills and spores, it is found in wet forests of Tasmania.

<i>Entoloma austroprunicolor</i> Species of fungus

Entoloma austroprunicolor is a species of agaric fungus in the family Entolomataceae. Described as new to science in 2007, it is found in Tasmania, where it fruits on the ground of wet sclerophyll forests in late spring to early winter. The fruit bodies (mushrooms) have reddish-purple caps measuring up to 5 cm (2.0 in) in diameter supported by whitish stipes measuring 3–7.5 cm (1.2–3.0 in) long by 0.2–0.6 cm (0.1–0.2 in) thick. On the cap underside, the crowded gills are initially white before turning pink as the spores mature.

Machiel Evert Noordeloos is a Dutch mycologist. He is known for his contributions to the taxonomy of European mushrooms and especially his expertise on the genus Entoloma. Noordeloos is an assistant professor at the Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, and has served as the editor of the mycological journals Persoonia since 1991 and Coolia since 1976. He was in 2011 the editor in chief of Persoonia. He was the recipient of the Clusius Prize awarded by the Hungarian Mycological Society in 2009.

<i>Entoloma bloxamii</i> Species of fungus

Entoloma bloxamii, commonly known as the midnight blue entoloma, or big blue pinkgill, is a species of agaric in the family Entolomataceae. The species has a European distribution, occurring mainly in agriculturally unimproved grassland. Entoloma bloxamii has been reported from North America, but at least some of these reports represent a distinct species, Entoloma medianox. Threats to its habitat have resulted in the Big Blue Pinkgill being assessed as globally "vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

<i>Deconica</i> Genus of fungi

Deconica is a genus of mushroom-forming fungi in the family Strophariaceae. It was formerly considered synonymous with Psilocybe until molecular studies showed that genus to be polyphyletic, made of two major clades: one containing bluing, hallucinogenic species, the other non-bluing and non-hallucinogenic species. Deconica contains species formerly classified in the sections Deconica and Coprophila of Psilocybe.

<i>Rhodocybe gemina</i> Species of fungus


Rhodocybe gemina is a species of fungus in the family Entolomataceae. It has the recommended English name of tan pinkgill and produces agaricoid basidiocarps that are fleshy and cream when young, becoming brownish when mature.

<i>Entoloma mathinnae</i> Species of fungus

Entoloma mathinnae is a species of agaric fungus in the family Entolomataceae. Known only from Tasmania, Australia, it was described as new to science in 2009. Mushrooms have light yellow-brown, convex caps up to 8 cm (3.1 in) wide atop stems measuring 5–8.5 cm (2.0–3.3 in) long.

<i>Pholiota gummosa</i> Species of fungus

Pholiota gummosa, commonly known as the sticky scalycap, is a common species of mushroom-forming fungus in the family Strophariaceae. It is found in Europe and North America, where it grows as a saprotroph on the rotting wood of deciduous trees, including trunks and roots. It can also grow on wood buried near the surface, making it seem as if it is fruiting in grass.

<i>Entoloma holoconiotum</i> Species of fungus

Entoloma holoconiotum is a mushroom in the family Entolomataceae. It was originally described as Nolanea holoconiota by David Largent and Harry Thiers in 1972. Machiel Noordeloos and Co-David transferred it to the genus Entoloma in 2009. The species can be found in conifer forests in western North America.

<i>Entoloma medianox</i> Species of fungus

Entoloma medianox is a species of agaric in the family Entolomataceae. It is known from western North America, where it was previously referred to the European species Entoloma bloxamii or E. madidum. Molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, has, however, shown that Entoloma medianox is distinct.

<i>Entoloma prunuloides</i> Species of fungus

Entoloma prunuloides is a species of agaric in the family Entolomataceae. It has been given the recommended English name of Mealy Pinkgill, based on its distinctive smell. The species has a European distribution, occurring mainly in agriculturally unimproved grassland. Threats to its habitat have resulted in the Mealy Pinkgill being assessed as globally "vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

<i>Entoloma griseocyaneum</i> Species of fungus

Entoloma griseocyaneum is a species of agaric in the family Entolomataceae. It has been given the recommended English name of Felted Pinkgill. The species has a European distribution, occurring mainly in agriculturally unimproved grassland. Threats to its habitat have resulted in the Felted Pinkgill being assessed as globally "vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

<i>Entoloma eugenei</i> Species of fungus

Entoloma eugenei is a species of agaric in the family Entolomataceae. The species has a temperate distribution in the Russian Far East, Japan, and Korea, occurring mainly in mixed hardwood forests.Threats to its habitat have resulted in Entoloma eugenei being assessed as globally "endangered" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

References

  1. "Index Fungorum - Names Record". www.indexfungorum.org. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
  2. "Loading..." www.mycobank.org. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Reschke K, Morozova OV, Dima B, Cooper JA, Corriol G, Biketova AY, Piepenbring M, Noordeloos ME (2022). "Phylogeny, taxonomy, and character evolution in Entoloma subgenus Nolanea" (PDF). Persoonia. 49: 136–170. doi:10.3767/persoonia.2022.49.04.
  4. Fries EM. (1821). Systema Mycologicum (in Latin). Vol. 1. Lundin, Sweden: Ex Officina Berlingiana. pp. 10, 207.
  5. Kummer, Paul (1871). Der Führer in die Pilzkunde : Anleitung zum methodischen, leichten und sichern Bestimmen der in Deutschland vorkommenden Pilze : mit Ausnahme der Schimmel- und allzu winzigen Schleim- und Kern-Pilzchen. Zerbst: Verlag von E. Luppe's Buchhandlung. pp. 94–97.
  6. Orton PD (1991). "A revised list of British species of Entoloma sensu lato". The Mycologist. 5 (3): 123–138. doi:10.1016/S0269-915X(09)80307-8.
  7. Orton PD (1991). "A revised list of British species of Entoloma sensu lato (part 2)". The Mycologist. 5 (4): 172–176. doi:10.1016/S0269-915X(09)80478-3.
  8. Largent DL (1994). Entolomatoid fungi of the Western United States and Alaska. Berkeley, USA: Mad River Press. ISBN   978-0916422813.
  9. Noordeloos ME (1992). Fungi Europaei:Entoloma sensu lato. Saronno, Italy: Giovanna Biella. p. 760.
  10. Co-David D, Langeveld D, Noordeloos ME (2009). "Molecular phylogeny and spore evolution of Entolomataceae" (PDF). Persoonia. 23: 147–76. doi:10.3767/003158509X480944. PMC   2802732 . PMID   20198166.
  11. 1 2 Karstedt F, Bergemann SE, Capelari M (2020). "Five Nolanea spp. nov. from Brazil" (PDF). Mycotaxon. 135 (3): 589–612. doi:10.5248/135.589.
  12. Largent, David L.; Bradshaw, Debra E.; Wood, William F. (1990). "The Candy-like Odor of Noleana fructufragrans". Mycologia. 82: 786–787. doi:10.1080/00275514.1990.12025962.