North Chosen Line

North Chosen Line
Overview
Native name	북선선 (北鮮線)
Type	Heavy rail, Passenger & freight rail; Regional rail
Status	Merged (see article)
Termini	Sangsambong ; Unggi
Operation
Opened	1924−1933
Owner	Domun Railway (1924–1929); Chosen Government Railway (1929–1933); South Manchuria Railway (1933–1945)
Technical
Line length	194.5 km (120.9 mi)
Track gauge	1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge
Route map
	Legend
	36.0
	3.3
	from Sangsambong
	from Tumen

Last updated April 28, 2019

The North Chosen Line – specifically, the North Chosen West Line (北鮮西部線, Hokusen Seibu-sen; 북선서부선, Bukseon Seobu-seon) and the North Chosen East Line (北鮮東部線, Hokusen Tōbu-sen; 북선동부선, Bukseon Dongbu-seon) – was a railway line of the South Manchuria Railway in Japanese-occupied Korea from 1933 to 1945. Following Japan's defeat in the Pacific War and the subsequent partition of Korea, the line, being located entirely in the North, was taken over by the Korean State Railway as part of the Hambuk Line.^[1]

The South Manchuria Railway, officially South Manchuria Railway Company, or 滿鐵 for short, was a large National Policy Company of Japan whose primary function was the operation of railways on the Dalian–Fengtian (Mukden)–Changchun corridor in northeastern China, as well as on several branch lines. However, it was also involved in nearly every aspect of the economic, cultural and political life of Manchuria, from power generation to agricultural research, for which reason it was often referred to as "Japan's East India Company in China".

Korea under Japanese rule began with the end of the short-lived Korean Empire in 1910 and ended at the conclusion of World War II in 1945. Japanese rule over Korea was the outcome of a process that began with the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876, whereby a complex coalition of the Meiji government, military, and business officials sought to integrate Korea both politically and economically into the Empire of Japan. A major stepping-stone towards the Japanese occupation of Korea was the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905, in which the then-Korean Empire was declared a protectorate of Japan. The annexation of Korea by Japan was set up in the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910, which was never actually signed by the Korean Regent, Gojong.

The Pacific War, sometimes called the Asia–Pacific War, was the theater of World War II that was fought in the Pacific and Asia. It was fought over a vast area that included the Pacific Ocean and islands, the South West Pacific, South-East Asia, and in China.

History

In order to create the shortest possible route from Japan to eastern Manchuria, the Chosen Government Railway (Sentetsu) began construction of a line from Unggi (now Sŏnbong) to Donggwanjin via Namyang in 1929. Named the East Domun Line, it reached Donggwanjin on 1 August 1933.^[2] There, it connected with the West Domun Line that Sentetsu had nationalised from the Domun Railway in 1929,^[3] and the entire Hoeryeong−Unggi line was then redesignated as the Domun Line, and Donggwanjin Station was renamed to Donggwan Station.^[2]

Japan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies off the eastern coast of the Asian continent and stretches from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and the Philippine Sea in the south.

Manchuria geographic region in Northeast Asia

Manchuria is a name first used in the 17th century by Japanese people to refer to a large geographic region in Northeast Asia. Depending on the context, Manchuria can either refer to a region that falls entirely within the People's Republic of China or a larger region divided between China and Russia. "Manchuria" is widely used outside China to denote the geographical and historical region. This region is the traditional homeland of the Buyeo, Xianbei, Khitan, and Jurchen peoples, who built several states within the area historically.

The Chosen Government Railway was a state-owned railway company in Korea under Japanese rule. It was a department of the Railway Bureau of the Government-General of Korea, whose functions were the management and operation of railways in Korea, as well as the supervision of privately owned railway companies.

At the same time as the Namyang–Tonggwan section of the mainline was opened, a bridge was built over the Tumen River at Namyang, along with a line to Tumen, Manchukuo.^[2] This line, called the Namyang Gukgyeong Line (Namyang Border Line),^[1] connected Sentetsu to the Manchukuo National Railway's new Jingtu Line from Xinjing (now Changchun), capital of Manchukuo, to Tumen, that was also opened in 1933. This new route, using the northern port of Unggi, made the distance from Japan to Harbin even shorter than via Cheongjin. After the opening of the Manchukuo National's Tujia Line (图佳铁路) from Tumen to Jiamusi, also in 1933, an international passenger service from Gyeongseong to Botankou (Mudanjiang) via the Hamgyeong, Cheongjin, and Domun Lines, was inaugurated.

The Tumen River, also known as the Tuman River or Duman River, is a 521-kilometre (324 mi) long river that serves as part of the boundary between China, North Korea and Russia, rising on the slopes of Mount Paektu and flowing into Sea of Japan. The river has a drainage basin of 33,800 km².

Tumen is a county-level city in Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture, eastern Jilin province, Northeast China. Of its 136,000 inhabitants, approximately 78,000 are of Korean descent. The two official languages are Chinese and Korean. Tumen is separated from Namyang of North Hamgyong province of North Korea by the Tumen River. Due to this proximity, many North Koreans escaping their country pass through Tumen. Tumen is also the location of a large detention center for captured North Koreans awaiting deportation. Tumen has two major food markets, the South Market and the North Market, where most of the residents purchase their food. Packaged foods and meats are usually sold inside the building, and vegetables are sold outside. There are six elementary schools, with three Korean schools, and three Chinese schools.

Manchukuo was a puppet state of the Empire of Japan in Northeast China and Inner Mongolia from 1932 until 1945. It was founded as a republic, but in 1934 it became a constitutional monarchy. It had limited international recognition and was under the de facto control of Japan.

Just a few months after completion of the line from Unggi, on 1 October 1933 the management of Sentetsu's entire route from Cheongjin to Unggi was transferred to the South Manchuria Railway (Mantetsu).^[4] On 1 November 1934, Mantetsu rearranged these lines, merging the Namyang Border Line with the Unggi−Namyang section of the Domun Line to create the North Chosen East Line (Unggi–Namyang–Tumen), with the Namyang–Sangsambong section becoming the North Chosen West Line.^[5] In 1936, the "Asahi" express train between Xinjing and Najin was inaugurated, to connect to the ferry from Najin to Japan.^[5]

Rajin Station is a railway station in Rajin-guyŏk, Rasŏn Special City, North Korea. It is the junction point and terminus of both the Hambuk and P'yŏngra lines of the Korean State Railway. It is also the starting point of a freight-only branchline to Rajin Port Station.

In addition to the connections to the Manchukuo National Railway at Sangsambong and Namyang, Mantetsu had a third connection to Manchukuo, via the privately owned East Manchuria Railway's bridge across the Tumen River at Hunyung.^[6]

The East Manchuria Railway (Japanese: 東満洲鉄道, Higashimanshū Tetsudō; Chinese: 東満洲鐵道, Dōngmǎnzhōu Tiědào; Korean: 동만주 철도 was a railway company in Manchukuo headquartered in Hunchun, Jilin Province. Its mainline ran from Hunyung in Korea on the South Manchuria Railway's North Chosen East Line to Panshi on the Manchukuo National Railway's Fenghai Line via Hunchun. From the mainline there were branchlines to Gangouzi and to Dongmiaoling.

Section	Length	Opened	Original Owner	Line to 1928	1929	1933	1934 – 1945
Sangsambong−Jongseong	9.1 km	1 December 1922	Domun Railway	Domun Railway	West Tomun Line (Sentetsu)	Domun Line (Sentetsu)	North Chosen West Line (Mantetsu)
Jongseon−Donggwanjin	8.2 km	1 November 1924	Domun Railway	Domun Railway	West Tomun Line (Sentetsu)	Domun Line (Sentetsu)	North Chosen West Line (Mantetsu)
Donggwanjin−Namyang	18.7 km	1 August 1933	Sentetsu	-	East Tomun Line	Domun Line (Sentetsu)	North Chosen West Line (Mantetsu)
Namyang−Tumen	3.3 km	1 August 1933	Sentetsu	-	-	Namyang Gukgyeong Line (Sentetsu)	North Chosen East Line (Mantetsu)
Namyang−Pungri	3.9 km	1 December 1932	Sentetsu	-	East Tomun Line (Sentetsu 1932–1933)	Domun Line (Sentetsu)	North Chosen East Line (Mantetsu)
Pungri−Unseong	5.5 km	1 November 1932	Sentetsu	-	East Tomun Line (Sentetsu 1932–1933)	Domun Line (Sentetsu)	North Chosen East Line (Mantetsu)
Unseong−Hunyung	24.7 km	20 October 1931	Sentetsu	-	East Tomun Line (Sentetsu 1931–1933)	Domun Line (Sentetsu)	North Chosen East Line (Mantetsu)
Hunyung−Sinasan	39.8 km	1 October 1930	Sentetsu	-	East Tomun Line (Sentetsu 1930–1933)	Domun Line (Sentetsu)	North Chosen East Line (Mantetsu)
Sinasan−Unggi	65.0 km	16 November 1929	Sentetsu	-	East Tomun Line (Sentetsu 1929–1933)	Domun Line (Sentetsu)	North Chosen East Line (Mantetsu)

Service on the line was suspended after the Soviet invasion at the end of the Pacific War. The damage sustained by the line during the war - including the destruction of the Tumen River bridges at both Hunyung and Sambong - was slow to be repaired due to strained relations between the Soviets and the Korean People's Committees; those two bridges have not been repaired to the present day. After the partition of Korea, the Provisional People’s Committee for North Korea nationalised all railways in the Soviet zone of occupation on 10 August 1946, and following the establishment of the DPRK, the Korean State Railway was created in 1948.^[7] After the end of the Korean War, the North Korean railway system was restructured, which included the rearrangement of several rail lines. This included the merging of the North Chosen West Line, the Namyang−Unggi section of the North Chosen East Line, and the Ungna Line to create the present-day Cheongjin−Namyang−Rajin Hambuk Line.^[1] The Namyang−Tumen cross-border section of the North Chosen East Line was split off to create the Namyang Gukgyeong Line.^[1]

The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991. Nominally a union of multiple national Soviet republics, its government and economy were highly centralized. The country was a one-party state, governed by the Communist Party with Moscow as its capital in its largest republic, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Other major urban centres were Leningrad, Kiev, Minsk, Alma-Ata, and Novosibirsk. It spanned over 10,000 kilometres east to west across 11 time zones, and over 7,200 kilometres north to south. It had five climate zones: tundra, taiga, steppes, desert and mountains.

North Korea, officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, is a country in East Asia constituting the northern part of the Korean Peninsula, with Pyongyang the capital and the largest city in the country. The name Korea is derived from Goguryeo which was one of the great powers in East Asia during its time, ruling most of the Korean Peninsula, Manchuria, parts of the Russian Far East and Inner Mongolia, under Gwanggaeto the Great. To the north and northwest, the country is bordered by China and by Russia along the Amnok and Tumen rivers; it is bordered to the south by South Korea, with the heavily fortified Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) separating the two. Nevertheless, North Korea, like its southern counterpart, claims to be the legitimate government of the entire peninsula and adjacent islands.

The Korean State Railway is the operating arm of the Ministry of Railways of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and has its headquarters at P'yŏngyang. The current Minister of Railways is Jang Hyuk, who has held the position since 2015.

Route

North Chosen West Line - stations as of 1945
Distance		Station name
Total; km	S2S; km	Transcribed, Korean	Transcribed, Japanese	Hunminjeongeum	Hanja/Kanji	Opening date Original owner	Connections
0.0	0.0	Sangsambong Sambong (after 1933)	Jōsanhō Sanhō	상삼봉 삼봉	上三峰三峰	5 January 1920 Domun Railway	Sentetsu Hamgyeong Line Manchukuo National Railway Chaokai Line
3.2	3.2	Hasambong	Kasanhō	하삼봉	下三峰	1 December 1922 Domun Railway	Closed 1933
9.1	5.9	Jongseong	Shōjō	종성	鍾城	1 December 1922 Domun Railway	Mantetsu Tongpo Line
14.3	5.3	Soam	Shōgan	소암	小岩	1 November 1924 Domun Railway	Closed 1944
17.3	3.0	Donggwan	Tōken	동관	東關	1 November 1924 Domun Railway	Mantetsu Songpyeong Line
23.2	4.9	Sugupo	Suigōho	수구포	水口浦	1 August 1933 Sentetsu
29.9	6.7	Gangyang	Kōyō	강양	江陽	1 August 1933 Sentetsu
36.0	6.1	Namyang	Nan'yō	남양	南陽	1 December 1932 Sentetsu	Mantetsu North Chosen East Line

North Chosen East Line - stations as of 1945
Distance		Station name
Total; km	S2S; km	Transcribed, Korean	Transcribed, Japanese	Hunminjeongeum	Hanja/Kanji	Opening date Original owner	Connections
0.0	0.0	Tumen, Manchukuo	Tomon	圖們	圖們	1933 Manchukuo National Railway	Manchukuo National Rly Jingtu Line
3.3	3.3	Namyang	Nan'yō	남양	南陽	1 December 1932 Sentetsu	Mantetsu North Chosen West Line
7.2	3.9	Pungni	Hōri	풍리	豊利	1 December 1932 Sentetsu
13.3	6.1	Seseon	Seizen	세선	世仙	1 November 1932 Sentetsu
17.8	4.5	Unseong	Onjō	운성	穏城	20 October 1931 Sentetsu
24.3	6.5	Pung'in	Hōjin	풍인	豊仁	20 October 1931 Sentetsu
33.6	9.3	Hwangpa	Kōha	황파	黄坡	20 October 1931 Sentetsu
43.2	9.6	Hunyung	Kunjū	룬융	訓戎	1 October 1930 Sentetsu	East Manchuria Railway
48.6	5.4	Hamyeon	Kamen	하면	下面	1 October 1930 Sentetsu
52.9	4.3	Gyeongwon	Keigen	경원	慶源	1 October 1930 Sentetsu
60.2	7.3	Nongpo	Nōho	농포	農圃	1 October 1930 Sentetsu
64.0	3.8	Seungnyang	Shōryō	승량	承良	1 October 1930 Sentetsu
72.4	8.4	Singeon	Shinkan	신건	新乾	1 October 1930 Sentetsu
83.0	10.6	Sinasan	Shin'azan	신아산	新阿山	16 November 1929 Sentetsu
90.3	7.3	Songhak	Shōkaku	송학	松鶴	16 November 1929 Sentetsu
96.2	5.9	Aoji	Aguji	아오지	阿吾地	16 November 1929 Sentetsu	Chosen Coal Industry Railway Ao Line
104.9	8.7	Cheonghak	Seikaku	청학	青鶴	16 November 1929 Sentetsu
114.6	9.7	Sahoe	Seikai	사회	四会	16 November 1929 Sentetsu
127.7	13.1	Guryongpyeong	Kyūryōhei	구룡평	九龍坪	16 November 1929 Sentetsu
135.7	8.0	Ungsang	Yūshō	웅상	雄尚	16 November 1929 Sentetsu
146.2	10.5	Dongunggi	Higashi-Yūki	동웅기	東雄基	16 November 1929 Sentetsu
158.5	12.3	Unggi	Yūki	웅기	雄基	16 November 1929 Sentetsu	Mantetsu Ungna Line

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References

1 2 3 4 Kokubu, Hayato (2007). 将軍様の鉄道[Shōgun-sama no Tetsudō]. Tokyo: Shinchosha. p. 89. ISBN 978-4-10-303731-6.
1 2 3 "The Public Journal of the Governor-General of Korea". 朝鮮総督府官報 (in Japanese) (Shōwa No. 1963). 26 July 1933.
↑ 朝鮮総督府官報 (The Public Journal of the Governor-General of Korea), Shōwa No. 669, 28 March 1929 (in Japanese)
↑ "The Public Journal of the Governor-General of Korea". 朝鮮総督府官報 (in Japanese). 1 October 1933.
1 2 南満州鉄道株式会社全路線 [South Manchurian Railway Co., Ltd. All routes] (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 21 October 2013.
↑ 琿春: 東満州鉄道 [Hunchun: East Manchuria Railway]. Biglobe.ne.jp (in Japanese).
↑ Kokubu, Hayato (2007). 将軍様の鉄道[Shōgun-sama no Tetsudō]. Tokyo: Shinchosha. p. 131. ISBN 978-4-10-303731-6.

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[Hayato-1] 1 2 3 4 Kokubu, Hayato (2007). 将軍様の鉄道[Shōgun-sama no Tetsudō]. Tokyo: Shinchosha. p. 89. ISBN 978-4-10-303731-6.

[Showa1963-2] 1 2 3 "The Public Journal of the Governor-General of Korea". 朝鮮総督府官報 (in Japanese) (Shōwa No. 1963). 26 July 1933.

[Showa669-3] 朝鮮総督府官報 (The Public Journal of the Governor-General of Korea), Shōwa No. 669, 28 March 1929 (in Japanese)

[Showa-1-10-1933-4] "The Public Journal of the Governor-General of Korea". 朝鮮総督府官報 (in Japanese). 1 October 1933.

[kitanatate-5] 1 2 南満州鉄道株式会社全路線 [South Manchurian Railway Co., Ltd. All routes] (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 21 October 2013.

[100y-220-6] 琿春: 東満州鉄道 [Hunchun: East Manchuria Railway]. Biglobe.ne.jp (in Japanese).

[Hayato2-7] Kokubu, Hayato (2007). 将軍様の鉄道[Shōgun-sama no Tetsudō]. Tokyo: Shinchosha. p. 131. ISBN 978-4-10-303731-6.

v t e North Chosen Line
North Chosen West Line	Sangsambong Hasambong Jongseong Soam Donggwan Sugupo Gangyang Namyang
North Chosen East Line	Tumen Namyang Pungni Seseon Unseong Pung'in Hwangpa Hunyung Hamyeon Gyeongwon Nongpo Seungnyang Sin'geon Sinasan Songhak Aoji Cheonghak Sahoe Guryongpyeong Ungsang East Unggi Unggi

North Chosen Line

Contents

History

Route

Related Research Articles

References