Numbers (spreadsheet)

Last updated

Numbers
Developer(s) Apple Inc.
Stable release
14.0 / April 2, 2024;5 months ago (2024-04-02) [1]
Operating system
Type Spreadsheet
License Proprietary
Website www.apple.com/numbers

Numbers is a spreadsheet application developed by Apple Inc. as part of the iWork productivity suite alongside Keynote and Pages. [2] Numbers is available for iOS and macOS High Sierra or newer. [3] Numbers 1.0 on Mac OS X was announced on August 7, 2007, making it the newest application in the iWork suite. The iPad version was released on January 27, 2010. [4] The app was later updated to support iPhone and iPod Touch.

Contents

Column chart of Mac worldwide quarterly sales, made with Numbers Apple Mac Worldwide Quarterly Sales.webp
Column chart of Mac worldwide quarterly sales, made with Numbers

Numbers uses a free-form "canvas" approach that demotes tables to one of many different media types placed on a page. Other media, like charts, graphics, and text, are treated as peers. In comparison, traditional spreadsheets like Microsoft Excel use the table as the primary container, with other media placed within the table. Numbers also includes features from the seminal Lotus Improv, notably the use of formulas based on ranges rather than cells. However, it implements these using traditional spreadsheet concepts, as opposed to Improv's use of multidimensional databases.

Numbers also includes numerous stylistic improvements to improve the visual appearance of spreadsheets. At its introductory demonstration, Steve Jobs pitched a more usable interface and better control over the appearance and presentation of tables of data.

Description

Basic model

Numbers works in a fashion somewhat different from traditional spreadsheets like Microsoft Excel or Lotus 1-2-3. In the traditional model, the table is the first-class citizen of the system, acting as both the primary interface for work and as the container for other types of media like charts or digital images. In effect, the spreadsheet and the table are the same. In contrast, Numbers uses a separate "canvas" as its basic container object and tables are among the many objects that can be placed within the canvas. [5] [N 1]

This difference is not simply a case of syntax. To provide a large workspace, conventional spreadsheets extend a table in X and Y to form a very large grid — ideally infinite, but normally limited to some smaller dimension. [N 2] Some of these cells, selected by the user, hold data. Data is manipulated using formulas, which are placed in other cells in the same sheet and output their results back into the formula cell's display. The rest of the sheet is "sparse", and currently unused. [7]

Sheets often grow very complex with input data, intermediate values from formulas, and output areas, separated by blank areas. To manage this complexity, Excel allows one to hide data that is not of interest, [8] often intermediate values. Quattro Pro commonly introduced the idea of multiple sheets in a single book, allowing further subdivision of the data; Excel implements this as a set of tabs along the bottom of the workbook.

In contrast, Numbers does not have an underlying spreadsheet in the traditional sense but uses multiple individual tables for this purpose. [5] Tables are an X and Y collection of cells, like a sheet, but extend only to the limits of the data they hold. Each section of data or output from formulas can be combined into an existing table or placed into a new table. Tables can be collected by the user onto single or multiple canvases. Whereas a typical Excel sheet has data strewn across it, a Numbers canvas could build the same output through smaller individual tables encompassing the same data. [9]

Formulas and functions

A newly created Numbers document is styled to indicate suggested header areas in column A and row 1. Note that the table stops in the lower right of the screen, which can be resized with the widget in the corner. Numbers new untitled document.png
A newly created Numbers document is styled to indicate suggested header areas in column A and row 1. Note that the table stops in the lower right of the screen, which can be resized with the widget in the corner.
After adding data and headers, Numbers has automatically created named ranges over the data. The ranges were used to create a formula that has populated column D. Note that the same formula can be used for the entire column -- the row number is not required. Numbers with named range formula.png
After adding data and headers, Numbers has automatically created named ranges over the data. The ranges were used to create a formula that has populated column D. Note that the same formula can be used for the entire column — the row number is not required.
The table has been resized to show only the used area, moved into the center of the canvas, and styled. A chart has been added above the table. The pane in the upper left shows an object tree, with the "canvas" objects being shown in a hierarchy of each sheet, every sheet can be collapsed or expanded to show the canvas object contained within that sheet. Numbers document with chart.png
The table has been resized to show only the used area, moved into the center of the canvas, and styled. A chart has been added above the table. The pane in the upper left shows an object tree, with the "canvas" objects being shown in a hierarchy of each sheet, every sheet can be collapsed or expanded to show the canvas object contained within that sheet.

Consider a simple spreadsheet used to calculate the average value of all car sales in a month for a given year. The sheet might contain the month number or name in column A, the number of cars sold in column B, and the total income in column C. The user wishes to complete the task of "calculating the average income per car sold by dividing the total income by the number of cars sold and putting the resulting average in column D". From the user's perspective, the values in the cells have semantic content, they are "cars sold" and "total income" and they want to manipulate this to produce an output value, "average price".

In traditional spreadsheets, the semantic value of the numbers is lost. The number in cell B2 is not "the number of cars sold in January", but simply "the value in cell B2". The formula for calculating the average is based on the manipulation of the cells, in the form =C2/B2. As the spreadsheet is unaware of the user's desire for D to be an output column, the user copies that formula into all of the cells in D. However, as the formula refers to data on different rows, it must be modified as it is copied into the cells in D, changing it to refer to the correct row. For instance, the formula in D4 would read =C4/B4. Excel automates this later task by using a relative referencing system that works as long as the cells retain their location relative to the formula. However, this system requires Excel to track any changes to the layout of the sheet and adjust the formulas, a process that is far from foolproof. [10]

During the development of Improv, the Lotus team discovered that these sorts of formulas were both difficult to use and resistant to future changes in the spreadsheet layout. [11] Their solution was to make the user explicitly define the semantic content of the sheets — that the B column contained "cars sold". These data ranges were known as "categories". Formulas were written by referring to these categories by name, creating a new category that could be (if desired) placed in the sheet for display. Using the car example, the formula in Improv would be average per car = total income / cars sold. Changes to the layout of the sheet would not affect the formulas; the data remains defined no matter where it is moved. It also meant that formulas calculating intermediate values did not have to be placed in the sheet and normally did not take up room. The downside to Improv's approach is that it demanded more information from the user up-front and was considered less suitable for "quick and dirty" calculations or basic list building. [12]

Numbers uses a hybrid approach to the creation of formulas, supporting the use of named data like Improv, but implementing them in-sheet like Excel. In basic operation, Numbers can be used just like Excel; data can be typed anywhere, and formulas can be created by referring to the data by its cell. However, if the user types a header into the table, something one normally does as a matter of course, Numbers uses this to automatically construct a named range for the cells on that row or column. For instance, if the user types "month" into A1 and then types the names "January", "February", etc. into the cells below it, Numbers constructs a named range for the cells A2 through A13 and gives it the name "month". The same is true when the user types in the figures for "sales" and "income". The user can then write the averaging formula in a category-like text format, = total income / cars sold. The formula will find the appropriate data and calculate the results independent of the row. [13] Like Improv, this formula does not refer to the physical location of the data in the sheet, so the sheet can be dramatically modified without causing the formula to fail. [13]

Similar to Improv, formulas can be represented as icons in Numbers, allowing them to be dragged about the sheets. One noteworthy example of this is a sidebar that contains the sum, average, and other basic calculations for the current selection in the active table. These serve a function similar to the sum that appears at the bottom of the window in Microsoft Excel. However, the user can drag one of the function icons from the sidebar into the sheet to make the calculation appear in that location. [13] In another nod to Improv, the Formula List shows all of the formulas in the spreadsheet in a separate area and allows edits in place or easy navigation to their use in the sheets.

Numbers '09 contains 262 built-in functions that can be used in formulas. [14] This contrasts with Excel 2007's 338 functions. [15] Many of the functions in Numbers are identical to those in Excel; missing ones tend to be related to statistics, although this area was greatly improved in Numbers '09. [16]

Numbers '09 includes a system for categorizing data similar to pivot tables. Pivots were introduced in Improv and were manipulated by dragging the category headers, [16] allowing the user to quickly rotate rows into columns or vice versa. Although Numbers has similar draggable objects representing formulas, they are not used for this feature and direct manipulation is missing. Instead, Numbers places pop-up menus in the column headers allowing the user to collapse multiple rows into totals (sums, averages, etc.) based on data that is common across rows. This is similar functionality to a pivot table but lacks the ease of re-arrangement of the Improv model and other advanced features. Numbers 5.2, released on September 17, 2018, [17] further improves on these features by adding Smart Categories, allowing the user to "quickly organize and summarize tables to gain new insights". [18]

Pivot tables were later added to Numbers 11.2 on September 28, 2021. [19]

Layout and display

As Numbers uses the canvas as the basis for the document, media is not tied to the tables; one could build a Numbers canvas that contains a collection of photographs but no tables. In typical use, one or more tables are placed on the canvas and sized and styled to show only the data of interest. Charts and labels are commonly positioned around the tables. Other media, like photographs or illustrations, can be added as well. [20]

Like other products in the iWork suite, Numbers includes a variety of styles and layouts designed by professional illustrators. Opening an Excel sheet in Numbers results in a display with smooth fonts, a clean layout, and color selections. These can then be modified, optionally using one of the supplied templates, and saved out to Excel format again with these styles intact. Numbers also allows sheets to be emailed in Excel format in a single step or shared through Numbers for iCloud.

Other features

Reception

Numbers has been well received in the press, notably for its text-based formulas, clean look, and ease of use. [21] [22] [23] Macworld has given it high marks, especially newer versions, awarding Numbers '09 four mice out of five. They did point out several common issues, especially problems exporting to Excel and the inability to "lock" cells to prevent them from moving when the table is scrolled. [16] Numbers for the iPhone and iPad have received similar favorable reviews. [24]

However, version 3.0 of Numbers created an outpouring of complaints due to the loss of important business features, [25] [26] with the Apple support community showing a 10 to 1 ratio of dissatisfied users with the newer version of Numbers. Versions 4 and 5 of the software put many of these features back and added many new features and functionalities. [27] In their review of Version 5, MacWorld concluded that "Numbers 5 for Mac advances the app, making it more useful for more purposes with less effort, but it’s still a shadow of full-feature business spreadsheet programs." [28]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ For reasons that are not mentioned in the documentation, canvases are referred to as "sheets" within the program.
  2. ↑ Numbers can handle up to 1,000,000 rows by 1,000 columns per table, [6] versus the latest versions of Excel from Office 2010 onwards having a maximum of 1,048,576 rows by 16,384 columns. Excel has changed its maximum size many times, originally 16,384 rows by 128 columns, while other programs of the same era often compared themselves by increasing this, e.g. WingZ was 32,768 by 32,768 for instance.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Microsoft Excel</span> Spreadsheet editor, part of Microsoft 365

Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet editor developed by Microsoft for Windows, macOS, Android, iOS and iPadOS. It features calculation or computation capabilities, graphing tools, pivot tables, and a macro programming language called Visual Basic for Applications (VBA). Excel forms part of the Microsoft 365 suite of software.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Spreadsheet</span> Computer application for organization, analysis, and storage of data in tabular form

A spreadsheet is a computer application for computation, organization, analysis and storage of data in tabular form. Spreadsheets were developed as computerized analogs of paper accounting worksheets. The program operates on data entered in cells of a table. Each cell may contain either numeric or text data, or the results of formulas that automatically calculate and display a value based on the contents of other cells. The term spreadsheet may also refer to one such electronic document.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lotus Improv</span> Spreadsheet program

Lotus Improv is a discontinued spreadsheet program from Lotus Development released in 1991 for the NeXTSTEP platform and then for Windows 3.1 in 1993. Development was put on hiatus in 1994 after slow sales on the Windows platform, and officially ended in April 1996 after Lotus was purchased by IBM.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Comma-separated values</span> File format used to store data

Comma-separated values (CSV) is a text file format that uses commas to separate values, and newlines to separate records. A CSV file stores tabular data in plain text, where each line of the file typically represents one data record. Each record consists of the same number of fields, and these are separated by commas in the CSV file. If the field delimiter itself may appear within a field, fields can be surrounded with quotation marks.

Wingz was a spreadsheet program sold by Informix in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Originally developed for the Macintosh, it was later ported to Microsoft Windows, OS/2, NeXTSTEP and several other commercial flavors of Unix. In spite of many positive reviews, including one calling it "clearly the spreadsheet of the future", the market was rapidly entrenching Microsoft Excel. Informix eventually gave up on the desktop market and reverted solely to database sales in the mid-1990s. Claris licensed and sold an extensively cleaned up version as Claris Resolve in 1991, but it was far too late to market to have any effect.

iWork Office suite of applications created by Apple Inc.

iWork is an office suite of applications created by Apple for its macOS, iPadOS, and iOS operating systems, and also available cross-platform through the iCloud website.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Javelin Software</span> Software extending the spreadsheet paradigm

Javelin Software Corporation (1984–1988) was a company in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, which developed an innovative modeling and data analysis product, also called Javelin, and later Javelin Plus. Seen as the successor technology to spreadsheet software in reviews of the time, and rival to the then-dominant Lotus 1-2-3, Javelin won numerous industry awards, including beating Microsoft's new Excel for the InfoWorld Software Product of the Year award.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Spreadsheet 2000</span>

Spreadsheet 2000 is a discontinued spreadsheet program for Apple Macintosh computers, published by Casady & Greene, a distributor of many "smaller" Mac releases. It appears to have seen little in terms of sales, and was withdrawn from the market after only a short time. First released in 1993 as Let's Keep It Simple Spreadsheet, officially abbreviated Let's KISS, the product was renamed Spreadsheet 2000 for its 2.0 release in 1997.

A pivot table is a table of values which are aggregations of groups of individual values from a more extensive table within one or more discrete categories. The aggregations or summaries of the groups of the individual terms might include sums, averages, counts, or other statistics. A pivot table is the outcome of the statistical processing of tabularized raw data and can be used for decision-making.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Microsoft Office 2007</span> Version of Microsoft Office

Microsoft Office 2007 is an office suite for Windows, developed and published by Microsoft. It was officially revealed on March 9, 2006 and was the 12th version of Microsoft Office. It was released to manufacturing on November 3, 2006; it was subsequently made available to volume license customers on November 30, 2006, and later to retail on January 30, 2007. The Mac OS X equivalent, Microsoft Office 2008 for Mac, was released on January 15, 2008.

OpenFormula is an open standard for exchanging recalculated formulae in spreadsheets. OpenFormula is included in version 1.2 of the OpenDocument standard. OpenFormula was initially proposed and drafted by David A. Wheeler.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Origin (data analysis software)</span> Scientific data analysis software

Origin is a proprietary computer program for interactive scientific graphing and data analysis. It is produced by OriginLab Corporation, and runs on Microsoft Windows. It has inspired several platform-independent open-source clones and alternatives like LabPlot and SciDAVis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Software calculator</span> Calculator as a computer program

A software calculator is a calculator that has been implemented as a computer program, rather than as a physical hardware device.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">XLeratorDB</span>

XLeratorDB is a suite of database function libraries that enable Microsoft SQL Server to perform a wide range of additional (non-native) business intelligence and ad hoc analytics. The libraries, which are embedded and run centrally on the database, include more than 450 individual functions similar to those found in Microsoft Excel spreadsheets. The individual functions are grouped and sold as six separate libraries based on usage: finance, statistics, math, engineering, unit conversions and strings. WestClinTech, the company that developed XLeratorDB, claims it is "the first commercial function package add-in for Microsoft SQL Server."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">FarPoint Spread</span> Computer software

FarPoint Spread is a suite of Microsoft Excel-compatible spreadsheet components available for .NET, COM, and Microsoft BizTalk Server. Software developers use the components to embed Microsoft Excel-compatible spreadsheet features into their applications, such as importing and exporting Microsoft Excel files, displaying, modifying, analyzing, and visualizing data. Spread components handle spreadsheet data at the cell, row, column, or worksheet level.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LibreOffice Calc</span> Spreadsheet component of LibreOffice

LibreOffice Calc is the spreadsheet component of the LibreOffice software package.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">OpenRefine</span> Application for data cleanup and data transformation

OpenRefine is an open-source desktop application for data cleanup and transformation to other formats, an activity commonly known as data wrangling. It is similar to spreadsheet applications, and can handle spreadsheet file formats such as CSV, but it behaves more like a database.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Google Sheets</span> Cloud-based spreadsheet software

Google Sheets is a spreadsheet application and part of the free, web-based Google Docs Editors suite offered by Google. Google Sheets is available as a web application; a mobile app for: Android, iOS, and as a desktop application on Google's ChromeOS. The app is compatible with Microsoft Excel file formats. The app allows users to create and edit files online while collaborating with other users in real-time. Edits are tracked by which user made them, along with a revision history. Where an editor is making changes is highlighted with an editor-specific color and cursor. A permissions system regulates what users can do. Updates have introduced features that use machine learning, including "Explore", which offers answers based on natural language questions in the spreadsheet. Sheets is one of the services provided by Google that also includes Google Docs, Google Slides, Google Drawings, Google Forms, Google Sites and Google Keep.

Trapeze is a discontinued spreadsheet program for Macintosh systems running classic Mac OS. It introduced the concept of using named ranges for most operations instead of cell addresses, allowing formulas to be freed of the location of the data on the page. This, in turn, made updating the sheets by moving data around a safe operation, whereas in contemporary programs like Microsoft Excel and Lotus 1-2-3 this often led to broken formulas. The system did not rely on the sheet as the basis for storage, and allowed multiple tables, charts, graphics and text, which they referred to as "blocks", to be positioned freely.

References

  1. ↑ Apple. "What's new in Numbers for iPhone" . Retrieved May 21, 2024.
  2. ↑ "iWork". Apple.
  3. ↑ "Pages 7.2, Numbers 5.2, and Keynote 8.2". Tidbits . September 19, 2018. Retrieved November 15, 2018.
  4. ↑ "Apple - iPad - Innovative spreadsheets in just a few taps". Apple Inc. Archived from the original on July 22, 2010. Retrieved June 13, 2010.
  5. 1 2 "Numbers". Apple. Numbers starts you off with a blank canvas instead of an endless grid, so you have the freedom to move everything around your canvas at will and organize your data any way you choose.
  6. ↑ "About working with large data sets in Numbers". Apple Support.
  7. ↑ Josef Stoer and Roland Bulirsch, "Introduction to Numerical Analysis (3rd ed.)", Springer-Verlag, 2002, p. 610
  8. ↑ Ringstrom, David (April 17, 2009). "Tricks for hiding and unhiding Excel rows and columns". accountingWEB.
  9. ↑ Jobling, Hugo (February 19, 2009). "Apple iWork '09". Trusted Reviews. p. 3.
  10. ↑ McFedries, Paul (August 27, 2004). "Copying and Moving Formulas". Building Basic Formulas in Excel.
  11. ↑ Garfinkel, Simson (Fall 1991). "Improv: The Inside Story". NeXTWORLD . p. 34.
  12. ↑ Spolsky, Joel (2005). The best software writing. Apress. p. 25. ISBN   9781430200383.
  13. 1 2 3 "Refer to cells in formulas". Apple Support. Formats for cell references. Retrieved May 16, 2022.
  14. ↑ "250+ Functions". Apple. Archived from the original on February 6, 2009.
  15. ↑ "Excel functions (alphabetical list)". Microsoft Office. Archived from the original on August 30, 2011.
  16. 1 2 3 Griffiths, Rob (January 27, 2009). "Review: Numbers '09". Macworld .
  17. ↑ "What's new in Numbers for Mac". Apple Support. Archived from the original on June 20, 2018. Retrieved October 9, 2018.
  18. ↑ "Use smart categories in Numbers". Apple Support. Archived from the original on April 4, 2019.
  19. ↑ "What's new in Numbers for Mac". Apple Support. Archived from the original on September 30, 2021.
  20. ↑ "Intelligent tables". Apple. Archived from the original on July 6, 2008.
  21. ↑ Windley, Phil (August 9, 2007). "A First Look at Apple's Numbers spreadsheet". ZDNet .
  22. ↑ Griffiths, Rob (August 21, 2007). "Apple Numbers '08 spreadsheet software". PC Advisor . Archived from the original on April 14, 2011.
  23. ↑ Maleshefski, Tiffany (August 17, 2007). "Apple iWork 08 Provides Simple But Solid Spreadsheet App". eWeek .
  24. ↑ Parker, Jason. "Numbers for iPhone". download.cnet.com. Retrieved May 15, 2022.
  25. ↑ "What has been gained in Numbers 3.0". Apple support community. October 31, 2013.
  26. ↑ "What has been lost in Numbers 3.0". Apple support community. October 31, 2013.
  27. ↑ "What's new in Numbers for Mac". Apple Support Pages. May 4, 2018.
  28. ↑ Fleishman, Glenn (April 11, 2018). "Numbers 5 for Mac review: Inching closer to being a more full-featured spreadsheet app". Macworld .
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.