Ocellated woodcreeper

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Ocellated woodcreeper
Xiphorhynchus ocellatus Ocellated Woodcreeper; Atalaia do Norte, Amazonas, Brazil.jpg
Status iucn3.1 LC.svg
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)(but see Taxonomy and Status sections) [1]
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Furnariidae
Genus: Xiphorhynchus
Species:
X. ocellatus
Binomial name
Xiphorhynchus ocellatus
(Spix, 1824)
Xiphorhynchus ocellatus map.svg
Range of ocellated woodcreeper sensu stricto ; see Taxonomy and Status sections

The ocellated woodcreeper (Xiphorhynchus ocellatus) is a species of bird in the subfamily Dendrocolaptinae of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. [2] It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela. [3]

Contents

Taxonomy and systematics

The ocellated woodcreeper's taxonomy is unsettled. The South American Classification Committee of the American Ornithological Society (SACC) and the Clements taxonomy have long treated it as a species with seven subspecies. [4] [5] The International Ornithological Committee (IOC) formerly treated it as a species with four subspecies; the other three were treated as Tschudi's woodcreeper (X. chunchotambo). In July 2023 the IOC lumped Tschudi's into the ocellated woodcreeper, resulting in the same treatment as that of the SACC and Clements. [2]

The seven subspecies recognized by these taxonomic systems are: [4] [5] [2]

However, BirdLife International's Handbook of the Birds of the World (HBW) considers only X. o. perplexus and X. o. ocellatus as the ocellated woodcreeper. It retains X. o. napensis, X. o. chunchotambo, and X. o. brevirostris as Tschudi's woodcreepr and treats X. o. lineatocapilla and X. o. beauperthuysii as the line-crowned woodcreeper. [6]

This article follows the single species, seven-subspecies, model.

Description

The ocellated woodcreeper is 20 to 24.5 cm (7.9 to 9.6 in) long and weighs 24 to 42 g (0.85 to 1.5 oz). It is a slim, medium-sized woodcreeper with a long and nearly straight bill. The sexes are alike. Adults of the nominate subspecies X. o. ocellatus have a dark brown crown and nape with fine buff streaks on the crown. Their back is plain reddish brown to olive-brown, their rump and wings cinnamon-rufous, and their tail a darker cinnamon-rufous. Their throat is deep buff with darker edges to the feathers. Their underparts are olive-brown that becomes more rufescent on the undertail coverts. Their upper breast has large buff "teardrops" with weak darker borders, their lower breast has weak buff streaks, and their belly is unmarked. Their iris is dark brown, their bill blackish with a pale gray mandible, and their legs and feet gray. Juveniles are similar to adults but with heavier markings on their underparts. [7]

The other subspecies of the ocellated woodcreeper differ from the nominate and each other thus: [7]

Distribution and habitat

The subspecies of the ocellated woodcreeper are found thus: [2] [7]

The ocellated woodcreeper primarily inhabits evergreen forest. Most of the subspecies favor terra firme forest and are also found in várzea , other seasonally flooded forest types, and wooded swamps. The three "Tschudi's" subspecies are found in terra firme but are more common in montane forest and cloudforest. All prefer the interior of mature forest but also occur at its edges and in secondary forest. The species mostly occurs at elevations below 500 m (1,600 ft) but reaches 1,800 m (5,900 ft) in the Andes. [7] [8] [9] [10]

Behavior

Movement

The ocellated woodcreeper is a year-round resident throughout its range. [7]

Feeding

The ocellated woodcreeper's diet has not been fully described but is believed to be primarily arthropods. Single birds and pairs frequently join mixed-species foraging flocks and occasionally follow army ant swarms. The species hitches up trunks and along branches, mostly from the forest's understory to its sub-canopy. It takes most of its prey from bark, by picking and probing. It also sometimes probes vegetation like epiphytes. [7] [8] [9]

Breeding

Essentially nothing is known about the ocellated woodcreeper's breeding biology. [7]

Vocalization

The ocellated woodcreeper sings mostly at dawn and dusk, and usually gives only a few songs then. Its song varies geographically. [7] For instance, in eastern Ecuador it is "a fast series of nasal notes...'whe-whe-whe-whe-whe-chéchécheow' ". [9] In much of Brazil it is a "short, fast, descending, rattling series of notes" [10] and in other parts "a rapid trill...'re-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-eet' " [7] . In Peru it is "a quiet, accelerating series...e.g. 'hee-ee-ee-i’i’i’i’i’i’ chee’ee’ee tree’ee’ee tree’ee’ee' ". [7] The species also has a wide variety of calls. [7]

Status

The IUCN follows HBW taxonomy and so has separately assessed the ocellated sensu stricto , "line-crowned", and "Tschudi's" woodcreepers. All three are assessed as being of Least Concern. They have large to very large ranges, but their population sizes are not known and all are believed to be decreasing. No immediate threats to any of them have been identified. [1] [11] [12] The species appears to be fairly common to common in most of its range but is "believed to be highly sensitive to loss and fragmentation of forest". [7]

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cocoa woodcreeper</span> Species of bird

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Buff-throated woodcreeper</span> Species of bird

The buff-throated woodcreeper is a species of bird in the subfamily Dendrocolaptinae of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Streaked tuftedcheek</span> Species of bird

The streaked tuftedcheek is a passerine bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Black-banded woodcreeper</span> Species of bird

The black-banded woodcreeper is a sub-oscine passerine bird in subfamily Dendrocolaptinae of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found discontinuously from Chiapas, Mexico, to Panama and in every mainland South American country except Chile and Uruguay.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Black-billed treehunter</span> Species of bird

The black-billed treehunter is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Strong-billed woodcreeper</span> Species of bird

The strong-billed woodcreeper is a species of bird in the subfamily Dendrocolaptinae of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, and Venezuela.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Elegant woodcreeper</span> Species of bird

The elegant woodcreeper is a species of bird in the subfamily Dendrocolaptinae of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Spotted woodcreeper</span> Species of bird

The spotted woodcreeper is a species of bird in the subfamily Dendrocolaptinae of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Belize, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, and Panama.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lesser woodcreeper</span> Species of bird

The lesser woodcreeper is a species of bird in the subfamily Dendrocolaptinae of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Black-striped woodcreeper</span> Species of bird

The black-striped woodcreeper is a species of bird in the subfamily Dendrocolaptinae of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Nicaragua, and Panama.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Striped woodcreeper</span> Species of bird

The striped woodcreeper is a species of bird in the subfamily Dendrocolaptinae of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Spix's woodcreeper</span> Species of bird

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Olive-backed woodcreeper</span> Species of bird

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Lafresnaye's woodcreeper is a resident passerine bird found in tropical South America in the western and southern Amazon and adjacent sections of the Cerrado. It is often considered a subspecies of the buff-throated woodcreeper, but this combined "species" would be polyphyletic. It includes the dusky-billed woodcreeper, which sometimes is considered a separate species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tschudi's woodcreeper</span> Subspecies of bird

Tschudi's woodcreeper is a passerine bird native to South America. It belongs to the genus Xiphorhynchus in the woodcreeper subfamily, Dendrocolaptinae. It is usually regarded as a subspecies of the ocellated woodcreeper. It is named after Johann Jakob von Tschudi, the Swiss explorer and naturalist who first described the bird.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Inambari woodcreeper</span> Species of bird

The Inambari woodcreeper is a species of bird in the subfamily Dendrocolaptinae of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, and Peru.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ceara woodcreeper</span> Species of bird

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Line-crowned woodcreeper</span> Subspecies of birds

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References

  1. 1 2 BirdLife International (2017). "Ocellated Woodcreeper Xiphorhynchus ocellatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2017: e.T103669826A118548493. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T103669826A118548493.en . Retrieved 13 August 2023.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2023). "Ovenbirds, woodcreepers". IOC World Bird List. v 13.2. Retrieved July 31, 2023.
  3. Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, G. Del-Rio, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 31 May 2023. Species Lists of Birds for South American Countries and Territories. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCCountryLists.htm retrieved May 31, 2023
  4. 1 2 Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, G. Del-Rio, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 31 May 2023. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved May 31, 2023
  5. 1 2 Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, T. A. Fredericks, J. A. Gerbracht, D. Lepage, S. M. Billerman, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2022. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2022. Downloaded from https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/ retrieved November 10, 2022
  6. HBW and BirdLife International (2022) Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world. Version 7. Available at: https://datazone.birdlife.org/userfiles/file/Species/Taxonomy/HBW-BirdLife_Checklist_v7_Dec22.zip retrieved December 13, 2022
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Marantz, C. A., J. del Hoyo, N. Collar, A. Aleixo, L. R. Bevier, G. M. Kirwan, and M. A. Patten (2020). Ocellated Woodcreeper (Xiphorhynchus ocellatus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (S. M. Billerman, B. K. Keeney, P. G. Rodewald, and T. S. Schulenberg, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.ocewoo1.01 retrieved August 13, 2023
  8. 1 2 McMullan, Miles; Donegan, Thomas M.; Quevedo, Alonso (2010). Field Guide to the Birds of Colombia. Bogotá: ProAves. p. 126. ISBN   978-0-9827615-0-2.
  9. 1 2 3 Ridgely, Robert S.; Greenfield, Paul J. (2001). The Birds of Ecuador: Field Guide. Vol. II. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. pp. 384–385. ISBN   978-0-8014-8721-7.
  10. 1 2 van Perlo, Ber (2009). A Field Guide to the Birds of Brazil. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 204. ISBN   978-0-19-530155-7.
  11. BirdLife International (2017). "Line-crowned Woodcreeper Xiphorhynchus beauperthuysii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2017: e.T103669951A112377362. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T103669951A112377362.en . Retrieved 13 August 2023.
  12. BirdLife International (2017). "Tschudi's Woodcreeper Xiphorhynchus chunchotambo". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2017: e.T103670009A112378014. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T103670009A112378014.en . Retrieved 13 August 2023.