PARAM

Last updated
PARAM
Formationlate 1980's
Type Supercomputers
Parent organization
 Centre for Development of Advanced Computing

PARAM is a series of Indian supercomputers designed and assembled by the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) in Pune. [1] [2] PARAM means "supreme" in the Sanskrit language, whilst also creating an acronym for "PARAllel Machine". [1] As of November 2022, the fastest machine in the series is the PARAM Siddhi-AI which ranks 63rd in world, with an Rpeak of 5.267 petaflops. [3]

Contents

History

C-DAC was created in November 1987, originally as the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing Technology (C-DACT). [4] This was in response to issues purchasing supercomputers from foreign sources. [5] The Indian Government decided to try and develop indigenous computing technology. [6]

PARAM 8000

The PARAM 8000 was the first machine in the series and was built from scratch. [2] A prototype was benchmarked at the "1990 Zurich Super-computing Show": [note 1] of the machines that ran at the show it came second only to one from the United States. [7]

A 64-node machine was delivered in August 1991. [2] [1] Each node used Inmos T800/T805 transputers. [1] A 256-node machine had a theoretical performance of 1GFLOPS, however in practice had a sustained performance of 100-200MFLOPS. [1] [2] PARAM 8000 was a distributed memory MIMD architecture with a reconfigurable interconnection network. [8]

The PARAM 8000 was noted to be 28 times more powerful than the Cray X-MP that the government originally requested, for the same $10 million cost quoted for it. [9]

Exports

The computer was a success and was exported to Germany, United Kingdom and Russia. [10] Apart from taking over the home market, PARAM attracted 14 other buyers with its relatively low price tag of $350,000. [11]

The computer was also exported to the ICAD Moscow in 1991 under Russian collaboration. [12] [13] [14] [15]

PARAM 8600

PARAM 8600 was an improvement over PARAM 8000. In 1992 C-DAC realised its machines were underpowered and wished to integrate the newly released Intel i860 processor. [16] Each node was created with one i860 and four Inmos T800 transputers. [8] [2] [1] The same PARAS programming environment was used for both the PARAM 8000 and 8600; this meant that programs were portable. [2] [1] Each 8600 cluster was noted to be as powerful as 4 PARAM 8000 clusters. [1]

PARAM 9000

The PARAM (param vashisht lega) 9000 was designed to be merge cluster processing and massively parallel processing computing workloads. [17] It was first demonstrated in 1994. [5] The design was changed to be modular so that newer processors could be easily accommodated. [8] Typically a system used 32–40 processors, however it could be scaled up to 200 CPUs using the clos network topology. [8] The PARAM 9000/SS was the SuperSPARC II processor variant, [18] the PARAM 9000/US used the UltraSPARC processor, [9] and the PARAM 9000/AA used the DEC Alpha. [19]

PARAM 10000

The PARAM 10000 was unveiled in 1998 as part of C-DAC's second mission. [5] PARAM 10000 used several independent nodes, each based on the Sun Enterprise 250 server; each such server contained two 400Mhz UltraSPARC II processors. The base configuration had three compute nodes and a server node. The peak speed of this base system was 6.4 GFLOPS. [20] A typical system would contain 160 CPUs and be capable of 100 GFLOPS [21] But, it was easily scalable to the TFLOP range. Exported to Russia and Singapore. [22]

Further computers

Further computers were made in the PARAM series as one-off supercomputers, rather than serial production machines. From the late 2010s many machines were created as part of the National Supercomputing Mission.

Supercomputer summary

PARAM Timeline
NameRelease YearNotes Rmax Rpeak Location
PARAM 80001991Inmos T800 Transputers, Distributed Memory MIMD, 64 processorsMultiple
PARAM 86001992Improved version of PARAM 8000. Intel i860, 256 processors. Each 8600 cluster was as powerful as 4 PARAM 8000 clusters. [23] 5 GFLOPS Multiple
PARAM 99001994 Clos network. SuperSPARC II, UltraSPARC and DEC Alpha variants, 32 to 200 processorsMultiple
PARAM 100001998 Sun Enterprise 250, 400Mhz UltraSPARC UltraSPARC II processor, 160 processors6.4 GFLOPS Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Prayagraj
PARAM Padma2002 [5] 1TB storage, 248 IBM Power4 – 1 GHz, [5] IBM AIX 5.1L, PARAMNet. PARAM Padma was the first Indian machine ranked on a worldwide supercomputer list. [5] 1024 GFLOPS C-DAC Bengaluru
PARAM Yuva20084608 cores, Intel 73XX – 2.9 GHz, 25 to 200 TB, [24] PARAMnet 3.38.1 TFLOPS [25] 54 TFLOPS [25]
PARAM Yuva II2013Created in three months at a cost of ₹160 million (US$2 million) - first Indian supercomputer to achieve more than 500 teraflops. [26] [27] [28] Intel is the original equipment manufacturer and NetWeb technologies is the system integrator. It is interconnected with Indian Institute of Technology and National Institute of Technology via National Knowledge Network. [29] 360.8 TFLOPS [30] [31] 524 TFLOPSC-DAC Pune
PARAM Kanchenjunga [32] 2016Cost ₹3 crore. [33] 15 TFLOPS National Institute of Technology, Sikkim
PARAM Ishan2016Storage 300TB based on Lustre. [23] 250 TFLOPS [34] IIT Guwahati
PARAM Bio-Embryo [35] 100 TFLOPS Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, Pune
PARAM Bio-Inferno [35] 147.5 TFLOPSC-DAC Pune
PARAM Shrestha [35] 100 TFLOPSC-DAC Pune
PARAM Neel [36] India's first HPC system that uses the Fujitsu A64fx- NSP1 CPU, an ARM processor with 48 cores and a speed of 1.8 GHz100 TFLOPSC-DAC Pune
PARAM Shivay [37] [38] 2019192 CPU compute nodes, 20 High memory nodes, 11 GPU compute nodes. Cost ₹32.5 crore.0.43 PFLOPS0.84 PFLOPS IIT (BHU) Varanasi
PARAM Brahma [39] [40] 20191PB storage. Uses Direct Contact Liquid Cooling. [23] 0.85 PFLOPS1.7 PFLOPS Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune
PARAM Siddhi-AI [41] 2020 Nvidia DGX SuperPOD based networking architecture, HPC-AI engine software frame works and cloud platform from C-DAC 4.6 PFLOPS5.267 PFLOPSC-DAC Pune
PARAM Sanganak [42] 20201.67 PFLOPS IIT Kanpur
PARAM Yukti [36] 1.8 PFLOPS Jawaharlal Nehru Centre For Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru
PARAM Utkarsh [43] 2021Based on Intel Cascade Lake processor and Nvidia Tesla V100 GPU with 100 Gbps infiniband non-blocking interconnect838 TFLOPSC-DAC Bengaluru
PARAM Smriti [44] 2021838 TFLOPSNational Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali
PARAM Seva [35] 2021Based on heterogeneous and hybrid configuration of Intel Xeon Cascade Lake processors, and Nvidia Tesla V100.838 TFLOPS IIT Hyderabad
PARAM Spoorthi [36] 2021100 TFLOPSSociety for Electronic Transactions and Security, Chennai
PARAM Pravega [45] [46] 2022It runs on CentOS 7.x, has 4PB storage, Intel Xeon Cascade Lake processors and Nvidia Tesla V100. [23] 3.3 PFLOPS Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru
PARAM Ganga [47] 20221.67 PFLOPS IIT Roorkee
PARAM Shakti [48] 2022850 TFLOPS1.66 PFLOPS IIT Kharagpur
PARAM Ananta [49] 2022838 TFLOPS IIT Gandhinagar
PARAM Himalaya [36] 2022838 TFLOPS IIT Mandi
PARAM Kamrupa [50] 2022107 CPU nodes, 10 GPU nodes, 9 high memory nodes, 740 CPU cores, 102400 CUDA cores. It runs on low and high microwave power with active and passive high energy source. [51] [52] [53] [54] Liquid cooling. [55] 838 TFLOPS1.5 PFLOPSIIT Guwahati [56]
PARAM Porul [57] 2022107 CPU nodes, 10 GPU nodes, 39 high memory nodes, 102400 CUDA cores. [58] 838 TFLOPS National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli
PARAM Rudra [35] 2021Based on Intel Xeon 2nd Generation Cascade Lake dual socket processors, Nvidia A100 GPU, 35TB memory, and 2PB storage. [59] Cost ₹130 crore. [60] 138 TFLOPSC-DAC Pune
20241 PFLOPS [61] Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope, Pune [61]
3 PFLOPS [61] Inter-University Accelerator Centre, New Delhi
838 TFLOPS [61] S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Kolkata

PARAMNet

PARAMNet is a high speed high bandwidth low latency network developed for the PARAM series. The original PARAMNet used an 8 port cascadable non-blocking switch developed by C-DAC. Each port provided 400 Mb/s in both directions (thus 2x400 Mbit/s) as it was a full-duplex network. It was first used in PARAM 10000. [9]

PARAMNet II, introduced with PARAM Padma, is capable of 2.5 Gbit/s while working full-duplex. It supports interfaces like Virtual Interface Architecture and Active messages. It uses 8 or 16 port SAN switches. [62]

PARAMNet-3, used in PARAM Yuva and PARAM Yuva-II, is next generation high performance networking component for building supercomputing systems. PARAMNet-3 consists of tightly integrated hardware and software components. The hardware components consist of Network Interface Cards (NIC) based on CDAC's fourth generation communication co-processor "GEMINI", and modular 48-port Packet Routing Switch "ANVAY". The software component "KSHIPRA" is a lightweight protocol stack designed to exploit capabilities of hardware and to provide industry standard interfaces to the applications. Other application areas identified for deployment of PARAMNet-3 are storage and database applications. [63]

Operators

PARAM supercomputers are used by both public and private [24] operators for various purposes. As of 2008, 52 PARAMs have been deployed. Of these, 8 are located in Russia, Singapore, Germany and Canada. PARAMs have also been sold to Tanzania, Armenia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Ghana, Myanmar, Nepal, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Vietnam. [64]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ This is likely the CONPAR 90 - VAPP IV, Joint International Conference on Vector and Parallel Processing, which took place in Zurich, Switzerland, 10–13 September 1990. The statement is difficult to fully attest to other than the referenced article. The proceedings of the conference can be found at https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-53065-7

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References

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  7. ↑ "God, Man And Machine". PARAM SUKHADIA India. 1 July 1998. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
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  12. ↑ "C-DAC furthering ties with ICAD, Moscow: From PARAM 5ooo to PARAM 10000". Center for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC). Retrieved 15 September 2011.
  13. ↑ "Supercomputer being developed at Pune, Bangalore will be ready in 6 months". Center for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC). Retrieved 15 September 2011. ...giving India her first indigenous supercomputer in 1991 (PARAM 8000)
  14. ↑ "Digital India Week".
  15. ↑ "The Little Known Story of How India's First Indigenous Supercomputer Amazed the World in 1991". The Better India. 13 January 2017.
  16. ↑ Bhatkar, V.P. (April 1994). "PARAM parallel supercomputer: Architecture, programming environment, and applications". Proceedings of 8th International Parallel Processing Symposium. pp. 388–389. doi:10.1109/IPPS.1994.288273. ISBN   0-8186-5602-6. S2CID   9917838.
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  23. 1 2 3 4 Nataraj, Poornima (11 March 2022). "Indian PARAM Supercomputers (Complete List)". AIM. Retrieved 3 October 2024.
  24. 1 2 "PARAM Yuva supercomputer now open to private sector". Indian Express. 26 February 2011. Retrieved 15 September 2011. With an enhanced storage capacity of 200 TB from 25 TB, a large number of users can use it for data processing and storage at the same time.
  25. 1 2 "Top500: "PARAM Yuva" Cluster (Performance)" . Retrieved 15 September 2011.
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  32. ↑ "PARAM Kanchenjunga inaugurated at NIT Sikkim" . Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  33. ↑ Misal, Disha (15 July 2019). "Top 8 Supercomputers Used By Indian Educational Institutes For Research". AIM. Retrieved 3 October 2024.
  34. ↑ "IIT Guwahati Gets 'Param-Ishan' Supercomputer, Fastest In Neighborhood". NDTV.com. Retrieved 3 October 2024.
  35. 1 2 3 4 5 "National PARAM Supercomputing Systems - Annual Report 2021" (PDF).
  36. 1 2 3 4 "National Supercomputer Mission- Annual Report 2022" (PDF).
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  46. ↑ "For Traditional HPC Simulations: Param Pravega – SUPERCOMPUTER EDUCATION AND RESEARCH CENTRE".
  47. ↑ "Petascale Supercomputer "PARAM Ganga" established at IIT Roorkee under National Supercomputing Mission".
  48. ↑ "IIT Kharagpur". Inaugurated on 27 March 2022
  49. ↑ "PARAM ANANTA Supercomputer commissioned at IIT, Gandhinagar". www.pib.gov.in. Retrieved 30 May 2023.
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  57. ↑ "PARAM PORUL Supercomputer inaugurated at NIT, Tiruchirappalli". www.pib.gov.in. Retrieved 24 December 2022.
  58. ↑ "PARAM Porul".
  59. ↑ "Named after Lord Shiva: All about India's Param Rudra Supercomputer". India Today. 27 September 2024. Retrieved 3 October 2024.
  60. ↑ "PM Modi launches 3 PARAM Rudra supercomputers developed indigenously". Hindustan Times. 26 September 2024. Retrieved 4 October 2024.
  61. 1 2 3 4 Yadav, Roshni (27 September 2024). "Knowledge nugget of the day: PARAM Rudra". The Indian Express. Retrieved 3 October 2024.
  62. ↑ Singh, Ashok Kumar (July 2007). Science And Technology For Civil Service. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. p. 216. ISBN   9780070655485 . Retrieved 15 September 2011.
  63. ↑ "PARAMNet3" . Retrieved 26 November 2018. PARAMNet-3, a high performance clusters interconnect developed indigenously by CDAC.
  64. ↑ "C-DAC Press Release: Faster PARAM to take on US supercomputer" . Retrieved 15 September 2011.
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