Pacarana

Last updated

Pacarana
Dinomys branickii.JPG
Santa María del Mar District, Peru
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Rodentia
Family: Dinomyidae
Genus: Dinomys
Peters, 1873
Species:
D. branickii
Binomial name
Dinomys branickii
Peters, 1873
Dinomys branickii range map.png

The pacarana (Dinomys branickii) is a rare and slow-moving hystricognath rodent indigenous to South America. Native Tupi people call it the pacarana (false paca) because it is superficially similar to the paca, a different rodent which is not in the same family. The pacarana has a chunky body and is large for a rodent, weighing up to 15 kg (33 lb) and measuring up to 79 cm (2 ft 7 in) in length, not including the thick, furry tail. [2] [3]

Contents

The pacarana is nocturnal and is found only in tropical forests of the western Amazon River basin and adjacent foothills of the Andes Mountains. It ranges from northwestern Venezuela and Colombia to western Bolivia, including the Yungas. It is common in Cotapata National Park in Bolivia. [1]

The pacarana is the sole extant member of the rodent family Dinomyidae in the infraorder Caviomorpha; the paca that it resembles in appearance is in a different Caviomorph family, the Cuniculidae. Initially, the pacarana was regarded as a member of the superfamily Muroidea, that includes the true mice, but that view was abandoned in the face of evidence that suggests that the pacarana is in the family Dinomyidae together with extinct animals such as Phoberomys pattersoni and Josephoartigasia monesi , prehistoric giant rodents that lived in South America several million years ago.

Pacaranas typically are found in family groups of four or five. [4]

Characteristics

Pacarana have 4 limbs and large heads. They are considered a scansorial species. When they eat, they grasp their food with their fore-paws while sitting on their hind legs. [5]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Porcupine</span> Rodent with a coat of sharp spines

Porcupines are large rodents with coats of sharp spines, or quills, that protect them against predation. The term covers two families of animals: the Old World porcupines of the family Hystricidae, and the New World porcupines of the family Erethizontidae. Both families belong to the infraorder Hystricognathi within the profoundly diverse order Rodentia and display superficially similar coats of rigid or semi-rigid quills, which are modified hairs composed of keratin. Despite this, the two groups are distinct from one another and are not closely related to each other within the Hystricognathi. The largest species of porcupine is the third-largest living rodent in the world, after the capybara and beaver.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chinchilla</span> Rodent genus

Chinchillas are either of two species of crepuscular rodents of the parvorder Caviomorpha, and are native to the Andes mountains in South America. They live in colonies called "herds" at high elevations up to 4,270 m (14,000 ft). Historically, chinchillas lived in an area that included parts of Bolivia, Peru and Chile, but today, colonies in the wild are known only in Chile. Along with their relatives, viscachas, they make up the family Chinchillidae. They are also related to the chinchilla rat.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bush dog</span> Species of carnivore

The bush dog is a canine found in Central and South America. In spite of its extensive range, it is very rare in most areas except in Suriname, Guyana and Peru; it was first described by Peter Wilhelm Lund from fossils in Brazilian caves and was believed to be extinct.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lowland paca</span> Species of rodent

The lowland paca, also known as the spotted paca, is a large rodent found in tropical and sub-tropical America, from east-central Mexico to northern Argentina, and has been introduced to Cuba and Algeria.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Caviomorpha</span> Sub-set of rodents in South America

Caviomorpha is the rodent parvorder that unites all New World hystricognaths. It is supported by both fossil and molecular evidence. The Caviomorpha was for a time considered to be a separate order outside the Rodentia, but is now accepted as a genuine part of the rodents. Caviomorphs include the extinct Heptaxodontidae, the extinct Josephoartigasia monesi and extant families of chinchilla rats, hutias, guinea pigs and the capybara, chinchillas and viscachas, tuco-tucos, agoutis, pacas, pacaranas, spiny rats, New World porcupines, coypu and octodonts.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hystricognathi</span> Infraorder of rodents

The Hystricognathi are an infraorder of rodents, distinguished from other rodents by the bone structure of their skulls. The masseter medialis passes partially through a hole below each eye socket and connects to the bone on the opposite side. This, together with their lack of an infraorbital plate and the relative size of the infraorbital foramen, distinguishes hystricognaths from other rodent groups.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dinomyidae</span> Family of rodents

The Dinomyidae are a family of South American hystricognath rodents: the dinomyids were once a very speciose group, but now contains only a single living species, the pacarana. Several of the extinct dinomyids were among the largest rodents known to date; these included the bison-sized Josephoartigasia monesi and the smaller Josephoartigasia magna. The dinomyids are thought to have occupied ecological niches associated with large grazing mammals due to their ability to compete with the native ungulates of South America. On the other side, they could feed on aquatic or swampy plants along the ancient rivers. These large forms disappeared after the formation of a connection to North America. The modern pacarana is only modest in size, considerably smaller than the capybara.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mountain paca</span> Species of rodent

The mountain paca is a small burrow-dwelling rodent whose habitats are high altitude South American forests. Pacas are nocturnal, sedentary, and solitary animals with territorial tendencies. It eats mostly fruits and seeds. The mountain paca primarily inhabits higher Andean montane forest regions in Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bristle-spined rat</span> Species of rodent

The bristle-spined rat is an arboreal rodent from the Atlantic forest in eastern Brazil. Also known as the bristle-spined porcupine or thin-spined porcupine, it is the only member of the genus Chaetomys and the subfamily Chaetomyinae. It was officially described in 1818, but rarely sighted since, until December 1986, when two specimens - one a pregnant female - were found in the vicinity of Valencia in Bahia. Since then it has been recorded at several localities in eastern Brazil, from Sergipe to Espírito Santo, but it remains rare and threatened due to habitat loss, poaching and roadkills.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hystricomorpha</span> Suborder of rodents

Hystricomorpha is a term referring to families and orders of rodents which has had many definitions throughout its history. In the broadest sense, it refers to any rodent with a hystricomorphous zygomasseteric system. This includes the Hystricognathi, Ctenodactylidae, Anomaluridae, and Pedetidae. Molecular and morphological results suggest the inclusion of the Anomaluridae and Pedetidae in Hystricomorpha may be suspect. Based on Carleton & Musser 2005, these two families are discussed here as representing a distinct suborder Anomaluromorpha.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Painted tree-rat</span> Species of mammals belonging to the spiny rat family of rodents

The painted tree-rat is a species of spiny rat from Brazil, restricted to north-eastern Bahia in eastern Brazil. It is the only species in the genus Callistomys.

Owl's spiny rat is a rodent species in the family Echimyidae found in Brazil. It is the only species in the genus Carterodon. Owl's spiny rat has evolved characteristics such as a heightened ability to dig in open grasslands during times of environmental change.

The Neoepiblemidae are an extinct family of hystricognath rodents from South America. The genera Dabbenea and Perumys are now included in Phoberomys. The delineation between Neoepiblemidae and Dinomyidae has historically been unclear, with some genera having varying taxonomic placement. A 2017 study found Phoberomys to be part of the group, while Eusigmomys was found to be part of the Dinomyidae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Guiara</span> Genus of mammals belonging to the spiny rat family of rodents

Euryzygomatomys is a genus of South American rodents, commonly called guiaras, in the family Echimyidae. It contains two extant and one fossil species, found in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. They are as follows:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Plains viscacha rat</span> Species of rodent

The plains viscacha rat, plains vizcacha rat, red viscacha rat, or red vizcacha rat is a species of rodent in the family Octodontidae native to Argentina. It is one of three species in the genus Tympanoctomys.

<i>Josephoartigasia</i> Extinct genus of rodents

Josephoartigasia is an extinct genus of enormous dinomyid rodent from the Early Pliocene to Early Pleistocene of Uruguay. The only living member of Dinomyidae is the pacarana. Josephoartigasia is named after Uruguayan national hero José Artigas. It contains two species: J. magna, described in 1966 based on a left mandible, and J. monesi, described in 2008 based on a practically complete skull. Both are reported from the San José Member of the Raigón Formation by the Barrancas de San Gregorio along the shores of Kiyú beach.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Southwest Amazon moist forests</span> Ecoregion in the Upper Amazon basin

The Southwest Amazon moist forests (NT0166) is an ecoregion located in the Upper Amazon basin.

The Urumaco Formation is a formation in Venezuela that includes deposits from the Late Miocene. It is the site of several "giant forms": the turtles, crocodiles, sloths and rodents of Urumaco are among the largest of their groups.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brown agouti</span> Species of rodent

The brown agouti is a species of agouti in the family Dasyproctidae that is native to portions of central or southeastern Peru, east to western Brazil, south to a strip of Bolivia. It was originally regarded as conspecific with the Central American agouti, but revised as distinct.

References

  1. 1 2 Roach, N. (2017). "Dinomys branickii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2017: e.T6608A22199194. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T6608A22199194.en . Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. Nguyen, Khoa Huu. "Dinomys branickii (pacarana)". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 2019-07-17.
  3. "Mammalian Species" (PDF). 2016-03-03. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2019-07-17.
  4. Saavedra-Rodríguez, Carlos A. "Multiscale patterns of habitat and space use by the pacarana Dinomys branickii: factors limiting its distribution and abundance" (PDF). Inter-Research 2012. Retrieved 18 January 2013.
  5. Álvarez, Alicia; Ercoli, Marcos D. (2017-11-02). "Why pacaranas never say no: analysis of the unique occipitocervical configuration of † Tetrastylus intermedius Rovereto, 1914, and other dinomyids (Caviomorpha; Dinomyidae)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 37 (6): e1385476. Bibcode:2017JVPal..37E5476A. doi:10.1080/02724634.2017.1385476. ISSN   0272-4634. S2CID   91015004.