Pantoea agglomerans

Last updated

Pantoea agglomerans
Pantoea agglomerans.jpg
Gram stain of Pantoea agglomerans under 1000 magnification
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Pseudomonadota
Class: Gammaproteobacteria
Order: Enterobacterales
Family: Erwiniaceae
Genus: Pantoea
Species:
P. agglomerans
Binomial name
Pantoea agglomerans
(Ewing and Fife 1972)
Gavini et al. 1989
Type strain
ATCC 27155
CCUG 539
CDC 1461-67
CFBP 3845
CIP 57.51
DSM 3493
ICPB 3435
ICMP 12534
JCM 1236
LMG 1286
NCTC 9381
Synonyms

Enterobacter agglomeransEwing and Fife 1972
Bacillus agglomeransBeijerinck 1888
Erwinia herbicola(Löhnis 1911) Dye 1964
Bacterium herbicolaLöhnis 1911
Bacterium herbicolaGeilinger 1921
Pseudomonas herbicola(Geilinger 1921) de’Rossi 1927
Corynebacterium beticolaAbdou 1969
Pseudomonas trifoliiHuss

Contents

Pantoea agglomerans is a Gram-negative bacterium that belongs to the family Erwiniaceae.

It was formerly called Enterobacter agglomerans, or Erwinia herbicola and is a ubiquitous bacterium commonly isolated from plant surfaces, seeds, fruit, and animal or human feces and can be found throughout a honeybee's environment. [1] Levan produced by Pantoea agglomerans ZMR7 was reported to decrease the viability of rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) and breast cancer (MDA) cells compared with untreated cancer cells. In addition, it has high antiparasitic activity against the promastigote of Leishmania tropica . [2]

Plant Disease Biocontrol

Pantoea agglomerans can serve as a biocontrol organism for the management of plant diseases. It has been used to control fire blight, a plant disease caused by bacterium Erwinia amylovora, that is a common problem in pear and apple crops. [3] [4] [5] After coming in contact with Erwinia amylovora, Pantoea agglomerans produces antibiotic compounds that are toxic to the fire blight-inducing bacterium. It is possible that habitat modification or exclusion (competition) also be mechanisms that make Pantoea agglomerans effective for fire blight biological control. [6] [4]

Environmental factors influencing the growth and spread of Pantoea agglomerans include winter chilling, good sunlight exposure and quality air circulation. [7] Fruit-bearing trees, such as apple and pear trees are common Pantoea agglomerans hosts and during blooming season the fruit-bearing trees receive a period of chilling to revive them from their dormant state in the following spring. In terms of sunlight exposure, fruit trees generally grow best in warm, moist and well-lit environments, thus Pantoea agglomerans must also be able to survive under these conditions to effectively protect healthy plant hosts. Pantoea agglomerans is an aerobic bacterium, so it requires a certain level of air circulation in order to survive. [8]

Pantoea agglomerans has also been used as a biocontrol organism to manage other plant diseases, such as grapevine trunk disease caused by the fungal pathogen Neofusicoccum parvum. [9]

Insect symbiont

Pantoea agglomerans is also found in the gut of locusts. The locusts have adapted to use the guaiacol produced by Pantoea agglomerans to initiate the synchronized swarming of locusts. [10]

It is also commonly found as a symbiont in the gut of mosquitoes. Scientists have created a genetically modified strain of Pantoea agglomerans produce antimalarial effector molecules. Inoculating mosquitoes with this strain reduced the prevalence of the malaria-causing organism ( Plasmodium ) by up to 98%. [11]

Plant Pathogen

Pantoea agglomerans pv. glysophilae completely inhibits root development in Gypsophila paniculata . Both Pag and P. a. pv. betae (Pab) cause gall formation in G. paniculata. That makes Pag a problem for the floral industry, for example in the Israeli industry. [12] [13]

Some strains of Pantoea agglomerans have been identified as the cause of leaf blight of rice in Korea and leaf blight of oats in China. [14] [15]

Antibiotics derived from Pantoea agglomerans

More recent studies have shown that Pantoea agglomerans has a wide variety of antibiotics that can be derived from it. These antibiotics include: herbicolin, pantocins, phenazine and others. [4] [5] In addition, Pantoea agglomerans products may act as a preservative, have bioremediation properties, and be able to fight against harmful pathogens in plants. A Japanese researcher was able to isolate IP-PA1 in Pantoea agglomerans and found that the lipopolysaccharide has a low molecular mass giving it unique properties. The bacterium and its lipopolysaccharide were also found to induce macrophage activity to regulate homeostasis, giving Pantoea agglomerans healing properties when consumed orally. [16] These properties include: "tumours, [17] hyperlipidaemia, diabetes, [18] ulcer, various infectious diseases, atopic allergy [19] and stress-induced immunosuppression". [20] [21]

Clinical isolates

Pantoea agglomerans is occasionally reported to be an opportunistic pathogen in immunocompromised patients, causing wound, blood, and urinary-tract infections. Infections are typically acquired from infected vegetation parts penetrating the skin. Contaminated intravenous fluids or blood products are only rarely the causal agent. [22] Bloodstream infection can lead to disseminated disease and end-organ infection, mainly septic arthritis, but also endophthalmitis, periostitis, endocarditis and osteomyelitis in humans. [23]

Using the biochemical panels commonly employed in medical diagnostics it is difficult to differentiate Pantoea agglomerans from other species of the same genus or from members of related genera such as Phytobacter, Enterobacter , Klebsiella , and Serratia spp. [24] This has led to confusion surrounding its pathogenicity as molecular studies based on DNA sequencing have disproved the identity of several clinical isolates initially reported as Pantoea agglomerans. [4] [25] For the precise identification of Pantoea agglomerans non-culture based methods such as Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) or Whole-Cell MALDI-TOF MS are recommended. [26]

Pathovars

Includes P. a. pv. glysophilae (Pag) [12] [13] [27] and P. a. pv. betae (Pab). [12] [13]

Identification

In the course of culture for identification, P. a. pv. gypsophilae can be cultured on trehalose. [27]

Related Research Articles

<i>Phytophthora infestans</i> Species of single-celled organism

Phytophthora infestans is an oomycete or water mold, a fungus-like microorganism that causes the serious potato and tomato disease known as late blight or potato blight. Early blight, caused by Alternaria solani, is also often called "potato blight". Late blight was a major culprit in the 1840s European, the 1845–1852 Irish, and the 1846 Highland potato famines. The organism can also infect some other members of the Solanaceae. The pathogen is favored by moist, cool environments: sporulation is optimal at 12–18 °C (54–64 °F) in water-saturated or nearly saturated environments, and zoospore production is favored at temperatures below 15 °C (59 °F). Lesion growth rates are typically optimal at a slightly warmer temperature range of 20 to 24 °C.

Blight is a specific symptom affecting plants in response to infection by a pathogenic organism.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fire blight</span> Disease of some Rosaceae trees (especially apples and pears) caused by Erwinia amylovora

Fire blight, also written fireblight, is a contagious disease affecting apples, pears, and some other members of the family Rosaceae. It is a serious concern to apple and pear producers. Under optimal conditions, it can destroy an entire orchard in a single growing season.

<i>Erwinia</i> Genus of bacteria

Erwinia is a genus of Enterobacterales bacteria containing mostly plant pathogenic species which was named for the famous plant pathologist, Erwin Frink Smith. It contains Gram-negative bacteria related to Escherichia coli, Shigella, Salmonella, and Yersinia. They are primarily rod-shaped bacteria.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stewart's wilt</span> Bacterial disease of corn

Stewart's wilt is a bacterial disease of corn caused by the bacterium Pantoea stewartii. The disease is also known as bacterial wilt or bacterial leaf blight and has been shown to be quite problematic in sweet corn. The causal organism is a facultatively anaerobic, gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium. The disease is endemic in the mid-Atlantic and Ohio River Valley regions and in the southern portion of the Corn Belt. Stewart's Wilt causes minor reductions in field corn yield, despite common occurrence, because most hybrids grown in the Midwest have adequate resistance. However, the disease can be problematic in seed production because many countries have restrictions on maize seed from areas where the Stewart's Wilt occurs.

<i>Dickeya dadantii</i> Disease-causing Gram Negative Bacillus

Dickeya dadantii is a Gram-negative bacillus that belongs to the family Pectobacteriaceae. It was formerly known as Erwinia chrysanthemi but was reassigned as Dickeya dadantii in 2005. Members of this family are facultative anaerobes, able to ferment sugars to lactic acid, have nitrate reductase, but lack oxidases. Even though many clinical pathogens are part of the order Enterobacterales, most members of this family are plant pathogens. D. dadantii is a motile, nonsporing, straight rod-shaped cell with rounded ends, much like the other members of the genus, Dickeya. Cells range in size from 0.8 to 3.2 μm by 0.5 to 0.8 μm and are surrounded by numerous flagella (peritrichous).

<i>Gypsophila paniculata</i> Species of flowering plant

Gypsophila paniculata, the baby's breath, common gypsophila or panicled baby's-breath, is a species of flowering plant in the family Caryophyllaceae, native to central and eastern Europe. It is an herbaceous perennial growing to 1.2 m (4 ft) tall and wide, with mounds of branching stems covered in clouds of tiny white flowers in summer. Another possible source of this name is its scent, which has been described as sour milk, like a baby's “spit-up”. Its natural habitat is on the Steppes in dry, sandy and stony places, often on calcareous soils. Specimens of this plant were first sent to Linnaeus from St. Petersburg by the Swiss-Russian botanist Johann Amman.

<i>Xanthomonas campestris</i> Species of bacterium

Xanthomonas campestris is a gram-negative, obligate aerobic bacterium that is a member of the Xanthomonas genus, which is a group of bacteria that are commonly known for their association with plant disease. This species includes Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, the cause of black rot in brassicas, one of the most important diseases of brassicas worldwide.

<i>Pseudomonas syringae</i> Species of bacterium

Pseudomonas syringae is a rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacterium with polar flagella. As a plant pathogen, it can infect a wide range of species, and exists as over 50 different pathovars, all of which are available to researchers from international culture collections such as the NCPPB, ICMP, and others.

<i>Pseudomonas savastanoi</i> Species of bacterium

Pseudomonas savastanoi is a gram-negative plant pathogenic bacterium that infects a variety of plants. It was once considered a pathovar of Pseudomonas syringae, but following DNA-relatedness studies, it was instated as a new species. It is named after Savastano, a worker who proved between 1887 and 1898 that olive knot are caused by bacteria.

<i>Xanthomonas</i> Genus of bacteria

Xanthomonas is a genus of bacteria, many of which cause plant diseases. There are at least 27 plant associated Xanthomonas spp., that all together infect at least 400 plant species. Different species typically have specific host and/or tissue range and colonization strategies.

<i>Pantoea</i> Genus of bacteria

Pantoea is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria of the family Erwiniaceae, recently separated from the genus Enterobacter. This genus includes at least 20 species. Pantoea bacteria are yellow pigmented, ferment lactose, are motile, and form mucoid colonies. Some species show quorum sensing ability that could drive different gene expression, hence controlling certain physiological activities. Levan polysaccharide produced by Pantoea agglomerans ZMR7 was reported to decrease the viability of rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) and breast cancer (MDA) cells compared with untreated cancer cells. In addition, it has high antiparasitic activity against the promastigote of Leishmania tropica.

Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens is a Gram-positive bacterium that causes disease on a variety of plants. Gram-positive bacteria characteristics include small irregular rods, lateral flagella, the ability to persist in aerobic environments, and cells containing catalase. In the interest of studying pathogenicity in plants, this species is broken down further into pathovars, which help to better describe the pathogen.

<i>Pectobacterium carotovorum</i> Bacterial pathogen of several plants

Pectobacterium carotovorum is a bacterium of the family Pectobacteriaceae; it used to be a member of the genus Erwinia.

<i>Xanthomonas vasicola</i> Species of bacterium

Xanthomonas vasicola pv. vasculorum (Xvv) is a gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium which has a single polar flagellum. It is a plant pathogen, causing both bacterial leaf streak of maize (corn) and sugarcane gumming disease. One outbreak in eucalyptus has been reported. Under experimental conditions it can infect sorghum, oats and some grass species. It is not currently a quarantine pathogen in any country, but it has already spread outside its native range and is highly adaptable to different environments.

<i>Xanthomonas oryzae</i> pv. <i>oryzae</i> Variety of bacteria

Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae is a bacterial pathovar that causes a serious blight of rice, other grasses, and sedges.

Robert S. Dickey was an American phytopathologist, professor emeritus of Plant Pathology at the Cornell University and the namesake of the bacterial genus Dickeya.

<i>Phytobacter</i> Genus of bacteria

Phytobacter is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria emerging from the grouping of isolates previously assigned to various genera of the family Enterobacteriaceae. This genus was first established on the basis of nitrogen fixing isolates from wild rice in China, but also includes a number of isolates obtained during a 2013 multi-state sepsis outbreak in Brazil and, retrospectively, several clinical strains isolated in the 1970s in the United States that are still available in culture collections, which originally were grouped into Brenner's Biotype XII of the Erwinia herbicola-Enterobacter agglomerans-Complex (EEC). Standard biochemical evaluation panels are lacking Phytobacter spp. from their database, thus often leading to misidentifications with other Enterobacterales species, especially Pantoea agglomerans. Clinical isolates of the species have been identified as an important source of extended-spectrum β-lactamase and carbapenem-resistance genes, which are usually mediated by genetic mobile elements. Strong protection of co-infecting sensitive bacteria has also been reported. Bacteria belonging to this genus are not pigmented, chemoorganotrophic and able to fix nitrogen. They are lactose fermenting, cytochrome-oxidase negative and catalase positive. Glucose is fermented with the production of gas. Colonies growing on MacConkey agar (MAC) are circular, convex and smooth with non-entire margins and a usually elevated center. Three species are currently validly included in the genus Phytobacter, which is still included within the Kosakonia clade in the lately reviewed family of Enterobacteriaceae. The incorporation of a fourth species, Phytobacter massiliensis, has recently been proposed via the unification of the genera Metakosakonia and Phytobacter.

Eve Billing (1923–2019) was a UK plant pathologist specialising in diseases of fruit trees especially fire blight caused by Erwinia amylovora bacteria. She introduced a modelling system to predict the likelihood of outbreaks of fire blight and also methods for pathogen identification and treatment.

Xanthoferrin is an α-hydroxycarboxylate-type of siderophore produced by xanthomonads. Xanthomonas spp. secrete xanthoferrin to chelate iron under low-iron conditions. The xanthoferrin siderophore mediated iron uptake supports bacterial growth under iron-restricted environment.

References

  1. ↑ Loncaric, Igor; Heigl, Helmut; Licek, Elisabeth; Moosbeckhofer, Rudolf; Busse, Hans-Jürgen; Rosengarten, Renate (2009-01-01). "Typing of Pantoea agglomeransisolated from colonies of honey bees (Apis mellifera) and culturability of selected strains from honey". Apidologie. 40 (1): 40–54. doi:10.1051/apido/2008062. ISSN   0044-8435. S2CID   29833478.
  2. ↑ Al-Qaysi, Safaa A. S.; Al-Haideri, Halah; Al-Shimmary, Sana M.; Abdulhameed, Jasim M.; Alajrawy, Othman I.; Al-Halbosiy, Mohammad M.; Moussa, Tarek A. A.; Farahat, Mohamed G. (2021-05-28). "Bioactive Levan-Type Exopolysaccharide Produced by Pantoea agglomerans ZMR7: Characterization and Optimization for Enhanced Production". Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. 31 (5): 696–704. doi: 10.4014/jmb.2101.01025 . ISSN   1017-7825. PMC   9705920 . PMID   33820887.
  3. ↑ Anderson, L. M.; Stockwell, V. O.; Loper, J. E. (November 2004). "An Extracellular Protease of Pseudomonas fluorescens Inactivates Antibiotics ofPantoea agglomerans". Phytopathology. 94 (11): 1228–1234. doi: 10.1094/phyto.2004.94.11.1228 . PMID   18944458.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Rezzonico, Fabio; Smits, Theo HM; Montesinos, Emilio; Frey, Jürg E.; Duffy, Brion (2009-01-01). "Genotypic comparison of Pantoea agglomerans plant and clinical strains". BMC Microbiology. 9: 204. doi: 10.1186/1471-2180-9-204 . ISSN   1471-2180. PMC   2764716 . PMID   19772624.
  5. 1 2 Lim, Jeong-A; Lee, Dong Hwan; Kim, Byoung-Young; Heu, Sunggi (2014-10-20). "Draft genome sequence ofPantoea agglomeransR190, a producer of antibiotics against phytopathogens and foodborne pathogens". Journal of Biotechnology. 188: 7–8. doi:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.07.440. ISSN   0168-1656. PMID   25087741.
  6. ↑ Johnson, K. B.; Stockwell, V. O.; Sugar, D; Loper, J. E. (November 2002). "Antibiosis Contributes to Biological Control of Fire Blight byPantoea agglomeransStrain Eh252 in Orchards". Phytopathology. 92 (11): 1202–9. doi: 10.1094/phyto.2002.92.11.1202 . PMID   18944246.
  7. ↑ Johnson, K. B.; Stockwell, V. O.; Sugar, D; Sawyer, T. L. (November 2000). "Assessment of Environmental Factors Influencing Growth and Spread of Pantoea agglomerans on and Among Blossoms of Pear and Apple". Phytopathology. 90 (11): 1285–94. doi: 10.1094/PHYTO.2000.90.11.1285 . PMID   18944433.
  8. ↑ "Climate and aspect". Apple and Pear Australia Limited. 2009. Retrieved December 15, 2016.
  9. ↑ Haidar, Rana; Amira, Yacoub; Roudet, Jean; Marc, Fermaud; Patrice, Rey (2021-07-02). "Application methods and modes of action of Pantoea agglomerans and Paenibacillus sp. to control the grapevine trunk disease-pathogen, Neofusicoccum parvum". OENO One. 55 (3): 1–16. doi:10.20870/oeno-one.2021.55.3.4530 (inactive 1 November 2024). ISSN   2494-1271.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
  10. ↑ Dillon, Rod J.; Vennard, Chris T.; Charnley, A. Keith (2000). "Exploitation of gut bacteria in the locust". Nature. 403 (6772): 851. doi: 10.1038/35002669 . PMID   10706273. S2CID   5207502.
  11. ↑ Wang, Sibao; et al. (2012). "Fighting malaria with engineered symbiotic bacteria from vector mosquitoes". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 109 (31): 12734–12739. Bibcode:2012PNAS..10912734W. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1204158109 . PMC   3412027 . PMID   22802646.
  12. 1 2 3 Barash, Isaac (2014-08-04). "How Way Leads on to Way". Annual Review of Phytopathology . 52 (1). Annual Reviews: 1–17. doi: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-102313-045953 . ISSN   0066-4286. PMID   25090476.
  13. 1 2 3 Barash, Isaac; Manulis-Sasson, Shulamit (2009). "Recent Evolution of Bacterial Pathogens: The Gall-Forming Pantoea agglomerans Case". Annual Review of Phytopathology . 47 (1). Annual Reviews: 133–152. doi:10.1146/annurev-phyto-080508-081803. ISSN   0066-4286. PMID   19400643.
  14. ↑ Lee, H. B.; Hong, J. P.; Kim, S. B. (2010-11-01). "First Report of Leaf Blight Caused by Pantoea agglomerans on Rice in Korea". Plant Disease. 94 (11): 1372. doi:10.1094/PDIS-05-10-0374. ISSN   0191-2917. PMID   30743637.
  15. ↑ Wang, Jianjun; Chen, Taixiang; Xue, Longhai; Wei, Xuekai; White, James F.; Qin, Zemin; Li, Chunjie (February 2022). "A new bacterial leaf blight disease of oat ( Avena sativa ) caused by Pantoea agglomerans in China". Plant Pathology. 71 (2): 470–478. doi:10.1111/ppa.13479. ISSN   0032-0862. S2CID   240528629.
  16. ↑ Nishizawa, Takashi; Inagawa, Hiroyuki; Oshima, Haruyuki; Okutomi, Takafumi; Tsukioka, Daisuke; Iguchi, Makoto; Soma, Gen-Ichiro; Mizuno, Den'ichi (1992). "Homeostasis as Regulated by Activated Macrophage. I. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Wheat Flour : Isolation, Purification and Some Biological Activities". Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 40 (2): 479–483. doi: 10.1248/cpb.40.479 . PMID   1606647.
  17. ↑ Inagawa, H.; Nishizawa, T.; Noguchi, K.; Minamimura, M.; Takagi, K.; Goto, S.; Soma, G.; Mizuno, D. (1997). "Anti-tumor effect of lipopolysaccharide by intradermal administration as a novel drug delivery system". Anticancer Research. 17 (3C): 2153–2158. ISSN   0250-7005. PMID   9216680.
  18. ↑ Yamamoto, Kazushi; Yamashita, Masashi; Oda, Masataka; Tjendana Tjhin, Vindy; Inagawa, Hiroyuki; Soma, Gen-Ichiro (January 2023). "Oral Administration of Lipopolysaccharide Enhances Insulin Signaling-Related Factors in the KK/Ay Mouse Model of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 24 (5): 4619. doi: 10.3390/ijms24054619 . ISSN   1422-0067. PMC   10003108 . PMID   36902049.
  19. ↑ Wakame, Koji; Komatsu, Ken-Ichi; Inagawa, Hiroyuki; Nishizawa, Takashi (August 2015). "Immunopotentiator from Pantoea agglomerans Prevents Atopic Dermatitis Induced by Dermatophagoides farinae Extract in NC/Nga Mouse". Anticancer Research. 35 (8): 4501–4508. ISSN   1791-7530. PMID   26168493.
  20. ↑ Dutkiewicz, Jacek; Mackiewicz, Barbara; Lemieszek, Marta Kinga; Golec, Marcin; Milanowski, Janusz (2016-06-02). "Pantoea agglomerans : a mysterious bacterium of evil and good. Part IV. Beneficial effects". Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine. 23 (2): 206–222. doi: 10.5604/12321966.1203879 . ISSN   1232-1966. PMID   27294621.
  21. ↑ Inagawa, Hiroyuki; Kohchi, Chie; Soma, Gen-Ichiro (July 2011). "Oral administration of lipopolysaccharides for the prevention of various diseases: benefit and usefulness". Anticancer Research. 31 (7): 2431–2436. ISSN   1791-7530. PMID   21873155.
  22. ↑ Cruz, A. T.; Cazacu, A. C.; Allen, C. H. (2007-04-18). "Pantoea agglomerans, a Plant Pathogen Causing Human Disease". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 45 (6): 1989–1992. doi:10.1128/JCM.00632-07. PMC   1933083 . PMID   17442803.
  23. ↑ Dutkiewicz, J; Mackiewicz, B; Kinga Lemieszek, M; Golec, M; Milanowski, J (2016-06-02). "Pantoea agglomerans: A mysterious bacterium of evil and good. Part III. Deleterious effects: Infections of humans, animals and plants". Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine. 23 (2): 197–205. doi: 10.5604/12321966.1203878 . PMID   27294620.
  24. ↑ Rezzonico, F.; Stockwell, V.O.; Tonolla, M.; Duffy, B.; Smits, T.H.M. (2012-04-01). "Pantoea clinical isolates cannot be accurately assigned to species based on metabolic profiling". Transplant Infectious Disease. 14 (2): 220–221. doi:10.1111/j.1399-3062.2011.00684.x. ISSN   1399-3062. PMID   22093950. S2CID   205424326.
  25. ↑ Delétoile, Alexis; Decré, Dominique; Courant, Stéphanie; Passet, Virginie; Audo, Jennifer; Grimont, Patrick; Arlet, Guillaume; Brisse, Sylvain (2009-02-01). "Phylogeny and Identification of Pantoea Species and Typing ofPantoea agglomeransStrains by Multilocus Gene Sequencing". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 47 (2): 300–310. doi:10.1128/JCM.01916-08. ISSN   0095-1137. PMC   2643697 . PMID   19052179.
  26. ↑ Rezzonico, Fabio; Vogel, Guido; Duffy, Brion; Tonolla, Mauro (2010-07-01). "Application of Whole-Cell Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry for Rapid Identification and Clustering Analysis of Pantoea Species". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 76 (13): 4497–4509. Bibcode:2010ApEnM..76.4497R. doi:10.1128/AEM.03112-09. ISSN   0099-2240. PMC   2897409 . PMID   20453125.
  27. 1 2 Gitaitis, Ronald; Walcott, Ronald (2007-09-08). "The Epidemiology and Management of Seedborne Bacterial Diseases". Annual Review of Phytopathology . 45 (1). Annual Reviews: 371–397. doi:10.1146/annurev.phyto.45.062806.094321. ISSN   0066-4286. PMID   17474875.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.