| Paryphanta watti | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Order: | Stylommatophora |
| Family: | Rhytididae |
| Genus: | Paryphanta |
| Species: | P. watti |
| Binomial name | |
| Paryphanta watti Powell, 1946 | |
| Synonyms | |
Paryphanta busbyi watti | |
Paryphanta watti is a species of large predatory land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Rhytididae.
Paryphanta watti is found in the Aupōuri Peninsula , at the northern tip of the North Island in Northland Region, New Zealand [1] Location within the Aupōuri Peninsula include Te Paki, Kohuronaki and Unuwhao [2]
Snails showed a preference for high elevation, with no live snails being found below a height of 120m and no snail shells found below 100m. It showed no preference for vegetation type, found distributed among the leaf litter of varying forest types, low scrub and other vegetation. [2]
The type locality is New Zealand [3]
The diameter of the shell in adult snails is up to 49.6–61.2 millimetres (1.95–2.41 in). [4] The shell of juveniles can be anywhere between 10 and 45 millimeters (0.39-1.77 in) before snails begin to undergo change in developing adult shells. The aperture of snails has a hard ridge formed by the inward rolling of the edge in adults whereas in juveniles, it is instead replaced by a soft lip where the periostracum projects past the ostracum. The shell exhibits cryptic colouration, helping the snail blend in with the leaf litter and surrounding vegetation. [2]
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Paryphanta watti lives amongst the leaf litter, either occasionally on the surface or more commonly hidden under leaf litter. [2] Snails were also seen under logs and rocks. [5] These snails also live alongside other gastropods like Placostylus ambagiosus and other snails of the Rhytida genus. [2]
Paryphanta watti are a nocturnal species, displaying hiding behavior during the day, hiding up to 10 centimeters (3.94 in) or more within leaf piles or hiding under up to 2.5 centimeters (0.98 in) under the leaf litter with individuals observed as deep as 12.5 centimeters (4.92 in) though uncommon. [5] This hiding behavior displayed serves as both protection against its predators as well as preventing desiccation. [5] Snails also tend to be more active when the weather is cool and wet, [2] predominantly more apparent on the surface during the months of April to July and August to September. [5] Their activity correlates with temperature and humidity, which also aids in the prevention of desiccation.
Paryphanta watti are carnivorous and predatory, feeding primarily on earthworms. These snails have also displayed predation of juveniles its own species (cannibalism) but there has been no evidence to suggest they feed on carrion. [5] It may also be possible for these snails to feed on cooccurring snails but there has been no evidence to support this. [5]
In observation, dead snails were most commonly found between the months of November to July, when conditions were warmer and drier conditions.[1] Few dead snails were found during the months of April to July. No dead snails were found during spring. [5] Some of these deaths were due to predation however the large majority of dead snails were identified by in tact but empty shells, suggesting rates of desiccation that correlate with the conditions. [5]
The eggs are laid in holes dug by Paryphanta watti, around 2 centimeters (0.79 in) in diameter and between 2-4 centimeters (0.79-1.57 in) in depth, [2] before the eggs were covered in 5-10 millimeters (0.2-0.4 in) of soil with an indentation left on top. [5] Eggs were laid at a rate of about 1 to 2 eggs per day. [4] Each clutch of egg could contain up to 6 eggs per hole. [2] Egg laying predominantly occurs in the months of November to February [5] and from August to September. [2] This seasonal pattern of egg laying and behavior for egg burying may be done to protect the eggs from predation as well as from desiccation.
Eggs were measured to a mean weight of 1.103 gram (0.039 oz) with the length up to 14.22 millimeters (0.56 in) and a width up to 11.219 millimeters (0.442 in). [2] Egg shells were initially covered by a membrane comprised of a smooth and slightly adhesive, tough white layer. This layer disappeared after 1 – 2 days, exposing the hard, white, calcareous shell. [4]
Snails are hatched from eggs with calcareous shell about 5–7.3 months after laying. [4] Newborn snails live 2.8 months underground. [4] Paryphanta watti appear to feed while still underground, an increase in mass being from water uptake and the increase in shell suggesting reserves in the snails being consumed. [4] There is unreliable evidence for the growth rates juveniles until they have already grown three quarters of the way to maturity. It may take around 920 days to reach this stage, with the shell measuring 40-45 millimeters (1.57-1.77 in) in diameter. When snail shells reach a diameter of 45 millimeters (1.77 in), metamorphic changes occurs in the shell as they transition into adults. This changes takes a further 430 days before fully maturing. Total growth would be expected to take anywhere between 3 - 4.3 years. [4]
Mating predominantly takes place during cooler, wetter periods of the year between the months of April to September Mating occurs between pairs of snails. The majority of mating involves the upper snail having it's foot attached to the shell of the snail, with the lower snail retreated into its shell though there are varying positions that mating can occur in the mating pairs. This process lasts between 4 – 7 days, with the pairs swapping positions at least twice, each snail on top for 1 – 2 days. After mating, there is a large variation in the time it takes for egg laying to occur afterwards, possibly between 52 and 140 days after mating. [5]
The documented lifespan of Paryphanta watti is at least 4.1 years but it's possible they could live up to a minimum of 8.8 years. [4]
Predators of Paryphanta watti include rats, mice and pigs. [2] Damage to the outer whorl of the shell were attributed to predation by rats and mice, feasting on shells larger than 35 millimeters (1.38 in) in length. [2] Predation by pigs lead to the complete crushing of snail shells, evidence on teeth marks and indentation on remaining fragments. There was also evidence of pigs rooting in soil and leaf litter for snails, suggesting predation on snails of all sizes. [2]
Unlike similar species, although they may be potential predator, there is currently no evidence to suggest Paryphanta watti is predated on by possums, mustelids or birds. [2]
Although not predated on, snails are also occasionally killed by other animals. This was often caused by crushing of the snails by vehicles or by trampling from cattle. [2]
Historically, the range of Paryphanta watti was much greater than it is today. Human activity have greatly reduced the range of these snails through the destruction of native forest on the Aupōuri Peninsula. [4]
This species is protected by the Wildlife Act 1953. [6]
Major threat to Paryphanta watti include predation and habitat loss. Predation by rats reduce the population of Paryphanta watti. Pigs predate on the snails as well as reducing the habitat of Paryphanta watti through rooting and distribution of the lead litter. [2] Further large scale habitat loss are still present threats to the population of Paryphanta watti such as fire or the introduction of new predators to existing populations. [5]
Narceus americanus is a large millipede of eastern North America. Common names include American giant millipede, worm millipede, and iron worm. It inhabits the eastern seaboard of North America west to Georgetown, Texas, north of the Ottine wetlands. It has a nearly cylindrical gray body, reaching a length of 4 inches (100 mm). They can be commonly found in or under decaying logs from March to October. When threatened, they sometimes curl up or release a noxious liquid that contains large amounts of benzoquinones which can cause dermatological burns. This fluid may irritate eyes or skin. Many other millipedes secrete hydrogen cyanide, and while there have also been claims that N. americanus releases hydrogen cyanide, they are unsubstantiated. They do, however, excrete a substance that causes a temporary, non-harmful discoloration of the skin known as millipede burn.
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Paryphanta is a genus of land snails in the family Rhytididae. Species from New Zealand are known commonly as kauri snails. They are closely related and similar to snails in the genus Powelliphanta, which was formerly included within Paryphanta.
Rhytididae is a taxonomic family of medium-sized predatory air-breathing land snails, carnivorous terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Rhytidoidea.
Paryphanta busbyi is a species of large predatory land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Rhytididae.
Powelliphanta rossiana, known as Ross' land snail, is a species of large, carnivorous land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Rhytididae. This species is endemic to the South Island of New Zealand. Subspecies include:
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Powelliphanta traversi, known as Travers' land snail, is a species of large, carnivorous land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Rhytididae. This species is endemic to the North Island of New Zealand between Wellington and Lake Waikaremoana.
Powelliphanta lignaria, known as one of the amber snails, is a species of large, carnivorous land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Rhytididae. The eggs of P. lignaria are oval and seldom constant in dimensions 10 × 8.25, 9 × 7.75, 9 × 8, 8.75 × 7.75 mm.
Pagurus longicarpus, the long-wristed hermit crab, is a common hermit crab found along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States and the Atlantic coast of Canada.
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Placostylus ambagiosus is a species of flax snail, a large air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Bothriembryontidae.
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