Payback: Debt and the Shadow Side of Wealth

Last updated
Payback
Debt and the Shadow Side of Wealth
Payback (Margaret Atwood book) cover art.jpg
Author Margaret Atwood
LanguageEnglish
Genre Non-fiction
Publisher House of Anansi Press
Publication date
October 2008
Publication placeCanada
Media typePrint (paperback), audio
Pages240
ISBN 978-0-88784-800-1
Preceded byThe City of Words 
Followed byThe Wayfinders 

Payback: Debt and the Shadow Side of Wealth is a non-fiction book written by Margaret Atwood, about the nature of debt, for the 2008 Massey Lectures. Each of the book's five chapters was delivered as a one-hour lecture in a different Canadian city, beginning in St. John's, Newfoundland, on October 12 and ending in Toronto on November 1. The lectures were broadcast on CBC Radio One's Ideas November 10–14. The book was published by House of Anansi Press, both in paperback and in a limited edition hardcover.

Contents

The lectures and book had been originally scheduled for 2009, but were moved up to 2008 to avoid conflicting with Atwood's forthcoming novel after the latter book was delayed by its publisher. The content examines borrowing and lending from financial, psychological, theological, literary, and ecological points of view. Its release coincided with extensive media coverage of the 2007–2008 financial crisis which led numerous critics to comment on the book's timeliness. In the Canadian market, the book peaked at #1 on The Globe and Mail bestseller list on October 25 and out-sold all previous Massey Lecture books. Critics found the book well-researched, thought-provoking, and humorous. Various reviewers found the discussions on the non-monetary aspects of debt to be the better parts of the book, while some critics identified the sections on ecological debt as the worst parts of the book.

Atwood's Massey Lectures have been adapted as a 2012 documentary Payback , produced by the National Film Board of Canada, which premiered at the Sundance Film Festival in January 2012. [1] [2]

Background

Toronto-based author Margaret Atwood was asked several times over numerous years to deliver a Massey Lecture, which would be broadcast over the radio on CBC Radio One's Ideas and published by the House of Anansi Press. When she finally agreed, she chose her subject to be sociobiology of literary criticism, and specifically how an author's gender and age affects critical reception. [3] However, after delivering lectures at Oxford University and Cambridge University on similar topics she re-considered her choice. [3] She began thinking of 'debt' as a topic after writing "Letter to America" for The Globe and Mail in March 2003 (later reprinted in The Nation ) regarding the pending invasion of Iraq and asking whether Americans understood the debt to which they were committing. [4] [5] [6]

Atwood was scheduled to release her new novel in fall 2008 and deliver the Massey Lectures in fall 2009. At the insistence of Atwood's American editor at Doubleday, her Canadian and British editors and agents agreed in January 2008 to postpone the release of her novel by one year to avoid competing with the US Presidential election for attention. The people organizing the Massey Lectures, Sarah McLachlan of House of Anansi Press, John Fraser of Massey College, and Bernie Lucht of CBC's Ideas, discovered this rescheduling via a newspaper article. They asked Atwood to deliver her lectures in fall 2008, meaning the text would be due in June. She agreed on condition of Massey College providing research and technical assistance. The text was written between late January and June 2008, during which Atwood took time for two vacations (birding in Cuba and in France). The original title was to be Debt but Scott Griffin, owner of House of Anansi Press, convinced Atwood to change it to something less depressing. [3]

Synopsis

The content is divided into five parts. The first part, Ancient Balances, considers psychological and historical aspects of debt. Atwood calls debt an imaginative human construct derived from a sense of need or greed and a sense of fairness in reciprocity and equivalent values. She cites a study by Frans de Waal that suggests a sense of fairness may be a genetic trait shared with other primates, and a study by Robert Axelrod which illustrates, given a level playing field, that the tit-for-tat strategy (or 'Do unto others as they have done onto you' strategy) was the most superior strategy in game theory. Debt and borrowing mechanisms from ancient and biblical societies are compared, including provisions from the Code of Hammurabi, Ancient Egyptians, and the Greco-Roman mythologies.

The second part, Debt and Sin, explores the theological side, including moral or ethical characteristics attributed to debtors and creditors by society and religion. Debt, like certain vices, such as cigarette-smoking, have experienced times when it was considered sinful, and other times fashionable. Biblical references, like the Book of Deuteronomy, the Lord's Prayer, and sin-eating, are examined. The growth of debt is linked to the growth of the written media with the relationship symbolized by the Faustian contract with the devil.

The third part, Debt as Plot, examines the "Debtor" game from Eric Berne's Games People Play and its derivative "Try and Collect". Debt as a motif and theme is explained, especially in 19th century literature, with examples from "The Devil and Tom Walker", Wuthering Heights , Vanity Fair , Madame Bovary , House of Mirth , and The Mill on the Floss . Atwood posits a theory that Charles Dickens' Ebenezer Scrooge is the reverse character of Christopher Marlowe's Doctor Faustus; although Scrooge is rich, he is unwilling to spend his money and is living miserably before he is saved., while Doctor Faustus is rich, happy, and generous but ends in hell.

The fourth part, The Shadow Side, looks at what happens to debtors and creditors when debts are not re-paid. Some debts that are a matter of honour to which the debtor must repay by an equivalent value or creditor must either forgive or exact revenge. Debts to society, after committing crimes, are paid through vengeance-based imprisonment. The United Kingdom had debtors' prison for those who could not pay, but this was abolished for economic reasons as it prevented labourers from working and had a burdensome cost of operation. Other societies used the services of their family members or themselves as collateral. Sometimes the debtors overthrew the creditors, like King Philip IV of France against the Knights Templar, or the Ugandans against the Asians. Atwood applies the trickle-down economics to debt and examines the psychology side through the Jungian Shadow.

In the final part, titled Payback, Atwood examines ecological debt. She recounts the journey of Scrooge in A Christmas Carol but placed in a modern setting. The modern-day Scrooge is visited by the spirits of Earth Day. In the past Scrooge witnesses debts to nature being repaid through animal and human sacrifices and through pestilence in over-crowded or unsustainable populations. In the present Scrooge witnesses current unsustainable practices, over-fishing and deforestation, creating a debt to nature being repaid through effects on the climate and impacts on people. Finally, in the future, Scrooge is shown two versions: one, an eco-friendly human society balanced with environmental systems, and the other, a dystopian future with a disaster affecting the fuel or food resources in such a way that hyperinflation sets in and renders money useless.

Publication and sales

The book was released in October 2008 as Atwood began the Massey lecture series in St. John's, Newfoundland, on October 12. The second lecture took place in Vancouver on the 15th, followed by Winnipeg on the 17th, Montreal on the 20th, and ending on November 1 in Toronto. The series was recorded then aired on CBC Radio One's Ideas between November 10 and 14. [7] At each event Atwood fielded questions from the audience and participated in book signings. [3]

Payback entered The Globe and Mail bestseller list at #6 and peaked at #1 on October 25. [8] It became the best selling Massey Lecture book to date and was in its fourth printing by the end of November. [3] Excerpts were printed in The Times and the Financial Times . [9] [10] In April 2009, it was a finalist for the annual National Business Book Award and won a silver medal in the Business Ethics category of the Axiom Business Book Awards. [11] [12] That same month, the National Film Board of Canada acquired the film rights, with plans to adapt Payback as a feature-length documentary. They announced the involvement of Jennifer Baichwal as director and Ravida Din as producer. [13] In June 2009, the book was awarded a Canadian Booksellers Association Libris Award for Non-Fiction Book of the Year. [14] [15]

Almost all reviewers commented upon the timeliness of the book's release as the magnitude and causes of the 2007–2008 financial crisis were becoming apparent. [16] Some reviewers also commented upon the timeliness of her previous books, like her novel in which society is devastated by a genetically engineered virus, Oryx and Crake , which coincided with the SARS outbreak. [16] Playing off this theme Canadian magazine The Walrus , at a fund-raiser gala for its charitable foundation, auctioned a crystal decanter with five predictions written by Atwood sealed inside. [17] Journalist Rebecca Eckler was the winning bidder and wrote about the predictions, which include the diminished use of fabric softener and the rise in use of industrial hemp, in an article for Maclean's magazine. [16]

Critical response

she is advancing ... [a] claim that economic activities involving borrowing and lending are metaphorical extensions of an underlying human sense of indebtedness. Beliefs about debt are not shadows cast by processes of market exchange. They are presupposed throughout much of human activity. Economic life invokes a sense of order in human affairs, widely dispersed throughout society.

John N. Gray, The New York Review of Books [18]

Critics found the book well-researched and thought-provoking. [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] Reviewers enjoyed Atwood's humour and conversational writing. [24] [25] [26] [27] The style was described as "eclectic", [28] a "literary walkabout", [25] and "anecdotally rich". [20] Novelist David Liss wrote that the book was "delightfully engaging, smart, funny, [and] clever". [29] Canadian writer Charles Foran called the book "serious adult fun" that "displays some of the energy of a lively dinner party, one replete with anecdotes and opinions, witticisms and barbs". [24] The book's most entertaining parts are discussions on non-monetary debts and debts portrayed in literature. [30] Regarding the speeches, the reviewer for The Montreal Gazette wrote: "Her delivery, as usual, was smooth, relentlessly paced, but with precise pauses for the frequent, much-appreciated laugh lines." [31] John N. Gray, in The New York Review of Books , wrote that "Atwood has combined rigorous analysis, wide-ranging erudition, and a beguilingly playful imagination". [18] The Library Journal recommended the book for all libraries. [21]

Negative reviews came from Salon.com and The Scotsman . Louis Bayard of Salon.com disagreed with the delivery of the final chapter, on ecological debt, writing that Atwood "forsakes artistic engagement for ideological reflex". [32] William Skidelsky in The Guardian agreed that the chapter was "by no means the highlight of the book". He also wrote: "Because Atwood constantly veers off in new directions she doesn't always give herself time to sink her claws deep into a topic. The result is that, although Payback is packed with information, it can seem oddly thin... Still, Atwood's enthusiasm for her subject and lively style go a long way toward making up for these flaws. She can be a brilliant phrase-maker, and has a gift for summing up an idea with a single vivid image." [33] Allan Massie, reviewing for The Scotsman, could not find a coherent argument being presented and found her writing style "veering uncomfortably between the academic and the jokily colloquial, [is] tiresome, [and] some of her writing is pretentious, much obvious and platitudinous". [34] The reviewers in Salon.com and The Scotsman, as well as The Economist, were all uncomfortable with Atwood not distinguishing or contrasting 'good' and 'bad' debt. [32] [34] [35]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Margaret Atwood</span> Canadian writer (born 1939)

Margaret Eleanor Atwood is a Canadian novelist, poet, and literary critic. Since 1961, she has published 18 books of poetry, 18 novels, 11 books of nonfiction, nine collections of short fiction, eight children's books, two graphic novels, and a number of small press editions of both poetry and fiction. Her best-known work is the 1985 dystopian novel The Handmaid's Tale. Atwood has won numerous awards and honors for her writing, including two Booker Prizes, the Arthur C. Clarke Award, the Governor General's Award, the Franz Kafka Prize, Princess of Asturias Awards, and the National Book Critics and PEN Center USA Lifetime Achievement Awards. A number of her works have been adapted for film and television.

The Massey Lectures is an annual five-part series of lectures given in Canada by distinguished writers, thinkers, and scholars who explore important ideas and issues of contemporary interest. Created in 1961 in honour of Vincent Massey, a former Governor General of Canada, it is widely regarded as one of the most acclaimed lecture series in the country.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gwendolyn MacEwen</span> Canadian poet and novelist (1941–1987)

Gwendolyn Margaret MacEwen was a Canadian poet and novelist. A "sophisticated, wide-ranging and thoughtful writer," she published more than 20 books in her life. "A sense of magic and mystery from her own interests in the Gnostics, Ancient Egypt and magic itself, and from her wonderment at life and death, makes her writing unique.... She's still regarded by most as one of the best Canadian poets."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Michael Redhill</span> Canadian poet, playwright and novelist

Michael Redhill is an American-born Canadian poet, playwright and novelist. He also writes under the pseudonym Inger Ash Wolfe.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Martin Tielli</span> Canadian singer-songwriter

Martin Tielli is a Canadian singer-songwriter. He was a member of the Rheostatics, and has also released material as a solo artist and with the side project Nick Buzz. As well, he has appeared as a guest musician on albums by Barenaked Ladies, Kevin Hearn, The Waltons, Jane Siberry, Ashley MacIsaac, Meryn Cadell and Mia Sheard. He is also a painter, and created most of the album covers for the Rheostatics.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">House of Anansi Press</span> Canadian publishing company

House of Anansi Press is a Canadian publishing company, founded in 1967 by writers Dennis Lee and Dave Godfrey. The company specializes in finding and developing new Canadian writers of literary fiction, poetry, and non-fiction.

Payback may refer to:

<i>A Short History of Progress</i> Book by Ronald Wright

A Short History of Progress is a non-fiction book and lecture series by Ronald Wright about societal collapse. The lectures were delivered as a series of five speeches, each taking place in different cities across Canada as part of the 2004 Massey Lectures which were broadcast on the CBC Radio program, Ideas. The book version was published by House of Anansi Press and released at the same time as the lectures. The book spent more than a year on Canadian best-seller lists, won the Canadian Book Association's Libris Award for Non-Fiction Book of the Year, and was nominated for the British Columbia's National Award for Canadian Non-Fiction. It has since been reprinted in a hardcover format with illustrations and also in Kindle and EPUB digital formats.

<i>The Penelopiad</i> 2005 novella by Margaret Atwood

The Penelopiad is a novella by Canadian author Margaret Atwood. It was published in 2005 as part of the first set of books in the Canongate Myth Series where contemporary authors rewrite ancient myths. In The Penelopiad, Penelope reminisces on the events of the Odyssey, life in Hades, Odysseus, Helen of Troy, and her relationships with her parents. A Greek chorus of the twelve maids, who Odysseus believed were disloyal and whom Telemachus hanged, interrupt Penelope's narrative to express their view on events. The maids' interludes use a new genre each time, including a jump-rope rhyme, a lament, an idyll, a ballad, a lecture, a court trial and several types of songs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Margaret MacMillan</span> Canadian historian (born 1943)

Margaret Olwen MacMillan, is a Canadian historian and professor at the University of Oxford. She is former provost of Trinity College, Toronto, and professor of history at the University of Toronto and previously at Ryerson University. MacMillan is an expert on the history of international relations.

Margaret Wente is a Canadian journalist and was a long-time columnist for The Globe and Mail until August 2019. She received the National Newspaper Award for column-writing in 2000 and 2001. In 2012, Wente was found to have plagiarized on a number of occasions. She was suspended from writing her column, but later reinstated. However, in 2016, she was found to have failed to meet her newspaper's attribution standards in two more columns.

<i>Race Against Time</i> (Lewis book) 2005 book about AIDS in Africa by Stephen Lewis

Race Against Time: Searching for Hope in AIDS-Ravaged Africa is a non-fiction book written by Stephen Lewis for the Massey Lectures. Lewis wrote it in early to mid-2005 and House of Anansi Press released it as a corresponding lecture series began in October 2005. Each of the book's chapters were delivered as a different lecture in a different Canadian city, beginning in Vancouver on October 18 and ending in Toronto on October 28. The speeches were aired on CBC Radio One between November 7 and 11. The author and orator, Stephen Lewis, was at that time the United Nations Special Envoy for HIV/AIDS in Africa and former Canadian ambassador to the United Nations. Although he wrote the book and lectures in his role as a concerned Canadian citizen, his criticism of the United Nations (UN), international organizations, and other diplomats, including naming specific people, was called undiplomatic and led several reviewers to speculate whether he would be removed from his UN position.

<i>Player One</i> Book by Douglas Coupland, October 2010

Player One: What Is to Become of Us is a novel written by Douglas Coupland for the 2010 Massey Lectures. Each of the book's five chapters was delivered as a one-hour lecture in a different Canadian city: Vancouver on October 12, Regina on October 14, Charlottetown on October 19, Ottawa on October 25 and ending in Toronto on October 29. The lectures were broadcast on CBC Radio One's Ideas, November 8–12. The book was published by House of Anansi Press.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Esi Edugyan</span> Canadian novelist (born 1978)

Esi Edugyan is a Canadian novelist. She has twice won the Giller Prize, for her novels Half-Blood Blues (2011) and Washington Black (2018).

<i>Winter: Five Windows on the Season</i> Book by Adam Gopnik

Winter: Five Windows on the Season is a nonfiction book written by Adam Gopnik for the 2011 Massey Lectures. Each of the book's five chapters had been delivered as a one-hour lecture discussing artistic portrayals of winter: its impact on culture and societies, polar exploration, and winter recreation. Each lecture was held in a different Canadian city: Montreal on October 12, Halifax on October 14, Edmonton on October 21, Vancouver on October 23, and ending in Toronto on October 26. The book was published by House of Anansi Press while the lectures were broadcast on CBC Radio One's Ideas between November 7 and 11.

Payback is a 2012 documentary film from Jennifer Baichwal based on Margaret Atwood's Payback: Debt and the Shadow Side of Wealth, which investigates the concept of debt in societies across the world.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jennifer Baichwal</span> Canadian documentary filmmaker

Jennifer Baichwal is a Canadian documentary filmmaker, writer and producer.

Surviving Progress is a 2011 Canadian documentary film written and directed by Mathieu Roy and Harold Crooks, loosely based on A Short History of Progress, a book and a 2004 Massey Lecture series by Ronald Wright about societal collapse. The film was produced by Daniel Louis, Denise Robert, and Gerry Flahive.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ravida Din</span> Canadian film producer

Ravida Din is a Canadian film producer who formerly served with the National Film Board of Canada (NFB) as a producer, executive producer, then as its Director General of English-language production, from February 11, 2013, to February 26, 2014.

Tanya Talaga is a Canadian journalist and author of Anishinaabe and Polish descent. She worked as a journalist at the Toronto Star for over twenty years, covering health, education, local issues, and investigations. She is now a regular columnist with the Globe and Mail. Her 2017 book Seven Fallen Feathers: Racism, Death, and Hard Truths in a Northern City was met with acclaim, winning the 2018 RBC Taylor Prize for non-fiction and the 2017 Shaughnessy Cohen Prize for Political Writing. Talaga is the first woman of Anishinaabe descent to be named a CBC Massey Lecturer. She holds honorary doctorates from Lakehead University and from Ryerson University.

References

  1. ↑ "Canadian directors ready for Sundance film fest". CBC News . 20 January 2012. Retrieved 21 January 2012.
  2. ↑ Monk, Katherine (22 January 2012). "Atwood learns to let go in Payback". canada.com. Postmedia News . Retrieved 22 January 2012.[ permanent dead link ]
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Ashenburg, Katherine (February 2009). "What Atwood Knows". Toronto Life . 43 (2): 54–60. Archived from the original on March 27, 2009. Retrieved August 17, 2009.
  4. ↑ Gatti, Tom (September 27, 2008). "We are what we owe". The Times . London. p. 6. Retrieved August 17, 2009.
  5. ↑ "Life and Debt". Canadian Business . 81 (20): 31–33. November 24, 2008.
  6. ↑ Frank, Steven (October 9, 2008). "'I saw it coming,' Atwood says". The Ottawa Citizen . p. D1.
  7. ↑ "Atwood lecture prescient about economic woes". Winnipeg Free Press . October 21, 2008. p. W1. Retrieved August 17, 2009.
  8. ↑ "Bestsellers". The Globe and Mail . October 11, 2008. & "Bestsellers". The Globe and Mail . October 25, 2008.
  9. ↑ Atwood, Margaret (October 4, 2008). "Forgive us our debts". Financial Times . London. p. 1.
  10. ↑ Atwood, Margaret (September 26, 2008). "Exclusive extract from Payback by Margaret Atwood". The Times . London . Retrieved August 17, 2009.
  11. ↑ "National Film Board of Canada options film rights for Atwood's 'Payback'". The Canadian Press . April 27, 2009.
  12. ↑ "Announcing Results of the 2nd Annual Axiom Business Book Awards". Independent Publisher. Jenkins Group, Inc. 2009. Retrieved August 17, 2009.
  13. ↑ Adams, James (April 28, 2009). "The NFB and Atwood pair up". The Globe and Mail . p. R1.
  14. ↑ Knight, Chris (April 28, 2009). "A documentary about debt that only Atwood could write". National Post . p. AL3. Retrieved August 17, 2009.[ dead link ]
  15. ↑ "CBA Libris Awards 2009". Canadian Booksellers Association. June 20, 2009. Archived from the original on September 25, 2010. Retrieved August 19, 2009.
  16. 1 2 3 Eckler, Rebecca (February 16, 2009). "Atwood sees all". Maclean's . 122 (5): 53. Retrieved August 17, 2009.
  17. ↑ Govani, Shinan (January 14, 2009). "Mystical Margaret". National Post . p. AL3.[ permanent dead link ]
  18. 1 2 Gray, John N. (April 2009). "The Way of All Debt". The New York Review of Books . 56 (6). Retrieved August 11, 2009.
  19. ↑ Collins, M.E. (November 9, 2008). "Atwood gets philosophical about debt in 'Payback'". Chicago Sun-Times . p. D9.
  20. 1 2 Genco, Barbara (January 2009). "A Reading List for Barack — And the Rest of Us". School Library Journal . 55 (1): 36–39.
  21. 1 2 Renaud, Gilles (January 1, 2009). "Payback: Debt and the Shadow Side of Wealth". Library Journal . 134 (1): 112.
  22. ↑ Gallagher, Rosemary (October 26, 2008). "Payback: A history of debt that you can buy or borrow". Scotland on Sunday . Edinburgh.
  23. ↑ "Atwood reshapes debt idea in Massey series". Winnipeg Free Press . November 2, 2008. p. D4.
  24. 1 2 Foran, Charles (October 11, 2008). "Sickness unto debt". The Globe and Mail . p. D1.
  25. 1 2 "Payback: Debt and the Shadow Side of Wealth". Publishers Weekly . 255 (39): 72. September 29, 2008.
  26. ↑ Rumbelow, Helen (May 23, 2009). "nonfiction". The Times . London. p. 11. Retrieved August 17, 2009.
  27. ↑ Swift, Richard (March 2009). "Payback". New Internationalist (420): 31.
  28. ↑ Scurr, Ruth (October 25, 2008). "Payback: Debt and the Shadow Side of Wealth". The Daily Telegraph . London. p. 25. Archived from the original on September 12, 2012. Retrieved August 17, 2009.
  29. ↑ Liss, David (November 23, 2008). "Getting Even: Civilization is built on credits and debits". Washington Post . p. T5.
  30. ↑ King, Ed (November 23, 2008). "When it comes to the crunch". The Sunday Times . London. p. 54. Retrieved August 17, 2009.
  31. ↑ "Atwood's words on bad debt prescient". The Gazette . Montreal. October 21, 2008. p. A3.
  32. 1 2 Bayard, Louis (October 28, 2008). "Payback's a bitch". Salon.com . 56 (6). Retrieved August 16, 2009.
  33. ↑ Skidelsky, William (November 1, 2008). "Debt shall have its dominion". The Guardian .
  34. 1 2 Massie, Allan (October 25, 2008). "Book Review: Payback". The Scotsman . Edinburgh. p. 22. Retrieved August 17, 2009.
  35. ↑ "The creditor's tale". The Economist . Vol. 389, no. 8602. October 18, 2008. p. 63. Retrieved 2008-10-25.
General references

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.