Pelophryne misera

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Pelophryne misera
Kinabalu Dwarf Toad (Pelophryne misera) (7113327011).jpg
Scientific classification Red Pencil Icon.png
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Anura
Family: Bufonidae
Genus: Pelophryne
Species:
P. misera
Binomial name
Pelophryne misera
(Mocquard, 1890)
Synonyms

Nectophryne miseraMocquard, 1890

Pelophryne misera, the black flathead toad [2] or Kinabalu dwarf toad, [3] is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is endemic to northwestern Borneo and known from Sabah and Sarawak (Malaysia), [1] [2] although its distribution is likely to be broader and might extend to Kalimantan (Indonesia). [1] It was first described from specimens collected from Mount Kinabalu. [2]

Contents

Palawan toadlet Pelophryne albotaeniata from Palawan, the Philippines, is morphologically similar to Pelophryne misera and might be its subspecies. [4] [5]

Description

Pelophryne misera are small, stout toads. [5] Males measure 16–21 mm (0.63–0.83 in) and females 18–23 mm (0.71–0.91 in) in snout–vent length. Colouration is dark brown, with blackish markings on the head, back, and flanks. The snout is blunt and has truncated vertical profile. The skin has warts. Hands and feet have fleshy webbing, reaching the tips of the first three fingers in the hands. [3]

Pelophryne misera are sexually dimorphic: males have a median subgular vocal sac, a row of yellow or brown spinules under the mandible, and a yellow or brown nuptial pad on the first finger. They also have minute spinules distributed over their whole dorsum. [5]

Reproduction

Males are calling from shrubs up to 50 cm (20 in) above the ground. Eggs are laid in small water-filled terrestrial depressions [3] or water-filled leaf-cups of pitcher plants. [6] Based on just one clutch, there are about 10 eggs measuring 2.8 mm (0.11 in) in diameter; [3] low fecundity is typical for the genus. [5] Eggs hatch into tadpoles after 16 days and metamorphose after 44 days. [3] Tadpoles are endotrophic (developing without external food sources). [1] [3]

Habitat and conservation

Natural habitats of Pelophryne misera are montane elfin forests above 1,500 m (4,900 ft) asl. Adult toads are largely terrestrial and live in leaf-litter, rock crevices, and holes in the ground. [1]

Pelophryne misera is threatened by habitat loss caused by logging, although this mainly takes place at lower altitudes. Infrastructure development for tourism is also a potential threat. The species occurs in the Kinabalu Park. [1]

Related Research Articles

<i>Pelophryne</i> Genus of amphibians

Pelophryne, commonly known as flathead toads or dwarf toads, is a genus of true toads, family Bufonidae. The genus occurs in the Philippines, Borneo, Malaya including Singapore, and Hainan (China). Molecular data suggest that Pelophryne is the sister taxon of Ansonia.

Ansonia albomaculata, also known as the white-lipped slender toad and whitebelly stream toad, is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is endemic to the island of Borneo and can be found in Sabah and Sarawak (Malaysia), Brunei, and northern Kalimantan (Indonesia).

<i>Ansonia fuliginea</i> Species of amphibian

Ansonia fuliginea, the North Borneo stream toad or North Borneo slender toad, is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is endemic to Mount Kinabalu in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo.

Ansonia guibei is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is endemic to northwestern Sabah in Malaysian Borneo. The specific name guibei honors Jean Guibé, a French zoologist and herpetologist. Common names Mesilau toad and Mesilau stream toad have been coined for it.

<i>Ansonia leptopus</i> Species of amphibian

Ansonia leptopus is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is known from a few lowland localities in Borneo, Sumatra (Indonesia), and Peninsular Malaysia; it is reported as common in lowland Malaysian Borneo. Its presence in Peninsular Malaysia is uncertain. Its common names are brown slender toad, Matang stream toad, and cricket-voiced toad.

Ansonia platysoma, also known as the flat-bodied slender toad and Luidan stream toad, is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is endemic to the island of Borneo and known from Sabah and Sarawak, Malaysia, and from Brunei. Its closest relative is Ansonia kelabitensis.

Rhinella chrysophora, sometimes known as the Rio Viejo toad, is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is endemic to the Cordillera Nombre de Dios on the Atlantic versant in north-central Honduras.

<i>Phrynoidis juxtasper</i> Species of amphibian

Phrynoidis juxtasper, also known as the giant river toad or Borneo river toad, is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is found in Borneo and Sumatra (Indonesia) below 1,600 m (5,200 ft) asl. Prior to its species description, it was confused with Phrynoidis asper.

The Palawan toadlet or white-striped flathead toad is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is endemic to Palawan, the Philippines.

Pelophryne api, also known as Api dwarf toad, is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is endemic to Borneo and known from Gunung Mulu National Park in northern Sarawak and from Simpang Kuda in Bau District, western Sarawak. Its genetic divergence from Pelophryne guentheri is relatively low and these species could be conspecific.

<i>Pelophryne brevipes</i> Species of amphibian

Pelophryne brevipes is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is endemic to the Philippines and found on the islands of Mindanao and Basilan. Records from elsewhere in Southeast Asia refer to Pelophryne signata or possibly other species. Common names Southeast Asian toadlet and Zamboanga flathead toad have been coined for it.

Pelophryne rhopophilia, also known as lowland dwarf toad, is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is endemic to Borneo and found in north-eastern and south-western Sarawak (Malaysia) and (likely) in adjacent West Kalimantan (Indonesia).

<i>Leptodactylus albilabris</i> Species of amphibian

Leptodactylus albilabris is a species of frog in the family Leptodactylidae.

Leptobrachella mjobergi is a species of frogs in the family Megophryidae. It is endemic to Borneo where it is found in Kalimantan (Indonesia), Brunei, and Sarawak (Malaysia).

Philautus ingeri is a species of frog in the family Rhacophoridae. It is endemic to northern Borneo and found in Sabah, Sarawak, Brunei, and adjacent northern Kalimantan (Indonesia). Common names Inger's bush frog and Inger's bubble-nest frog have been coined for it. It is named for Robert F. Inger, American zoologist from the Field Museum of Natural History.

Leptobrachella baluensis is a species of amphibian in the family Megophryidae. It is endemic to montane northern Borneo in Sabah and Sarawak (Malaysia) and northern Kalimantan (Indonesia). It has been in synonymy with Leptobrachella mjobergi, but is now treated as a valid species.

Pelophryne linanitensis, also known as the Linanit dwarf toad, is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is endemic to Batu Linanit in Mount Murud in Sarawak, Borneo.

Pelophryne murudensis, also known as the Murud dwarf toad, is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is endemic to Mount Murud in Sarawak, Borneo.

Pelophryne penrissenensis, also known as Penrissen dwarf toad, is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is endemic to Borneo and only known from Mount Penrissen in Sarawak, its type locality that also gave this species its specific name. Its actual range might be wider and extend into nearby Kalimantan (Indonesia). It is the sister taxon of Pelophryne signata.

Pelophryne saravacensis, also known as Sarawak dwarf toad, is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is endemic to Borneo and only known from Sarawak ; there are records from at least four localities representing three different divisions.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2019). "Pelophryne misera". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2019: e.T128714306A123691805. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T128714306A123691805.en . Retrieved 17 November 2021.
  2. 1 2 3 Frost, Darrel R. (2015). "Pelophryne misera (Mocquard, 1890)". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 3 November 2015.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Haas, A.; Hertwig, S.T.; Das, I. (2015). "Pelophryne misera (Kinabalu Dwarf Toad)". Frogs of Borneo. Retrieved 3 November 2015.
  4. ↑ Frost, Darrel R. (2015). "Pelophryne albotaeniata Barbour, 1938". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 3 November 2015.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Inger, R.F. (1966). "The systematics and zoogeography of the amphibia of Borneo". Fieldiana Zoology. 52: 1–402. doi: 10.5962/bhl.title.3147 .
  6. ↑ Malkmus, R.; Dehling, J. M. (2008). "Anuran amphibians of Borneo as phytotelm-breeders—a synopsis" (PDF). Herpetozoa. 20 (3–4): 165–172.
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