Penares

Penares
Penares cortius
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Porifera
Class:	Demospongiae
Order:	Tetractinellida
Family:	Geodiidae
Subfamily:	Erylinae
Genus:	Penares Gray, 1867
Type species
Penares helleri (Schmidt, 1864)
Species
See text.
Synonyms [1]
Jasplakinade Laubenfels, 1954 PachamphillaLendenfeld, 1907 PapyrulaSchmidt, 1868

Penares is a widely distributed genus of demosponges, ^[2] and was first described in 1867 by John Edward Gray. ^{[2] [3]}

Description

These sponges are irregularly massive and have a thin cortex. Species belonging to this genus have dichotriaenes (spicules with pairs of branched rays) and oxeas (needle-like spicules with both ends pointed). Smooth microrhabds (modified microxeas (small oxeas) or microstrongyles (small rods with both ends blunt or rounded)) form a crust in the ectosome. Euasters (star-shaped microscleres with multiple rays radiating from a central point) may also be present. ^[4]

Species

The following species are recognised: ^[1]

• Penares alatus (Lendenfeld, 1907)
• Penares angeli Sim-Smith, Hickman & Kelly, 2021
• Penares anisoxia Boury-Esnault, 1973
• Penares apicospinatus Desqueyroux-Faúndez & van Soest, 1997
• Penares astronavis Sim-Smith & Kelly, 2019
• Penares aureus Sim-Smith & Kelly, 2019
• Penares candidatus (Schmidt, 1868)
• Penares chelotropa Boury-Esnault, 1973
• Penares cortius de Laubenfels, 1930
• Penares deformis Sim-Smith & Kelly, 2019
• Penares dendyi (Hentschel, 1912)
• Penares euastrum (Schmidt, 1868)
• Penares foliaformis Wilson, 1904
• Penares hartmeyeri (Uliczka, 1929)
• Penares helleri (Schmidt, 1864)
• Penares hilgendorfi (Thiele, 1898)
• Penares hongdoensis Jeon & Sim, 2009
• Penares incrustans Tanita, 1963
• Penares intermedius (Dendy, 1905)
• Penares kermadecensis Sim-Smith & Kelly, 2019
• Penares mastoideus (Schmidt, 1880)
• Penares metastrosus (Lebwohl, 1914)
• Penares micraster Lévi, 1993
• Penares mollis Sim-Smith & Kelly, 2019
• Penares nux (de Laubenfels, 1954)
• Penares ochraceus (Carter, 1886)
• Penares okokewae Sim-Smith & Kelly, 2019
• Penares orbis Sim-Smith & Kelly, 2019
• Penares orthotriaena Burton, 1931
• Penares palmatoclada Lévi, 1993
• Penares saccharis (de Laubenfels, 1930)
• Penares scabiosus Desqueyroux-Faúndez & van Soest, 1997
• Penares schulzei (Dendy, 1905)
• Penares sclerobesus Topsent, 1904
• Penares sineastra Van Soest, 2017
• Penares sollasi Thiele, 1900
• Penares sphaera (Lendenfeld, 1907)
• Penares turmericolor Sim-Smith & Kelly, 2019
• Penares tylotaster Dendy, 1924
• Penares vermiculatus Sim-Smith & Kelly, 2019

References

1. "Penares". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 30 September 2021.
2. "Penares". Global Biodiversity Information Facility . Retrieved 30 September 2021.
3. J. E. Gray (1867). "Notes on the Arrangement of Sponges, with the Descriptions of some New Genera". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 1867: 492–558. ISSN   0370-2774. Wikidata   Q128755556. BHL page 29533932
4. Hooper, John N. A. (2002), Hooper, John N. A.; Van Soest, Rob W. M.; Willenz, Philippe (eds.), "Family Acarnidae Dendy, 1922" , Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 412–431, doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-0747-5_51, ISBN   978-1-4615-0747-5 , retrieved 2021-09-30