Phrynocephalus is a genus which includes 44 species of small and medium-sized agamid lizards, commonly called toadhead agamas or toad-headed agamas, that inhabit open arid and semiarid environments of Asia and Eastern Europe. The systematics of this genus are very complicated with many controversial points of view about the unclear phylogeny of this group. All representatives of this genus have adopted the so-called "sit and wait" hunting strategy and they actively use visual orientation when watching for food. In general, the ecological niche and role of Phrynocephalus species in lizard communities of arid environments of Asia are poorly studied, but seem to be similar to that of Phrynosoma, Cophosaurus, Holbrookia, Uta, and Sceloporus in the New World, as well as Moloch in Australia.
The Caucasian agama is a species of agamid lizard found in the Caucasus, E/S Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Dagestan (Russia), E Turkey, Iraq, N Iran, Afghanistan, NW Pakistan, and parts of Kashmir.
The reticulated toad-headed agama is a species of agamid lizard found in Central Asia and West Asia.
Phrynocephalus theobaldi is a species of lizard in the family Agamidae. The species is endemic to Asia.
Phrynocephalus persicus, commonly known as the Persian toad-headed agama, is a small diurnal desert lizard of the family Agamidae. It is the westernmost representative of the Central Asian genus of toad-headed agamas Phrynocephalus and is only known from deserts and semideserts of Iran and possibly Azerbaijan.
Phrynocephalus versicolor, the Tuvan toad-headed agama, is a species of agamid lizard found in desert areas of China and Mongolia. It was first described by the Russian herpetologist Alexander Strauch, director of the Zoological Museum at the Imperial Academy of Sciences at St. Petersburg.
Phrynocephalus horvathi is a small diurnal desert lizard in the family Agamidae. It is endemic to the valley of the Aras River and considered Critically Endangered.
Tenuidactylus caspius, also known as the Caspian bent-toed gecko or Caspian thin-toed gecko, is a species of gecko that ranges widely from southwestern Kazakhstan, southern Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan west to southern Russia, Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan, south to Iran and northern Afghanistan.
Eremias velox is a species of lizard found in Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Iran, Afghanistan, China, Russia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia. Eremias vermiculata is also sometimes known as the Central Asian racerunner.
Phrynocephalus axillaris, the Yarkand toad-headed agama, is a species of agamid lizard found in Turkestan, Mongolia, and Tibet.
Phrynocephalus forsythii, Forsyth's toadhead agama, is a species of agamid lizard endemic to China.
Phrynocephalus frontalis, the Shansi toadhead agama, is a species of agamid lizard endemic to China.
Phrynocephalus guttatus, also known commonly as the spotted toadhead agama, the Saissan toad-headed agama, the Central Asian toadhead agama, and Salensky's toadhead agama, is a species of lizard in the family Agamidae. The species is native to southeastern Europe and western Asia. There are five recognized subspecies.
Phrynocephalus helioscopus, the sunwatcher toadhead agama, Fergana toad-headed agama, or sunwatcher, is a species of agamid lizard found in Kazakhstan, S Russia, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkey, Iraq, China, Mongolia, and Iran.
Phrynocephalus przewalskii, Przewalski's toadhead agama, Tsarewsky's toadhead agama, or Steindachner's toadhead agama, is a species of agamid lizard found in China and Mongolia.
Phrynocephalus raddei is a species of agamid lizard found in Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Iran, and Afghanistan.
Phrynocephalus rossikowi, the Uzbekistan toadhead agama, is a species of agamid lizard found in Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.
Phrynocephalus strauchi, Strauch's toad agama, is a species of agamid lizard found in Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan.
Trapelus sanguinolentus, the steppe agama, is a species of agama found in Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Iran, Afghanistan, and China.
