Pictetia | |
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Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Rosids |
Order: | Fabales |
Family: | Fabaceae |
Subfamily: | Faboideae |
Tribe: | Dalbergieae |
Genus: | Pictetia DC. |
Species [1] [2] [3] | |
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Synonyms | |
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Pictetia is a genus of about eight species of trees and shrubs in the legume family with spiny stems and (in six of the eight species) spine-tipped leaflets. [4] The genus is endemic to the Greater Antilles, [5] but its closest relatives are in Mesoamerica and Africa. [6]
Species of Pictetia range from erect, single-stemmed trees to multi-stemmed shrubs. They can have smooth or scaly bark. The leaves and branches branch off from the stem in an alternate pattern. The stems are spiny, as are the tips of the leaflets in all species except P. spinosa and P. nipensis. The leaves are pinnately compound with an odd number of leaflets. The leaflets, like the leaves, are arranged in an alternating fashion. [4]
The flowers, which are the typical pea flowers of the Faboideae, are borne in racemes. The flowers either grow singly or in clusters along the raceme. The fruit is a flattened legume with prominent veins running along its length. [4]
The genus Pictetia was described by Swiss botanist A.P. de Candolle in 1825. De Candolle's concept of the genus included all woody legumes with papilionoid flowers and spine-tipped leaflets which originated in the West Indies. When German botanist Ignatz Urban revised the genus in 1900 he split de Canolle's genus into two series, Racemosa and Fasciculatae. [7] The genus Belairia was described by French botanist Achille Richard in 1845. [4] Urban considered the genus Belairia to be closely related to Pictetia series Fasciculatae. [7] In their 1999 monograph on Pictetia, Angela Beyra and Matt Lavin determined that the four species in the genus Belairia was nested within Pictetia and concluded that the genera were thus synonymous. [8] De Candolle's original description of the genus did not designate a type species. Beyra and Lavin designated P. obcordata the lectotype since it was, in their analysis, the species with the fewest specialised traits. [4]
Pictetia is a member of the tribe Dalbergieae. Within that tribe, it was recently assigned to the informal monophyletic Dalbergia clade. [9] [10] The trans-Atlantic distribution of Pictetia and other closely related genera led Beyra and Lavin to conclude that Pictetia was likely to be an "early Tertiary vicariant"—in other words, that the ancestors of the genus where already present in its current range before South America and Africa split apart. [11] However, based on nucleotide substitution rates, Pictetia was later estimated to be 7.2 ± 1.2 million years old, while Diphysa and Pictetia shared common ancestry 15.0 ± 2.5 million years ago and Pictetia and Ormocarpum separated by 14.5 ± 2.6 million years. [6] This suggests that the presence of Pictetia in the Caribbean reflects the dispersal of its ancestral species into the region long after the islands became isolated from the mainland. [12] The overall distribution of these genera requires at least one dispersal event across the Atlantic Ocean, given that the genera share common ancestry long after the separation of South America and Africa. [6]
Pictetia is restricted to Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico and the British and U.S. Virgin Islands. [5] P. aculeata, the species with the easternmost distribution, is found in the British and U.S. Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico. [13] P. obcordata which is endemic to the island of Hispaniola, is found both in the Dominican Republic and in Haiti. [14] P. sulcata is found both in Hispaniola and Cuba, [15] while the remaining species (P. angustifolia, [16] P. marginata, [17] P. mucronata, [18] P. nipensis [19] and P. spinosa [20] ) are Cuban endemics.
The Faboideae are a subfamily of the flowering plant family Fabaceae or Leguminosae. An acceptable alternative name for the subfamily is Papilionoideae, or Papilionaceae when this group of plants is treated as a family.
Weberbauerella is a South American genus of flowering plants in the legume family, Fabaceae. It includes three species of perennial herbs or subshrubs native to coastal Peru and northern Chile. They grow in seasonally-dry tropical coastal forest, on sand or sandy hills. It was recently assigned to the informal monophyletic Dalbergia clade of the Dalbergieae.
Geoffroea is a rather small genus of wild spiny shrubs or small trees of tropical and subtropical South America. Although it gathers few species, they are highly extended geographically throughout the subcontinent. Each species is well known in its local area, as seen from the varied usage of these trees as food, timber, or fuel. It was recently assigned to the informal monophyletic Pterocarpus clade within the Dalbergieae.
Chapmannia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Fabaceae. It contains seven species with a scattered distribution – Mexico, Guatemala, Florida, and Venezuela in the Americas, and Somalia and Socotra in eastern Africa. The genus was recently assigned to the informal monophyletic Pterocarpus clade of the Dalbergieae.
Ormocarpopsis is a genus of flowering plants in the family Fabaceae. It includes eight species of shrubs or small trees endemic to Madagascar. They inhabit seasonally-dry tropical forest, woodland, and xerophytic shrubland, sometimes on rocky outcrops of sandstone or limestone. They are found throughout the island except in the eastern lowland rain forest. The genus was recently assigned to the informal monophyletic Dalbergia clade of the Dalbergieae. It contains the following species:
Ormocarpum is a genus of flowering plants in the legume family, Fabaceae. It includes 17 species native to tropical and southern Africa and parts of India, Indochina, Malesia, Papuasia, and the South Pacific. The genus was recently assigned to the informal monophyletic Dalbergia clade of the Dalbergieae.
Zygocarpum is a genus of flowering plants in the legume family, Fabaceae. It includes six species of shrubs and small trees native to Somalia and Socotra, and to Yemen and Oman on the southwestern Arabian Peninsula. Three species are endemic to Somalia, two to the Arabian Peninsula, and one to Socotra. Typical habitats include seasonally-dry tropical woodland, thicket, and bushland, often on limestone and less often on granite-derived or sandy soils, up to 2000 meters elevation.
Brya is a genus of flowering plants in the legume family, Fabaceae. It includes seven species of shrubs or small spreading trees native to Cuba and Hispaniola in the Caribbean. It belongs to the subfamily Faboideae, and was recently assigned to the informal monophyletic Pterocarpus clade of the Dalbergieae. Species include Brya ebenus, a valuable timber tree.
Cascaronia astragalina is a species of flowering plant in the legume family, Fabaceae. It is the only member of the genus Cascaronia. It is a spindly shrub or multi-stemmed tree native to southern Bolivia and northwestern Argentina. It grows in seasonally-dry subtropical forests, at forest margins and along rivers.
Diphysa is a genus of flowering plants in the legume family, Fabaceae. It belongs to the subfamily Faboideae, and was recently assigned to the informal monophyletic Dalbergia clade of the Dalbergieae. It includes 22 species which range from Arizona through Mexico and Central America to Colombia and Venezuela.
Fiebrigiella gracilis is a species of flowering plants in the legume family, Fabaceae. It is the only member of the genus Fiebrigiella. It belongs to the subfamily Faboideae, and was recently assigned to the informal monophyletic Pterocarpus clade of the Dalbergieae. It is a subshrub native to Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.
Fissicalyx fendleri is a species of flowering plant in the legume family, Fabaceae. It is a tree native to the tropical Americas, ranging from Panama through Colombia, Venezuela, and Guyana to northern Brazil. It grows in humid lowland forest.
Riedeliella is a genus of flowering plants in the legume family, Fabaceae. It includes three species of scandent shrubs native to Paraguay and eastern and west-central Brazil. They grow in seasonally-dry tropical forest, cerrado, and caatinga. The genus belongs to the subfamily Faboideae, and was recently assigned to the informal monophyletic Pterocarpus clade within the Dalbergieae.
Smithia is a genus of flowering plants in the legume family, Fabaceae. It includes 20 species of herbs or subshrubs native to sub-Saharan Africa, the Indian subcontinent, Indochina, southern China, Japan, Malesia, and northern Australia. The greatest diversity of species is in the Indian subcontinent, with 11 endemic species. Six more are widespread in southern and eastern Asia, and two of these, S. conferta and S. sensitiva, range further to northern Australia. Two species are endemic to sub-Saharan Africa. S. elliotii is native to Madagascar as well as mainland Africa, and S. conferta is also native to Madagascar. Typical habitats include seasonally-dry tropical grassland, wetlands, and streamsides.
The tribe Dalbergieae is an early-branching clade within the flowering plant subfamily Faboideae. Within that subfamily, it belongs to an unranked clade called the dalbergioids. It was recently revised to include many genera formerly placed in tribes Adesmieae and Aeschynomeneae and to be included in a monophyletic group informally known as the dalbergioids sensu lato. The members of this tribe have a distinctive root nodule morphology, often referred to as an "aeschynomenoid" or "dalbergioid" nodule.
The inverted repeat-lacking clade(IRLC) is a monophyletic clade of the flowering plant subfamily Faboideae (or Papilionaceae). Faboideae includes the majority of agriculturally-cultivated legumes. The name of this clade is informal and is not assumed to have any particular taxonomic rank like the names authorized by the ICBN or the ICPN. The clade is characterized by the loss of one of the two 25-kb inverted repeats in the plastid genome that are found in most land plants. It is consistently resolved in molecular phylogenies. The clade is predicted to have diverged from the other legume lineages 39.0±2.4 million years ago (in the Eocene). It includes several large, temperate genera such as AstragalusL., HedysarumL., MedicagoL., OxytropisDC., SwainsonaSalisb., and TrifoliumL..
Steinbachiella leptoclada is recently reinstated species of flowering plant in the legume family, Fabaceae. It is a tree native to Bolivia and northern Brazil. It is the only member of the monotypic genus Steinbachiella. The genus is assigned to the informal monophyletic Dalbergia clade of the Dalbergieae.
The tribe Exostyleae is an early-branching monophyletic clade of the flowering plant subfamily Faboideae that are mostly found in Neotropical rainforests.
The Genistoids are one of the major radiations in the plant family Fabaceae. Members of this phylogenetic clade are primarily found in the Southern hemisphere. Some genera are pollinated by birds. The genistoid clade is consistently resolved as monophyletic in molecular phylogenetic analyses. It is estimated to have arisen 56.4 ± 0.2 million years ago. A node-based definition for the genistoids is: "the MRCA of Poecilanthe parviflora and Lupinus argenteus." One morphological synapomorphy has been tentatively identified: production of quinolizidine alkaloids. Some genera also accumulate pyrrolizidine. A new genus, to be segregated from Clathrotropis, has also been proposed to occupy an undetermined position within the genistoid clade.
Meso-Papilionoideae is a monophyletic clade of the flowering plant subfamily Faboideae that includes the majority of papilionoid legumes. This clade is consistently resolved in molecular phylogenies. It contains many agronomically important genera, including Arachis (peanut), Cicer (chickpea), Glycine (soybean), Medicago (alfalfa), Phaseolus, Trifolium (clover), Vicia (vetch), and Vigna.